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THE SUPREME COURT OF APPEAL OF SOUTH AFRICA
JUDGMENT
Reportable
Case no: 1491/2024
In the matter between:
J[...] B[...] APPELLANT
and
THE STATE RESPONDENT
Neutral citation: B[...] v The State (1491/2024) [2026] ZASCA 71 (13 May 2026)
Coram: MOLEFE, KEIGHTLEY and BAARTMAN JJA, KGANYAGO and
NORMAN AJJA
Heard: 10 March 2026
Delivered: 13 May 2026
Summary: Criminal Law and Procedure – conviction on two counts of rape –
sentence – special leave – application to introduce further evidence – s 16(1)( b)
and s 19(b) of the Superior Courts Act 10 of 2013 – whether the appellant should
be granted leave to lead further evidence relating to his HIV-status – whether the
sentence imposed on the appellant is excessive – high court relied on appellant’s
knowledge of HIV-status – as an aggravating factor in terms of s 51(1) of the
2
Criminal Law Amendment Act 105 of 1997 – further evidence proved negative
HIV-status the State is obliged to prove by way of medical evidence that the
accused is HIV -positive – and that he knew of his HIV -positive status – the State
must also establish through medical evidence that the victim is also HIV -positive
as a result of the rape incident.
3
ORDER
On appeal from: Gauteng Division of the High Court, Johannesburg (Yacoob J
and Bhoola AJ, sitting as the court of appeal):
1 The application for adducing further evidence on appeal is granted.
2 The appeal is upheld.
3 The decision of the full bench dismissing the appeal is set aside and is
replaced with the following order:
‘1 The appeal is upheld.
2 The sentence of life imprisonment imposed by the re gional court in
respect of count 1 is set aside and is replaced with the following:
‘In respect of count one: The accused is sentenced to undergo 15 years
imprisonment, ten years of which shall run concurrently with the sentence of
ten years in count two. Effectively the accused will serve a term of 15 years
imprisonment.
3 The sentence is antedated to 09 November 2021.’
JUDGMENT
Norman AJA ( Molefe, Keightley, Baartman JJA and Kganyago AJA
concurring)
[1] The appellant, Mr J[...] J[...] B[...] was arraigned before the regional court
sitting in Krugersdorp (the regional court) on two charges of rape. The rape in
count one, was committed on 5 April 2019, when the appellant was 18 years old
and the complainant in question was a 17-year-old male (CR). The rape in count
4
two was committed on 27 June 2018 , the complainant was a 15-year-old male
(MVW). The offences were committed in the juvenile section, at the Bosasa Youth
Centre (Bosasa), where both the appellant and the complainants were detained.
The appellant had been detained in connection with allegations relating to the theft
of a motor vehicle.
[2] The appellant was legally represented. He was duly warned that in the event
of his conviction , the provisions of s 51(1)( a) and Part 1 of Schedule 2 of the
Criminal Law Amendment Act 105 of 1997 (the Act) , a minimum sentence of
lifetime imprisonment w ould apply. He pleaded guilty to both charges.
Consequently, h e was convicted on his plea . Prior to sentence, the regional
magistrate directed that a pre -sentence report be obtained. A pre -sentence report
was compiled by the probation officer , Mrs Annette Vergeer (Mrs Vergeer) and
presented to the court by consent between the parties. It was in that pre -sentence
report that the issue of the appellant’s Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)-
positive status emerged. Importantly she alleged that the appellant was aware of
his HIV- positive status. She also indicated in the report that CR had informed her
that he had contracted HIV as a result of the rape. Mrs Vergeer stated in her report
that, given the appellant’s HIV -positive status, the rapes he committed amounted
to a ‘death sentence’ for the complainants.
[3] The regional court sentenced the appellant to life imprisonment in respect of
count one. It took into account, inter alia, the HIV-positive status of the appellant,
as contained in the report, as an aggravating factor which warranted the imposition
of life imprisonment. It sentenced the appellant to ten years’ imprisonment in
respect of the second count. Both sentences were ordered to run concurrently. The
appellant was thus effectively sentenced to life imprisonment.
