IN THE LABOUR COURT OF SOUTH AFRICA
(HELD AT JOHANNESBURG) CASE NO J945/01
In the matter between:
MAUREEN RUBENSTEIN Applicant
and
PRICE’S DAELITE (PTY) LTD Respondent
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JUDGMENT
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JAMMY AJ
1. For the stated reason that she had “already exceeded the company’s
retirement age” the employment of the Applicant, then aged seventy two,
was terminated by the Respondent on 12 June 2001.
2. Consequent thereon, the Applicant seeks from this court an order alleging
unfair discrimination based on age, declaring her dismissal to have been
unfair and awarding her compensation equivalent to twenty four month’s
remuneration.
3. The factual background to this matter involves a series of corporate
transactions which do not merit detailed analysis. Suffice it to say that the
Applicant has been continuously employed since 1957 in a number of
companies, the names and ownership of which have from time to time
changed. At all material times however, and certainly since 1996, the
controlling interest in those companies has been held, as it is now held in
the Respondent, by the Goodman family, one member of which, Leo
Goodman, is the Applicant’s nephew. At one point Leo Goodman was the
Managing Director of the Respondent but now carries on business
independently in another company, similarly involved in the production of
candles.
4. Following the withdrawal from its management structure of Leo Goodman,
Mr D A H Gould, who, he testified, had been “headhunted” under pressure
from a major creditor of the Respondent, was appointed its Managing
Director. In its prevailing financial circumstances he identified the need for
a radical review of its operating costs, which would include a reduction in
its staff complement and wage bill.
5. One anomaly immediately apparent to him, he testified, related to the
Applicant whose remuneration package was in his view totally
disproportionate to the position which she held and the fact that she was a
halfday employee.
6. When he discussed the matter with her in the presence of the company’s
Human Resources Manager however having ascertained that she was “in
her early seventies” and had been employed since 1957, he learned to his
surprise that she enjoyed no pension benefits. She had come into the
business as a member of the Goodman family, the original company by
which she was employed – Price’s Candle Company (Pty) Ltd, having had
no Pension or Provident Fund.
7. The company, Daelite Industries (Pty) Ltd, with which Price’s Candle
Company merged by acquisition in 1996, resulting in the incorporation of
the Respondent as a new entity, did have a Pension Fund but it had
transpired, Mr Gould learned, that when the Applicant applied for
membership of that fund at that time, this had been refused because of her
age.
8. On 31 August 1999 all employees of the company, including the Applicant,
were given a letter, headed “Letter of Appointment” in which they were
advised that “Due to new requirements specified by the Basic Conditions
of Employment Act, it is necessary to provide every employee with a new
Letter of Appointment”. The Applicant’s letter recorded that she was
“employed by Price’s on 3 June 1957 in the position of Admin Assistant.
Your current position is Sales Coordinator based in Johannesburg”.
9. Relevant to this dispute was a specific provision of that letter which read
as follows:
“Pension/Provident Funds
You are obliged during the first month of employment to become a
member of either the Pension or Provident Fund. The total contribution
(your own plus that of the company) must comply with the rules of the
Pension and Provident Funds and may not be less than 7.5% (employee
contribution) for the Pension Fund and 7% (employee contribution) for the
Provident Fund. There is an employer contribution to the Pension and
Provident Funds.”
10. The rules of the Respondent’s Provident Fund however contained in the
definition clause the following:
“Normal Retirement Age: age 63 years.
Normal Retirement Date: the first day of the month coinciding with or
following the month in which a Member attains Normal Retirement Age”.
Once again, and as a consequence of her age at that stage, the
Applicant’s application for membership of the Provident Fund was rejected,
as was her application for membership of the Respondent’s Pension Fund,
the definition clause of which contained almost identical provisions.
11. The Respondent had no problem with the Applicant’s standard of work,
said Mr Gould – she was a valued employee and in an attempt to find a
solution to the problem which it now faced, he enquired whether she would
agree to a reduction in salary, she was earning more than R16 000 in her
halfday position, more than double the monthly salary ordinarily payable
for an equivalent post. The Applicant rejected this proposal on the
grounds that she had numerous commitments. She was then asked to
move temporarily to a halfday switchboard operator position and agreed
to do so. On 6 April 2001 therefore she was given a letter in the following
terms:
“Dear Maureen
STRUCTURAL ADJUSTMENT
Due to some remuneration imbalances, structural adjustments have been
implemented on packages in specific categories.
