IN THE LABOUR COURT OF SOUTH AFRICA
HELD IN JOHANNESBURG
CASE NO: C12/2003
In the matter between
PRAVIN PARBHOO Applicant
And
BYTES SOFTWARE (PTY) LIMITED Respondent
JUDGMENT
SEMENYA AJ
[1] In a letter dated 31 May 2002, the respondent advised the applicant that due to the
respondent’s operational restructuring requirements, the applicant’s job with the respondent
has become redundant and his employment was terminated. It is that decision that explains
the present proceedings. The applicant challenged the dismissal for want of procedural
fairness. It bears mentioning that there is no dispute that substantively the respondent had
legitimate grounds to restructure and there is no contest regarding the substantive fairness of
the dismissal.
[2] Mr Sid Stoffberg (“Stoffberg”) testified on behalf of the respondent. In summary he
stated the following: In December 2001, the respondent became a wholly owned subsidiary
of the Bytes Technology Group (“BTG”) when it purchased 40% of the shares that were
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held by Old Mutual. What followed was a process called Participlan that looked towards
developing a long term sustainable business model. The possibility of a restructuring became
apparent when the respondent realised losses approximating a million rand for each months
of January, February and March 2002. The need was therefore present to bring costs in line
with the realistic revenue expectations.
[3] On 29 April 2002 a letter was sent to all the employees, including the applicant. The
letter advised staff that the respondent was experiencing losses and the view of management
was that the losses would continue unless significant and urgent steps were taken to
restructure the company. The letter announced that BTG has taken an inprinciple decision
to restructure the business in an endeavour to reduce costs in line with realistic revenue
expectations and further that certain positions of the staff may become redundant.
[4] It was anticipated that the restructuring would improve the company’s financial
performance, entail cost cutting; re allocation of responsibilities, closing of certain
departments, restructuring of remaining departments as well as the development of new
positions which will enhance the company’s ability to offer products into the market.
[5] The letter to staff invited staff to consult with management regarding the latter’s in
principle decision to reduce staff costs and to consult on alternatives to dismissals. The
consultation was to canvass matters such as reduced dependency on contractors; early
retirement; redeployment within the Software Division; redeployment within BTG as well as
redeployment within the mother company, Alton Group.
[6] Consultation, Stoffberg testified, and is confirmed in the letter of 29 April 2002, was a
process that was to commence as soon as was possible with a view to conclude by the end of
process that was to commence as soon as was possible with a view to conclude by the end of
May 2002. The letter promised meetings with all departments and affected employees.
[7] On 30 April 2002, Stoffberg addressed all the employees in a meeting lasting over
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two hours on the issues that are covered in the general notification of 29 April 2002. Some
questions were raised and answered. The selection criteria for the staff reduction was to
include the following: retention of necessary skills and knowledge; performance; closing of
business units and non profitable business offerings; reorganisation of the remaining
business units; transfers and relocation of skills; operational requirements; redeployment and
multiskilling. Within the reorganisation process new positions would be proposed and the
people would be invited to apply for those positions.
[8] Relevant to the business unit that the applicant belonged, there were five incumbents
who were notified that their positions were at risk. The reorganisation was to translate in five
positions that were to be collapsed into three. For that reason a letter dated 10 May 2002 was
addressed to the affected employees, including the applicant. The letter invited the
employees, if so inclined, to apply for any of the positions that may become available.
[9] On 13 May 2002 a further meeting was held with specific business units. Questions
were asked and answered. The project managers, including the applicant, requested a
separate meeting. For that reason, the organisational structure pertaining to them was held
over to the postponed date. On the agreed date, 15 May 2002, the project managers wanted
clarity why they needed to apply for their positions. They pointed to the fact that their jobs
have not changed. The questions were answered and it was explained that the new project
managers would have additional responsibilities. All the five people applied for the available
positions. Applicant applied for both the positions and was unsuccessful.