5
[4] The appellant exercised his automatic right of appeal in terms of s 309(1)(a)
of the Criminal Procedure Act 51 of 1977 (the CPA), to appeal only against the
sentence of life imprisonment. The appeal, against sentence only, served before the
full bench of the Gauteng Division of the High Court (full bench). On 8 August
2022, the full bench relied on his alleged knowledge of his HIV-status to dismiss
the appeal against sentence. This appeal, against the sentence of life imprisonment,
is with special leave of this Court.
The full bench findings
[5] The full bench found that the appellant had showed no remorse ; he had
suffered abuse as a child; he knew that he was HIV -positive and ‘had transmitted
the HIV virus on his two victims’; the complainants were younger than him and
they, too, had troubled backgrounds . After balancing all these factors, the full
bench was satisfied that the regional magistrate exercised his discretion judiciously
and dismissed the appeal.
Issues before this Court
[6] There are two issues for determination before this Court, first whether the
appellant has sa tisfied the requirements for leading further evidence on appeal as
envisaged in s 19(b) of the Superior Courts Act 10 of 2013 (the SCA Act); second
whether this Court should interfere with the decision of the full bench which
confirmed the sentence of life imprisonment imposed by the regional court. The
two issues are intertwined.
Application to lead further evidence on appeal
[7] The appellant brought an application in terms of s 19 of the SCA Act for this
Court to receive further evidence on appeal . The nature of the evidence is to
confirm that the appellant is not HIV-positive. The application is not opposed by
6
the State. The State submitted that the HIV-negative status of the appellant was not
disputed.
[8] The further evidence is in the form of affidavits deposed to by various
employees of Lancet Laboratories (Lancet) who are mentioned below , the roles
they played up to the production of a medical report , and its authentication. Mr
Sabelo Robert Tango, a phlebotomist , stated that he drew blood from the patient
and collected a sample labelled with reference number 313128427 (the sample) .
He handed over the sample to Miss Lerato Mahlangu (Ms Mahlangu) , an
administrator, in a sealed specimen bag . After Ms Mahlangu verified all the
information, she then loaded it on the computer information system. She further
captured the appellant's details on the computer system and the results of the
relevant tests.
[9] Upon completion, she handed the sample and a request form to Miss Nikiwe
Garekoe (Ms Ga rekoe) for dual control and double -checking purposes. Ms
Garekoe verified all the information contained therein. After satisfying herself that
the information that was captured on the system matched the information
contained on the form, she confirmed the accuracy thereof on the Meditech
system. Thereafter, the sample was couriered to Lancet’s main laboratory for
testing, whereafter a medical report was generated. Miss Amanda Lamprecht, a
forensic auditor manager , stated that she performed the validation of the patient ’s
medical report and confirmed that the medical report was authentic and was a true
version according to the Lancet records.
[10] The Lancet report dated 22 January 2024 was also attached to the
application. The following information appears thereon : it reflects that the sample
7
was collected and received on 5 December 2023 ; it bears the name of the
appellant; and it records in part:
‘Immunology
HIV-1/2 (4th Gen),
Comment: HIV Profile non-reactive
This sample is non – reactive for HIV-1 and -2. . .’
[11] An affidavit from one Professor Eftyhia Vardas (Professor Vardas), who is
employed by Lancet as the Head of Clinical Virology , was also attached to the
application. She states that she holds the title of Professor in Clinical Virology and
lists all her qualifications which she obtained from the University of
Witwatersrand and the Colleges of Medicine of South Africa. She is a qualified
specialist Clinical Virologist and has 26 years’ experience. As the Head of Clinical
Virology, her duties entail clinical consultations with her colleagues telephonically
or at multidisciplinary ward rounds at various private health facilities, identifying
appropriate tests that can be applied to patient samples, and ensuring that the best
quality diagnostic test result is obtained for infectious diseases as well as
immunology and allergy.
[12] Professor Vardas confirms that she reviewed and compiled the report of 26
January 2024, which relates to the HIV test of the appellant’s sample. In her report
she explains that the HIV testing at Lancet is automated on a robotic instrument
and HIV non-reactive (negative) results are automatically released and not
reviewed by a pathologist. She state s that the result obtained on the appellant ’s
sample was non-reactive, indicating that antibodies to HIV 1 and 2 viruses were
not detected . She further record s: ‘It is not possible for an HIV reactive, HIV
immunoassay test to become non-reactive unless in the rare instance the person has
had a stem cell transplant. Alternatively, the initial test used that indicated that the
8
patient was reactive was overly sensitive and produced a false positive result .’ She
confirms that the contents of the report are true and correct.