Therefore, your cost to company package will be adjusted to R17 563,31
per month with effect from 1 May 2001. You will be transferred to the
position of Receptionist/Switchboard Operator with effect from 17 April
2001.
Attached to this letter is a Package Record Schedule, which indicates your
total remuneration package. Please complete the schedule and return it to
the Human Resources Department.
The company appreciates your loyal efforts and commitment. Regular
reviews on performance will be conducted. Keep up the hard work.”
The letter was signed by the Respondent’s Personnel Manager Ms Retha
Ludick.
12. Questioned by Mr G Higgins, representing the Applicant, Mr Gould stated
that he was informed on joining the company that its normal retirement age
was sixtythree. He assumed that the Applicant was a member of the
Pension Fund and reiterated that he was surprised to learn that this was
not the case. The options which the company had explored in its attempt
to find a solution to the problem were set out in a letter to the Applicant of
11 May 2001 in which she was then informed that:
“In view of the fact that you have already exceeded the company’s
retirement age and after investigating your position and consulting on and
discussing the alternatives and options with yourself, the company has
decided to retire you from the service of the company with effect from 12
June 2001”.
She had been informed, the letter continued, that her current position did
not justify the salary package attached to it and that “there is no
relationship between your position and market related salary”. She was
not amenable to working a full day in the position of a receptionist. The
proposal from her soninlaw, in their course of discussions with him on her
behalf, that she be retrenched on a package of three weeks pay per
completed year of service could not be practicably considered. Following
discussions and “as per the letter dated 6 April 2001,
… you were transferred to the position of Receptionist with effect from
17 April 2001 until further notice”.
13. The concluding paragraphs of that letter are indicative, in their terms, of
the position in which the company found itself and the decision taken to
deal with it. They read as follows:
“The company does not consider these alternative options to be fair or
reasonable in view of the fact that you have already exceeded the
company’s retirement age and that the practice on retirement is not to pay
a retrenchment package.
Furthermore you have benefited directly as a consequence of continuing to
be employed after normal retirement age.
It would also be discriminatory should the company allow certain
employees to work beyond retirement age without operational justification
and to require all other employees to depart at retirement age. The
company therefore does not believe that your continued employment is in
the best interest of either the company or yourself.
The company however wishes to thank you for the many years of loyal
service to both its current ownership and during the time that the company
was a family owned concern.
We wish you a restful and fulfilling retirement.”
It was correct Mr Gould acknowledged, that the letter of 6 April 2001, in
terms of which the Applicant assumed the Receptionist/Switchboard
position, did not indicate that this was a temporary arrangement but this,
he said, had been made clear to her in the course of their discussions.
The company had subsequently obtained legal advice to the effect that
they were entitled to retire the Applicant and proceeded to do so.
14. The Respondent’s Personnel Manager, Ms Retha Ludick testified that
following the 1996 merger, she learned that the Applicant was not a
member of the Provident Fund and processed an application on her
behalf. When this was rejected because of the Applicant’s age she
explained the position and the Applicant was fully aware of it when she
signed acceptance of the Letter of Appointment of 31 August 1999
specifying, as a condition of employment, membership of both the Pension
and Provident Funds. No one other than the Applicant had been retained
in the employ of Price’s Daelite beyond the age of sixty three.
15. The Applicant had been advised by management, in a meeting early in
March 2001, of the possibility that she might be retired having exceeded
the company’s normal retirement age. Ms Ludick was also present, she
said, in further discussions with the Applicant and her soninlaw in which a
number of alternative options were canvassed and found impractical. The
Applicant was offered, and accepted, the temporary position of
Receptionist/Switchboard Operator, while other options were being
explored. She was aware that the company was seeking a fulltime
Receptionist/Switchboard Operator at a salary of approximately R4 500
per month.
16. Questioned by Mr Higgins, Ms Ludick stated that at one stage she had
discussed the problem with Mr Leo Goodman whose response had been
that the Applicant “had to remain in employment – she was part of the
family”. When Mr Gould, on his arrival, had questioned the Applicant’s
salary, she explained to him that this was because she was a member of
the Goodman family. He had then instructed her to set up meetings with
the Applicant to discuss the problem of her continued employment in the
company in the context of her age. When the final letter terminating her
employment was eventually given to the Applicant on 11 May 2001, she
was sad to receive it but not surprised. She did not suggest any
entitlement on her part to continue in the employ of the company. It was
not true that she had informed the Applicant at any prior stage that she
should not worry because she would receive a large retirement package.
