REPORTABLE
IN THE LABOUR COURT OF SOUTH AFRICA
HELD AT JOHANNESBURG
CASE NO: J 2868/99
In the matter between:
FRANCIS HEDLEY Applicant
and
PAPERGRAPHICS LIMITED Respondent
JUDGMENT
BASSON, J:
[1] The applicant, Mr F Hedley (“Hedley”), was retrenched by the respondent, Papergraphics Limited, on 27
January 1999.
[2] The applicant seeks an order declaring the said retrenchment unfair, both substantively and procedurally,
and awarding him compensation equivalent to twelve months’ remuneration.
[3] It is important to discuss in some detail the background to the dispute.
[4] The applicant assisted the respondent in the establishment of their socalled Formula 1 paper brand in South
Africa on a independent contractor basis as from about August 1996. It appeared that he was successful in
doing so although some of the respondent’s witnesses were at pains to point out that other favourable
conditions were the real cause and not the applicant’s own contribution as such. It was nevertheless
conceded that the applicant did an enormous amount of groundwork.
[5] Be that as it may, the applicant accepted an offer of employment on 5 December 1997 as the Formula 1
sales director of the respondent, starting as from January 1998.
[6] In terms of the said employment contract the applicant earned a monthly salary of R 15 900 (inclusive of
allowances) plus fixed bonuses or commission based on sales figures (exhibit C60 to C62 at especially
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paragraph 4). It appeared that the applicant had previously earned a much higher amount (perhaps even in
the region of R 400 000) as the respondent’s independent contractor but that for reasons such as the security
of earning a fixed salary, he accepted employment on the basis set out above.
[7] The applicant originally reported to Mr M Lloyd (“Lloyd”) the then joint managing director of the
respondent who resided in the United Kingdom where the parent company of the respondent is situated. It
appeared that the working relationship between the applicant and Lloyd was good.
[8] The other joint managing director or owner or the respondent, Mr J Selby (“Selby”), was also situated in the
United Kingdom but did not come to South Africa to involve himself in the respondent’s business here.
Nevertheless, he played an important role in the applicant’s dismissal as it will become clear later.
[9] There was also another sales manager appointed for the socalled Large Format division, Ms S Young
(“Young”), who worked together with the applicant in the South African office at Midrand. Although these
were two separate divisions (selling different brands of paper), the employees of both divisions worked
together in an open plan office.
[10] During March 1998 the respondent appointed a new sales director, Mr G Neilly (“Neilly”), who was
situated in the United Kingdom but who was responsible for the sales operations of the respondent in South
Africa. The applicant reported directly to Neilly as from March 1998. Initially the relationship between the
applicant and Neilly was satisfactory.
[11] The respondent’s representative, Mr Landman, contended that the applicant had always advocated a very
specific business model. This model was allegedly devised to promote sales in order to boost the applicant’s
chances of getting the commission which in terms of his employment contract was due to him on the basis
of meeting certain sales figures. In the event, so it was argued, the applicant, also looking after his own
interests, was not so much concerned with the costs that it was necessary to incur in order to obtain the said
sales figures. In this regard the applicant’s allegedly overoptimistic forecasts of sales; his insistence that he
could do better if the respondent appointed more sales personnel to the Formula 1 division; and the alleged
problem of overstocking were identified as indications of his business model.
[12] The respondent, so it was contended, had a more conservative outlook and wished to keep costs down.
Accordingly, the requests of the applicant to appoint extra sales personnel to his division were refused. This
was, it was stated, the conflicting business model that was proposed by the respondent’s directors to whom
the applicant reported. I will return to these issues below.
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[13] A problem had arisen in early 1998 (before Neilly’s appointment) with one of the respondent’s key
accounts, Incredible Connection, which the applicant had originally won.