[13] The gist of the appellant ’s case is that the new evidence is relevant and
necessary to demonstrate that the trial court and, subsequently, the full bench,
incorrectly relied on the averment in Mrs Vergeer’s report that he was HI V-
positive at the time he committed the offences as an aggravating factor . In
explaining why he did not raise this at the time of his trial, the appellant contended
that he was afforded only five minutes to go through Mrs Vergeer’s report by his
legal representative and could not read through the entire report. He told his legal
representative that the report was correct because the portion he read appeared to
be correct. It was during the address by his legal representative and the prosecutor
that he, for the first time, heard reference to him being HIV -positive. He denied
that he ever instructed his legal representative that he was HIV -positive when he
committed the offences.
[14] It was submitted on behalf of the appellant that the evidence from Lancet
proved conclusively that the appellant was not HIV -positive when the blood
samples were taken from him by Lancet on 05 December 2023 . It was also not
possible that he had previously been HIV -positive, as he had never undergone a
stem cell transplant. Therefore, he could not have infected any of his victims with
the HIV-virus at the time of the commission of the offences . It was submitted that
the witnesses from Lancet are all independent and have no reason to fabricate ,
manufacture or shape the evidence they tendered. Further, that t he evidence is
relevant to the outcome of the appeal and it is prima facie true.
Discussion on the s 19(b) application
9
[15] In S v De Jager 1 it was held that, in applications to adduce further evidence
on appeal, the court must be satisfied that the evidence is prima facie true, that
there is a reasonably acceptable explanation for the failure to lead it at trial, and
that it is materially relevant to the outcome.
[16] In Mulula v The State (Mulula),2 this Court faced with a similar application
stated:
‘In addition, the general rule is that an appeal court will decide whether the judgment appealed
from is right or wrong according to the facts in existence at the time it was given, not in
accordance with new facts or circumstances subsequently coming into existence. Nonetheless,
this court has previously indicated that the rule is not written in stone. Evidence of facts
subsequently arising will be allowed in circumstances that can be described as exceptional and
peculiar (see e.g S v EB 2010 (2) SACR 524 (SCA) para 5). Whether or not this test is met, I
venture to suggest, will be dictated by what the interests of justice demand in a particular case.
Of course, in a sense, the evidence that the appellant did not suffer from herpes 2 at the time
when PZ was raped, was available before his conviction, albeit unknown. Nonetheless I will
accept for the sake of argument that the appellant must pass the more stringent interests of
justice test.’
[17] Mrs Vergeer’s report recorded, amongst others: ‘HIV-positive with coupled
consequences.’ It was further recorded in the report:
‘(a) Concerning this matter the accused pleaded guilty.
(b) The accused was HIV-positive when he raped both victims.
(c) One of his victims confirmed his positive status because of the rape.
(d) The detail of the other victims status was not made available.
(e) HIV-status – this in itself is a death sentence to the complainants.’
[18] There are two difficulties with the se aspects of the report. First, it appears
that the HIV-status of the appellant was not established for the purposes of
that the HIV-status of the appellant was not established for the purposes of
1 S v De Jager 1965 (2) SA 612 (A) at 613A–C.
2 Mulula v The State [2014] ZASCA 103 para 11.
10
sentence. Second, the HIV-status of CR was also not established. Instead, it
appears from the record that according to M rs Vergeer , she obtained verbal
information from both the appellant and th e complainant (CR) about the ir HIV-
statuses. The State did not take any steps to verify the HIV-status of the appellant,
despite seeking to rely on it as an aggravating factor. There are no documents on
record confirming the HIV-statuses of either the appellant or CR.
[19] While an accused or a complainant may disclose their HIV-status when
consulting with a probation officer, such information remains hearsay if conveyed
by the probation officer to the State or the court. In S v Ndhlovu,3 Cameron JA held
that:
‘. . . the literal reading entails that a hearsay statement automatically becomes admissible simply
because the extra -curial declarant happens to testify, regardless of the content of his or her
testimony, and regardless of the interests of justice. It is hardly conceivable that the legislation
intended this result. When hearsay evidence is tendered, the person on whose credibility the
probative value of the hearsay depends may (i) testify and confirm its correctness; (ii) not testify;
(iii) testify but deny ever making the hearsay statement; (iv) testify and admit making the
statement but deny its correctness; (v) testify but neither confirm nor deny making the
statement.’