She was not in the position to have discussed any such aspect with the
Applicant.
17. Notwithstanding indications by Mr Higgins during the course of his
crossexamination of the Respondent’s witnesses that evidence contrary
to certain of their submissions would be presented on behalf of the
Applicant, the Applicant’s case was closed without testimony from her or
any other witness and the Respondent’s factual evidence, as adduced
through Mr Gould and Ms Ludick, stands uncontroverted. It is therefore on
the basis of that evidence and appropriate reference to the documentation
before the court, that this matter stands to be determined.
18. The minute of the pretrial conference between the parties records as an
item of common cause, the fact that the Applicant’s services were
terminated due to her age. The issues that the court is required to decide,
as they are there identified, are whether an automatically unfair dismissal
of the Applicant by the Respondent occurred and, “in the event of it being
found that Applicant was unfairly dismissed, the relief, if any to which the
Applicant is entitled”.
19. There can be only one interpretation of those recorded factors. If the
Applicant was unfairly dismissed, that unfairness was directly related to the
acknowledged reason for her dismissal, her age. No allegation or
suggestion is made by the Applicant of procedural inadequacy in the
process followed by the Respondent and no other reason, fair or unfair, is
postulated. In short, her claim is based on an unambiguous allegation of
age discrimination which, if established, would constitute her dismissal as
automatically unfair, entitling her to the prescribed compensation which
she claims. The principle that the onus of proof in that context lies with
her, is not open to question. The Applicant’s claim is sourced in Section
187 of the Labour Relations Act 1995. A dismissal is automatically unfair,
it prescribes, if the reason for the dismissal is, inter alia , that the employer
unfairly discriminated against the employee directly or indirectly on any
arbitrary ground including, amongst others specifically referred to, age.
This notwithstanding however, Section 187(2)(b) decrees,
“A dismissal … based on age is fair if the employee has reached the
“A dismissal … based on age is fair if the employee has reached the
normal or agreed retirement age for persons employed in that capacity”.
20. A situation akin to that prevailing in this matter was considered by this
court in
Schweitzer v Waco Distributors (A division of Voltex (Pty) Ltd) (1998)
10 BLLR 1050
The Applicant in that matter, a product manager aged sixtyseven years,
was dismissed by his employer which claimed entitlement to do so
because he had passed its normal retirement age. His dismissal was
challenged on the basis of age discrimination, an allegation contested by
the employer in reliance upon the exception couched in Section 187(2)(b).
Sixtyfive years was, the Respondent contended, the agreed or normal
retirement age applicable to the Applicant.
21. On an examination of the facts of the matter, the court concluded firstly
that the employee’s dismissal was based on his age, secondly that the
employer did have a normal or agreed retirement age for persons
employed in the capacity in which the Applicant had been employed,
thirdly that the employee had reached that retirement age at the time of his
dismissal and consequently that the provisions of Section 187(2)(b) was
applicable to the case. The Applicant’s dismissal in those circumstances
was protected by the legislation and could not have been automatically
unfair.
22. The court however took the issue further. Whilst not automatically unfair,
was the Applicant’s dismissal unfair in any other respect? It was common
cause that he was well beyond the retirement age at the time of his
dismissal, the company having permitted him to go on working when it
could legitimately have required him to retire in terms of Section 187(2)(b)
when he actually reached retirement age. In that context, the court (Zondo
J, as he then was) embarked upon an analysis of the definition of
“dismissal” in Section 186 of the Act and concluded that:
“The fact that the coming to an end of the Contract of Employment by
effluxion of time is not contemplated in the definition of dismissal in sec
186 means that the dismissal in Section 187(2)(b) must include a dismissal
after the employee has gone past the agreed or normal retirement period”.