[10] Evidence was tendered how the interviews were handled, who was present at the
interviews, how the candidates were scored as well as how the scores of each interviewer
was aggregated to come to the outcome of the successful candidates. It is to my mind
unnecessary to elaborate on this process save to say that it offered a process by which the
respondent sought to minimise the job losses that the restructuring would entail.
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[11] Ms Schoeman also testified. She is the employee responsible for the HR functions of
the respondent. She was present throughout the process of the restructuring and interviews.
Her testimony is on fours with that of Stoffberg. In addition however, is her evidence that
effort was made to see where in the greater scheme of the sister companies could the
services of those employees at risk of losing their jobs could their services be redeployed.
Nothing could be found for the applicants. She confirmed the outcome of the interviews to
have been done fairly and objectively. The method, process and scoring of the interview was
announced in advanced and adhered to.
[12] The engagement that she had with the applicant related to the applicant questioning
why he was at risk of losing his job when a month earlier he had received a performance
appraisal that was exceptionally good. She confirmed that the applicant was indeed one of
the most impressive, hardworking members of the staff. She consulted with the applicant
regarding the severance pay as well as shared information with him about other placement
agencies that the applicant could use to find alternative employment.
[13] The final result of the restructuring was that the contractors were substantively
reduced; relating to the unit which the applicant belonged, early retirement was not an option
because the employees were below the early retirement age of 55 years; redeployment on the
family of the Alton Group was explored with no answer for the applicant. Ultimately 20
employees lost their jobs.
[14] The applicant testified. He did not contest in substance the factual evidence tendered
by the two witnesses called by the respondent. He maintained that the dismissal was unfair
on the procedural grounds. It is useful to point to the aspects of the dismissal process that the
applicant contended was unfair. In the first place, the applicant did not concern himself
applicant contended was unfair. In the first place, the applicant did not concern himself
much with the invitation to consult following the letter of 29 April 2002. He was of the view
that he could not be one of those exposed to a possible retrenchment. He considered himself
an excellent employee no less because of outstanding performance appraisal that he had
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received a month before.
[15] Further, the applicant questioned the selection criteria adopted and testified that it was
unfair because LIFO was not implemented. He had been with the company for 17 years at
that stage. It was his view that his long record with the company would save him the
retrenchment. It was further his evidence that he did not think that the job demands of the
new project manager had substantively altered. Further, he questioned why the company did
not adopt a similar approach when it offered one employee a position without re
advertising.
[16] His evidence was further that he indicated that he was prepared to take a reduction in
salary. Following the invitation to apply for the vacant positions, he did. He was interviewed
for the two positions and was advised on 30 May 2002 that he was unsuccessful for the two
positions. He had received the letter dated 31 May 2002 advising him that no alternatives to
retrenchment could be found and his services were terminated. He later learned that one of
the successful candidates tendered a resignation and was told that the company did not
intend to fill the post. The post remains vacant at the date of this trail.
Section 189 of the Labour Relations Act 66 of 1995, ( “the Act”) impels that dismissals that
are based on the operational requirements of the employer must meet procedural and
substantive fairness. As earlier stated, the applicant conceded, quite correctly, that no debate
arises as to the substantive fairness of the dismissal. The question for the Court is whether
the dismissal was procedurally fair or not. The respondent bears the onus in this regard.