In such circumstances, both the admissibility and weight of the hearsay must be
assessed in light of fairness and the interests of justice, particularly where the
evidence could materially affect sentence.
[20] It is incumbent on the State to satisfy itself that indeed the accused person
and/or the victim are HIV-positive. The only manner of achieving this certainty is
through medical evidence. Whatever method is employed to bring such evidence
3 S v Ndhlovu and Others [2002] ZASCA 70; [2002] 3 All SA 760 (SCA); 2002 (6) SA 305 (SCA); 2002 (2) SACR
325 (SCA) para 29.
11
before a court must not affect the rights of the affected parties, which is entrenched
in ss 10 and 12 of the Constitution, Act 108 of 1996 (the Constitution).4
[21] Consequently, medical evidence was necessary to determine whether , prior
to the rape incident, CR was HIV-negative and whether, at the time of the rape, the
appellant was HIV-positive. To rely solely on Mrs Vergeer ’s report is not only
impermissible but amounts to an abdication of the State’s primary responsibility of
assisting the court in establishing the truth. Most importantly, the establishment of
an HIV-positive status in respect of an accused person convicted of rape charges
may lead to the imposition of a sentence of life imprisonment.5 Given the possibly
dire consequences, courts cannot afford to rely on hearsay evidence in relation to
such an important factor which the Legislature categori sed as warranting the
imposition of life imprisonment.
[22] The Act sets out its objects as, inter alia, to afford complainants of sexual
offences the maximum and least traumatising protection that the law can provide ;
to introduce measures which seek to enable the relevant organs of state to give full
effect to the provisions of th is Act and to combat and ultimately eradicate the
relatively high incidence of sexual offences committed in the Republic.6
[23] Section 51 (1) of the Act provides:
‘Discretionary minimum sentences for certain serious offences
4 Section 10 of the Constitution provides: Human Dignity
‘Everyone has inherent dignity and the right to have their dignity respected and protected.’
Section 12 of the Constitution provides:
‘12 Freedom and security of the person
(1) Everyone has the right to freedom and security of the person, which includes the right-
(2) Everyone has the right to bodily and psychological integrity, which includes the right-
(a)…
(b) to security in and control over their body; and
(a)…
(b) to security in and control over their body; and
(c) not to be subjected to medical or scientific experiments without their informed consent.’
5 Section 51(1) of the Criminal Law Amendment Act 105 of 1997, read with Part I of Schedule 2, prescribes a
minimum sentence of imprisonment for life for certain listed offences including rape.
6 Section 2 of the Criminal Law (Sexual Offences and Related Matters) Amendment Act 32 of 2007.
12
(1) Notwithstanding any other law, but subject to subsections (3) and (6), a regional court or a
High Court shall sentence a person it has convicted of an offence referred to in Part I of
Schedule 2 to imprisonment for life.’
[24] In Schedule 2 of the Act provides:
‘Rape as contemplated in section 3 of the Criminal Law (Sexual Offences and Related Matters)
Amendment Act, 2007-
(a) when committed –
(i)...
(ii)...
(iii)...
(iv) by a person, knowing that he has the acquired immune deficiency syndrome or the
human immunodeficiency virus;
(b)....
(c) involving the infliction of grievous bodily harm.’
[25] Chapter 5 of Criminal Law (Sexual Offences and Related Matters)
Amendment Act 32 of 2007 (the Sexual Offences Act) deals specifically with
services for victims of sexual offences and compulsory HIV testing of alleged sex
offenders. Section 28 provides, in relevant part:
‘Services for victims relating to Post Exposure Prophylaxis and compulsory HIV testing of
alleged sex offenders
(1) If a victim has been exposed to the risk of being infected with HIV as the result of a sexual
offence having been committed against him or her, he or she may-
(a) subject to subsection (2)-
(i) receive PEP for HIV infection, at a public health establishment designated from time to time
by the cabinet member responsible for health by notice in the Gazette for that purpose under
section 29, at State expense and in accordance with the State's prevailing treatment norms and
protocols;
(ii) be given free medical advice surrounding the administering of PEP prior to the
administering thereof; and
13
(iii) be supplied with a prescribed list, containing the names, addresses and contact particulars
of accessible public health establishments contemplated in section 29 (1) (a); and
(b) subject to section 30, apply to a magistrate for an order that the alleged offender be tested for
HIV, at State expense.’