23. That analysis is called respectfully into question in an article by
Professor John Grogan entitled “No Work for the Aged” in
Employment Law: Volume 14 No. 6 (March 1999) . The
court’s reasoning, the author suggests, is
“… somewhat difficult to follow. If, as the Judge appears to suggest, every
indefiniteperiod contract which contains a compulsory retirement clause
is, in fact, a protracted fixed term contract that terminates automatically
when the employee reaches retirement age, what purpose is served by
Section 187(2)(b)? The dismissals to which it refers can, on this view,
never happen. Furthermore this reasoning does not address Judge
Zondo’s concern about the unfairness of giving employers carte blanche to
dismiss employees whom they have permitted to work beyond retirement
age. The answer to that, one would have thought, lies in the actual
wording of Section 187(2)(b). It says a dismissal is fair if the employee
has reached retirement age, not when he reaches it.”
24. I am in respectful agreement with that analysis. In the instant matter, the
Respondent’s evidence, both in relation to established practice and the
requirements of its Pension and Provident Funds, acknowledged and
unchallenged by the Applicant when she signed her acceptance of the
terms and conditions in her new Letter of Appointment of 31 August 1999,
that the normal retirement age for its employees was sixty three, is not
placed in issue by any testimony to the contrary on the part of the
Applicant. The answer to the first question identified by pretrial
consensus between the parties for determination by this court, namely
whether an automatically unfair dismissal of the Applicant by the
Respondent occurred, is that it did not. With regard to the second,
somewhat ambiguous, issue, namely whether the Applicant was unfairly
dismissed, presumably on some other basis, the answer must similarly in
my view, be in the negative. No challenge is mounted to the procedures
followed by the Respondent and there remains for consideration only one
further contention advanced by the Applicant, expressly in the course of
correspondence addressed to the Respondent by her legal representatives
and obliquely dealt with in their pleadings, and that is whether, having
failed to terminate the Applicant’s employment when she reached the
normal retirement age of sixtythree, the Respondent’s right to do so at the
stage that that occurred, had been waived.
25. There is, in my opinion, no substance to that contention. The Respondent
was not the Applicant’s employer when she reached the age of sixtythree.
At the time of the 1996 merger which spawned the new corporate entity by
which she then became employed, she was already sixtyseven. When
she signed the Letter of Appointment of 31 August 1999, she was already
approximately seventy.
26. Mr A Redding, representing the Respondent, conceded in argument that
26. Mr A Redding, representing the Respondent, conceded in argument that
whilst, in these circumstances, there could have been no question of a
waiver of rights by the Respondent, the Applicant may well have had some
reasonable expectation of continued employment at the time that it was in
fact terminated. That to my mind was a generous concession. The
Applicant’s attention, according to the testimony of both Mr Gould and
Ms Ludick, was drawn as early as 1996 to the fact that she was still in the
employ of the company at an age substantially beyond that in effect for
normal retirement. The circumstances in which this state of affairs
continued, and which were directly motivated by her family ties to the
controlling shareholders in the company, must have been apparent to her.
Her unique position was subsequently emphasised and exacerbated
when, having unreservedly accepted the new terms and conditions of her
employment in August 1999, her application for membership of the
Pension and Provident Funds was rejected because of her age. The
company’s ongoing concern thereafter with the anomalous state of affairs
which existed, manifested in the various meetings and discussions held
with her and her soninlaw, must continuously have been apparent to her.
The Respondent’s uncontroverted evidence that she agreed to perform the
Receptionist/ Switchboard function on a temporary basis and at a salary
hugely disproportionate to the status of that position, must have indicated
to her that this was a state of affairs that could not continue indefinitely.
27. I am left in no doubt, in these circumstances, that what the Applicant
harboured could have been nothing more than a spes in relation to her
ongoing employment by the Respondent. An endorsement in that regard,
is found in Ms Ludick’s testimony that when she eventually received the
notice of termination of her employment, she expressed no surprise or
indication of resistance.
indication of resistance.
28. In summary therefore whilst, as the parties acknowledge, the reason for
the termination of the Applicant’s employment was manifestly her age, she
has failed to discharge the onus upon her to establish that her dismissal
was unlawfully discriminatory and therefore automatically unfair and there
is nothing in the conspectus of evidence presented to this court to suggest
that it was unfair for any other reason. In these circumstances, my order is
the following:
28.1 the application is dismissed;
28.2 the Applicant is to pay the Respondent’s costs.
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B M JAMMY
Acting Judge of the Labour Court
14 March 2002
Representation:
For the Applicant :
Mr Greg Higgins: Sampson Oakes Higgins Inc.
For the Respondent:
Adv Andrew Redding instructed by Webber Wentzel Bowens