[17] Law Reports are replete with the Court’s pronouncements of what would be the
approach of the Court in determining what is fair and what is not. Each case invariably
approach of the Court in determining what is fair and what is not. Each case invariably
depends on its own facts and circumstances. In Johnson & Johnson (Pty) Ltd v CWIU
(1999) 20 ILJ 89, FRONEMAN DJP, in the often cited passage pointed out that the
mechanical “checklist” kind of approach to determine whether section 189 has been
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complied with or not is inappropriate. As stated in at 97 BE of that judgment “ mention has
already been made in section 189 is inextricably linked to the issue whether the
dismissal based on operational requirements is fair or not. In testing compliance with
its provision by determining whether the purpose of the occurrence of the joint
consensus seeking process has been achieved or frustrated, a finding of non
compliance by the employer will almost invariably result also in the dismissal being
unfair for the failure to follow a proper procedure. It is difficult to envisage a situation
where the result could be different”
[18] The applicant contends that there was no consultation as required by law. The
contention stands at odds with the objective evidence. The letter of 29 April 2002 to all
employees expressly calls for consultation on all the issues identified therein; meeting with
the staff was held the following day; the meeting lasted over two hours, there was a further
meeting on the 13 th and 15 th of that month. The applicant had the opportunity to raise
matters that he would have thought relevant. He did not do that. He cannot put the blame
elsewhere see Van coille v Sanlam Life Insurance Ltd (2003) 24 ILJ 1518 LAC at 1526
[24].
[19] The law demands the employer to consult with the affected employees. The letter of
10 May 2002 identifies the applicant as well as others that they are at risk regarding the
restructuring. Not only was the applicant in the meeting of the 13 th but he is part of those
who called for a further meeting of the 15 th. A contention therefore that he was not
consulted is without merit. It has been authoritatively spelled out in SACWU & OTHERS
V AFROX LTD (1998) 19 ILJ 62 (LC); UPUSA & OTHERS V GRINAKER
DURACET (1998) 19 ILJ 107 (LC), FAWU AND OTHERS V IRVIN & JOHNSON&
DURACET (1998) 19 ILJ 107 (LC), FAWU AND OTHERS V IRVIN & JOHNSON&
JOHNSON LTD [1999] BLLR (LC) that consultation is a benefit that the beneficiary can
forgo if it chooses and will forfeit unless it actively responds by engaging in the process. The
applicant was aware of the process of the restructuring. He elected to think he would not be
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the victim to the process. The notification of 10 May 2002 to him identifies him specifically
as the one at risk in the process. He is part of the meeting of the 30 th of April, 13 th of May
as well as the 15 th of May. Under these circumstances he cannot complain of want of
consultation when he did not engage in the process actively.
[20] It bears mentioning that the pleadings of the applicant point to something more
sinister regarding his dismissal The allegations assert a concerted design by the employer to
exclude him specifically. His evidence did not even come close to that conclusion save to
express dismay that he would suffer the adverse consequences of the restructuring despite
his excellent work record. It is regrettable that this is the outcome. The dismissals are by
definition ‘ no fault’ dismissals. In the process 20 people ultimately lost their jobs. The
applicant cannot claim to have been discriminated as an individual.
[21] Regarding the selection criteria, it was suggested to the applicant in cross
examination that even if LIFO was agreed upon, he would still have not survived that
criteria. The applicant did not counter that proposition at all. In any event what the law
requires is criteria that is objective and fair. There is no basis, certainly no evidence, to
suggest that the criteria in the present case was anything but objective and fair.
[22] Initially Mr Du Plessis, appearing for and on behalf of the applicant submitted that the
dismissal was procedurally unfair because there was no consultation. He contended that
since the meetings were not minuted, there could not therefore have been compliance with
the requirements of section 189. Nothing could be said for that contention. There is hardly
any dispute regarding the content of the meeting called specifically for the purposes of the
any dispute regarding the content of the meeting called specifically for the purposes of the
consultation. The subject matter of those meetings was clear to all present. A minute of
those meetings would bring no point home that the evidence was unable to establish.
[23] In the circumstance, I am satisfied that the evidence demonstrates, at the required
level of proof, that the dismissal was procedurally fair. There being no issue regarding the
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rational for the restructuring and the admitted substantive fairness of the dismissal, the
applicant’s case stands to fail. The applicant’s case is therefore dismissed with costs.
_____________
Semenya AJ
Appearance:
For the Applicant : Mr D Du Plessis
Instructed by : Bagraims Attorneys
For the Respondent : Mr D Nel
Instructed by : Webber Wentzel Bowens
Date of hearing : 46 February 2004
Date of judgement : 27 February 2004
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