[26] Section 32 gives an investigating officer the right to apply for HIV testing of
an alleged offender.7 Sections 36 and 37 of Act 32 of 2007, entrench the
confidentiality of the HIV test results.8 Section 37 (2) provides:
‘A presiding officer, in any proceedings contemplated in this Chapter, or in any ensuing criminal
or civil proceedings, may make any order he or she deems appropriate in order to give effect to
this section, including the manner in which such results are to be kept confidential and the
manner in which the court record in question is to be dealt with.’9
[27] Without reliable evidence in relation to the HIV-status of an accused person,
a court will not be able to determine realistically, knowledge on his part of his
7 ‘32 Application by investigating officer for HIV testing of alleged offender
(1) An investigating officer may, subject to subsection (2), for purposes of investigating a sexual offence or offence
apply in the prescribed form to a magistrate of the magisterial district in which the sexual offence or offence is
alleged to have occurred, in chambers, for an order that-
(a) the alleged offender be tested for HIV; or
(b) the HIV test results in respect of the alleged offender, already obtained on application by a victim or any
interested person on behalf of a victim as contemplated in section 30 (1) (a) (i), be made available to the
investigating officer or, where applicable, to a prosecutor who needs to know the results for purposes of the
prosecution of the matter in question or any other court proceedings’
8 ‘36 Confidentiality of outcome of application
8 ‘36 Confidentiality of outcome of application
The fact that an order for HIV testing of an alleged offender has been granted as contemplated in section 31 or
section 32 may not be communicated to any person other than-
(a) the victim or an interested person referred to in section 30;
(b) the alleged offender;
(c) the investigating officer and, where applicable, to-
(i) a prosecutor; or
(ii) subject to section 35 (2), any other person who needs to know the test results for purposes of any criminal
investigations or proceedings or any civil proceedings; and
(d) the persons who are required to execute the order as contemplated in section 33.’
9 Section 37 Confidentiality of HIV test results obtained
‘(1) The results of the HIV tests performed on an alleged offender in terms of this Chapter may, subject to
subsection (2), be communicated only to-
(a) the victim or the interested person referred to in section 30;
(b) the alleged offender; and
(c) the investigating officer and, where applicable, to-
(i) a prosecutor if the alleged offender is tested as contemplated in section 32; or
(ii) any other person who needs to know the test results for purposes of any civil proceedings or an order of a
court...’
14
HIV- status for the purposes of s 51(1) of the Act, or establish the risk of exposure
and transmission of the HIV-virus to the complainants. The risk of exposure and
transmission of the HIV - virus are matters that are central in Chapter 5 of the
Sexual Offences Act, as is evident, among others, in s 28, referred to above. Part 1
of the Criminal Law (Sexual Offences and Related Matters) Regulations (the
Regulations),10 to the Sexual Offences Act, provides in relevant part:
‘2. Reporting of an alleged sexual offence and services for victims
(1) A medical practitioner or nurse to whom a sexual offence, where the victim may have
been exposed to the risk of being infected with HIV as a result of that offence, is reported by a
victim or an interested person must complete the J88 form.’ (my emphasis)
[28] The State d id not allege that the appellant was HIV-positive at the time of
the alleged sexual conduct. Mrs Vergeer, however, noted that CR indicated that he
subsequently tested positive for the HIV.
[29] Having regard to the above considerations, it seems to me that there must be
medical evidence to prove, that an accused person was HIV-positive. There must
also be reliable evidence that he knew that he is HIV-positive. Evidence that the
accused has received counselling from a medical practitioner or treatment about
his status and about the risks, may be sufficient to show knowledge of his HIV-
positive status.
[30] The Sexual Offences Act, and its purpose does not only address the criminal
exposure of victims to HIV , but it has infused in itself the socio -therapeutic
mechanisms for the better good of the public as provided in s 28 of the Act, above .
Therefore, it must follow that a bare allegation that a victim contracted HIV and
the accused is HIV-positive, without medical evidence, would not justify a finding
10 Criminal Law (Sexual Offences and Related Matters) Regulations GN R561 in GG 31076 of 22 May 2008
15
that his HIV-status constitutes aggravating circumstances to warrant imposition of
life imprisonment. The Legislature provide s clear processes for determining an
accused’s HIV-positive status, including the mechanisms and confidentiality
protections set out in ss 28, 32, 36 and 37, referred to above . Absent evidence not
only of the appellant’s knowledge of his status , facts establishing the risk of
transmission and any resulting infection of the victims, a court would be forced to
rely on mere assumptions in imposing a sentence of life imprisonment. That would
not serve the overall interests of justice to do so. The regional court erred in
accepting, without question, the hearsay evidence of the appellant’s HIV-status.
[31] The nature of the evidence that the appellant seeks to introduce is h ighly
scientific. It is tendered by an expert in the field of Clinical Virology. A complete
chain of how the blood sample was taken, kept , registered, tested, audited until a
report was produced has all been placed before this Court. It is that medical
evidence that negates the aggravating factor relied upon by the regional court in
sentencing the appellant , namely , that he was HIV -positive and knowingly
exposed the victims to the virus. It puts into question the assertions contained in
the pre-sentence report about his HIV-positive status. It shows that those assertions
were unverified and potentially erroneous. It puts it beyond doubt that the
probation officer was wrong.
[32] The evidence relating to the appellant’s HIV-status is prima facie credible
and directly material to sentence, particularly in light of the State’s reliance on his
alleged knowledge of being HIV -positive as an aggravating factor. It is not
surprising that the appellant confirmed the probationer’s report because with his
level of intellectual functioning he could not have alerted the regional court to the
fact that he was HIV -negative. T his Court retains a discretion to admit such
fact that he was HIV -negative. T his Court retains a discretion to admit such
evidence where the interests of justice so demand.
16
[33] I am satisfied that the evidence is weighty, material and there is a likelihood
of truth in it. It is scientific, objective, and unbiased, with no reason for fabrication,
and, as noted in Mulula,11 it cannot be seen as manufactured to undermine his
conviction or sentence. It is relevant to the outcome because the full bench found
that the appellant’s knowledge of his HIV-positive status negated the mitigating
circumstances and justified the imposition of the prescribed minimum sentence. It
is evidence that is peculiar and exceptional in that it could only come through the
automated robotic machinery that Lancet employed. I am satisfied that the
appellant could not have obtained this evidence prior to the imposition of sentence.
The evidence is directly relevant to the outcome of this appeal. There will be a
miscarriage of justice were the evidence to be excluded, I accordingly accept it.
[34] I find that the appellant has met the threshold set in s 19 of the SCA Act.12 It
is in the interests of justice that a wrong that has been inadvertently committed by
the full bench be corrected by this Court . The admission of the evidence will
hopefully assist the complainants and encourage them to have their HIV-status
tested. More importantly, it will assist prosecutors to appreciate the importance of
medical evidence where they seek to rely on the HIV-status of an accused for
sentencing purposes . T hey must take steps to obtain reliable medical evidence .
This Court sounded caution in this regard way back in 2014, in Mulula.
11 Mulula para 13.
12 Section 19(b) of the Superior Courts Act 10 of 2023 provides-
‘Powers of court on hearing of appeals
The Supreme Court of Appeal or a Division exercising appeal jurisdiction may, in addition to any power as may
specifically be provided for in any other law—
(a) dispose of an appeal without the hearing of oral argument;
(b) receive further evidence;
(b) receive further evidence;
(c) remit the case to the court of first instance, or to the court whose decision is the subject of the appeal, for further
hearing, with such instructions as regards the taking of further evidence or otherwise as the Supreme Court of
Appeal or the Division deems necessary; or
(d) confirm, amend or set aside the decision which is the subject of the appeal and render any decision which the
circumstances may require.’
17
[35] This Court has a discretion to either hear the evidence on appeal or set aside
the sentence and refer the matter back to the regional court. The latter option
would not be in the interests of justice as it would delay the matter further when
this Court is in possession of all the material it needs to dispose of the appeal. 13 I
now proceed to deal with the grounds of appeal advanced.
Appeal against sentence
[36] It was submitted on behalf of the appellant that: he had no previous
convictions although he was detained at Bosasa for a motor vehicle theft . He was
18 years old when he committed the offences in question and was 20 years old
when he was sentenced by the regional court. He attained a Grade 10 level of
education. He was single and unemployed before his detention at Bosasa.
According to Mrs Vergeer’s report, the appellant was a troubled teenager. He had
an unhappy and unstable upbringing and was forced to live a nomadic lifestyle. He
was subjected to physical, emotional and sexual abuse by his own father who
raped him. Both his parents were drug addicts. He also abused drugs from the
tender age of 12 years.
[37] A report from Dr Alison, a psychiatrist, which was relied upon by Mrs
Vergeer, showed that the appellant functioned clinically at the emotional level of
an 8 to 9 -year-old child. It was submitted that the regional court relied heavily on
Mrs Vergeer’s report in finding the presence of aggravating factors, namely the
appellant’s lack of remorse, his apparent pride in his actions and his lack of
empathy. The regional court also placed emphasis on the fact that the appellant
was HIV-positive at the time of the offences and that the complainants continued
to suffer the consequences long after the rape incidents. It was contended that, in
13 P A F v S C F [2022] ZASCA 101; 2022 (6) SA 162 (SCA) para 9
18
light of the further evidence proving that the appellant is HIV -negative, the
decision of the regional court and its reliance on the alleged HIV- positive status of
the appellant as confirmed by the full bench constitutes a misdirection. This
Court, it was argued, is entitled to interfere therewith and set it aside.
[38] It was conceded that the complainants suffered severe consequences as a
result of the rape incidents. The following factors were relied upon as sufficient to
justify a departure from the minimum sentence: the appellant’s youth and
emotional immaturity; absence of previous sexual convictions; having been a
victim of rape by his father; and his guilty plea and honesty regarding his actions.
It was further submitted that the assumption that the appellant was HIV-positive at
the time of the offences was incorrect. Both the regional court and full bench had
relied on this incorrect assumption as a weighty aggravating factor in finding that
there were no substantial and compelling circumstances warranting a departure
from the prescribed minimum sentence of life imprisonment. Once the incorrect
HIV-positive factor was removed from the equation, it was submitted that there
were sufficient substantial mitigating factors present to conclude that a sentence of
life imprisonment was excessive. In this regard, reliance was placed on S v
Maswanganyi.14 It was submitted that this Court should uphold the appeal.
[39] The State made the following submissions: that the HIV -negative status of
the appellant does not alter the prescribed minimum sentence to be imposed as
mandated by the Act. It does not constitute a substantial and compelling factor for
purposes of sentence; the report of Professor Vardas is irrelevant to this appeal,
because the State did not allege attempted murder of the victims based on the HIV-
status of the appellant; furthermore, the young age of the offender does not, on its
status of the appellant; furthermore, the young age of the offender does not, on its
own, call for a lesser sentence where a serious crime was committed; that the
14 S v Maswanganyi [2013] ZAGPPHC 318; 2014 (1) SACR 622 (GP) para 28.
19
imposition of an unduly lenient sentence will erode society’s confidence in the
criminal justice system and that rape is a humiliating, degrading and brutal
invasion of the victim’s privacy, dignity, and bodily integrity. In this regard
reliance was placed on S v Chapman. 15 It was submitted that this Court should
therefore not interfere with the decision of the full bench.
[40] Before the regional court the legal representative of the appellant adopted a
very supine attitude. She made no effort to place before the regional court facts
which would constitute substantial and compelling circumstances. When one reads
the record there is a litany of such factors. The appellant’s legal representative was
required to do no more than place the relevant factors before the regional court,
thereby enabling it to determine whether they constituted substantial and
compelling circumstances justifying a deviation from the prescribed minimum
sentence. In this regard, the following exchange between the legal representative
and the regional court is apposite. When invited to address the regional court on
such factors, her submissions were as follows:
‘Q: Has the defence anything else to add or to indicate to the Court with regard to possible
substantial or compelling circumstances justifying the Court could possibly consider deviating
from the prescribed minimum sentence or not imposing the prescribed minimum sentence in the
light of the age of the accused at the time of the commission of the offences.
A. Your Worship, I have had an opportunity to consult with the accused on that aspect as well
Your Worship. I did that on the previous occasion. It seems unfortunate that the accused is not
able to instruct me on anything that we could use as compelling and substantial circumstances.
Apart from the fact that he pleaded guilty Your Worship and not going to waste the court’s time.
The magistrate put to the appellant’s legal representative:
The magistrate put to the appellant’s legal representative:
Q. It would seem from the pre-sentence report that your client was aware of his HIV-status at the
time of the commission of this offence. Would those be your instructions from your client as
well?
15 S v Chapman [1997] ZASCA 45; 1997 (3) SA 341 (SCA); [1997] 3 All SA 277 (A) para 20.
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A. That is correct, Your Worship.’
[41] It was this response about his ‘known HIV -status’ that swayed the regional
court to find that the appellant’s knowledge of his HIV -positive status as an
aggravating factor, ultimately resulting in the imposition of a sentence of life
imprisonment. The full bench was bound by the record and its decision was based
on it. It is only now before this Court that medical evidence relating to his HIV-
status was adduced and accepted.
[42] It is important to emphasise that first, t here was no allegation that MVW
was also infected with the HIV -virus. Second, a perusal of the record reveal s that
what was put to the legal representative was contained in the pre -sentence report,
without being medically verified . Establishing whether the appellant was indeed
HIV-positive and knew of his HIV -positive status when he raped the two
complainants would necessitate a factual enquiry. As the new evidence was not
available to the full bench at the time it made its decision, this Court is therefore
entitled to interfere with the sentence of life imprisonment.
[43] The medical evidence tendered and accepted by this Court establishes that it
is medically impossible for a person who is truly HIV -positive to later test
negative without undergoing a stem cell transplant. The appellant stated that he has
never had such transplant. There is a litany of medical interventions in relation to
the appellant’s mental state as recorded in the pre-sentence report. The appellant is
clearly an emotionally troubled young man. H e does not have a stable family
support and he was a victim of sexual abuse from his father. He abused drugs from
an early age and he had no previous convictions at the time he was sentenced. His
emotional immaturity is that of an 8 to 9-year-old child. He pleaded guilty to both
counts. The State accepted the plea , and the appellant was convicted on his plea.
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This is a factor that the full bench failed to take into account. That factor ought to
have been considered in favour of the appellant.
[44] The appellant was relatively young when he committed the offences. The
offences he committed were very serious and they left the victims traumatised.
Nonetheless, there were sufficient factors in favour of the appellant warranting a
finding that there were substantial and compelling circumstances justifying a
deviation from the prescribed minimum sentence. Critically, the regional court
committed a serious misdirection in being persuaded by nothing more than hearsay
evidence that the appellant was HIV -positive and knew of his status. This
misdirection materially contributed to the regional court’s finding that there were
no substantial and compelling circumstances. It equally played a role in the full
bench dismissing the appeal. These material misdirections justify this Court
interfering with the sentence.
[45] Taking into account all the evidence , the sentence of life impris onment in
respect of the appellant was excessive. A proper consideration of the appellant’s
personal circumstances justify imposition of a lesser sentence. The decision of the
full bench dismissing the appeal must be set aside. The sentence of life
imprisonment imposed by the regional court in count one must be set aside and
substituted with a lesser sentence.
[46] I find that a sentence of 15 years’ imprisonment in count one, with ten years
thereof ordered to run concurrently with the sentence of ten years that he is
currently serving in respect of count two, will be appropriate in the circumstances.
[47] In the result, the following order is made:
1 The application for adducing further evidence on appeal is granted.
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2 The appeal is upheld.
3 The decision of the full bench dismissing the appeal is set aside and is
replaced with the following order:
‘1 The appeal is upheld.
2 The sentence of life imprisonmen t imposed by the regional court in
respect of count 1 is set aside and is replaced with the following:
‘In respect of count one: The accused is sentenced to undergo 15 years
imprisonment, ten years of which shall run concurrently with the sentence of
ten years in count two. Effectively the accused will serve a term of 15 years
imprisonment.
3 The sentence is antedated to 09 November 2021.’
_______________________
T V NORMAN
ACTING JUDGE OF APPEAL
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Appearances
For the appellant: E A Guarneri
Instructed by: Johannesburg Justice Centre
Justice Centre, Bloemfontein
For the respondent: S K Mthiyane
Instructed by: Director of Public Prosecutions, Johannesburg
Director of Public Prosecutions, Bloemfontein.