[14] Incredible Connection had taken over Computer Superstores. The respondent had in the past sold “branded”
stock to Computer Superstores which contained the logo of that store. Because of the fact that the stock was
thus “branded” the respondent initially refused to take back the stock. However, Incredible Connection
adopted the attitude that, if the respondent did not take the stock back, the respondent would not receive any
further orders from them.
[15] The applicant was originally mandated by the respondent to make an offer to take back 30 % of the stock
which was later upped to 50% but the offer was turned down and the Incredible Connection account was
suspended.
[16] What happened next appeared to have caused a rift in the relationship between the applicant and Neilly. The
applicant was of the view that he had built up a good relationship with the buyer of Incredible Connection
(“Walker”) and that he knew what to do in order to get the account back.
[17] However, Neilly, accusing the applicant of keeping him in the dark about this problem, contacted the
client’s managing director (“Delport”). Neilly stated that Delport had allegedly told him on the telephone in
April 1998 that he had “misgivings” about the applicant. Due to these “misgivings” about the applicant’s
competence to run the account, Delport allegedly stated that he wanted another sales person to handle the
account. Neilly added that the applicant was accused also of being “abusive” and of “overstocking” the
client. Neilly regarded these as “exceptionally serious complaints” against the applicant by a key client of
the respondent.
[18] The applicant denied the accusations and countered that Neilly had gone behind his back to sideline him,
that his actions were “illjudged” and that he was “out of his depth”. Neilly stated that the applicant reacted
negatively because of the “risk of him being exposed” in regard to his “management skills”. He added that
he was of the view that the applicant “had got away with an awful lot” when Lloyd was his manager as
Lloyd had a different management style to that of Neilly. The applicant disagreed and stated that Lloyd had
a firm grip on things.
[19] During May 1998 Neilly came to South Africa and met Delport, asking the applicant not to attend the
meeting. Neilly also indicated that the sales representative who worked in the applicant’s division, Mr W
Taljaard (“Taljaard”), was to take over the account.
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[20] Neilly offered to take back 100 % of the disputed stock (an offer which the applicant was never mandated to
make) and it appeared that the account may have been won back. The applicant claimed to have been
responsible for this breakthrough (as Neilly was unaware of the fact that the account was rewon when he
was giving evidence) but it appeared to have lasted only for about two months when the account was lost
(apparently after the stores in question “voted” on the issue) and was never rewon again.
[21] Neilly further stated that it was difficult to get to know the applicant in such a short a space of time as he
had never met him before in his life. He indicated that he did not have the opportunity to get to know the
applicant as the applicant had to attend to a meeting with his wife and her cousin when Neilly proposed a
dinner meeting and that they thus “missed the opportunity to understand each other better”.
[22] It was put to Neilly that this period of time was far too short to have come to any conclusion about the
applicant’s alleged incompetence and he answered, revealingly, that in the “short space of time” the
problem with regard to the applicant’s performance merely “registered with myself”. However, importantly,
Neilly “shared his concerns in this regard to both Selby and Lloyd” already in May 1999, that is, after
returning from his first visit to South Africa.
[23] In fact, Neilly stressed in giving evidence that he was “concerned with the performance of (Hedley) at an
early stage” and added that this was related to “how he did his job” and that “he was not performing as he
should have done”.
[24] It was then asked of Neilly in crossexamination whether the respondent had an “performance correcting”
system and he answered: “In the United Kingdom, yes”.
[25] It was then put to Neilly that he did know what steps had to be taken to correct performance problems, that
is, to consult with the employee concerned and to tell him or her what management’s concerns were and
then to do whatever is needed to correct the problem.
[26] Neilly answered that he did spend some time with the applicant prior to his meeting with Delport.
However, it was clear, in my view, that the short space of time was not untilised to consult with the
applicant about his perceived performance deficiencies. In fact, no such consultations ever took place
despite Neilly’s evidence that the alleged performance problem was detected at a very early stage. I will
return to this matter below.
[27] Neilly added that, although he had “concerns with (Hedley’s) management style”, he had made “no definite
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conclusions at the time and wanted to think more”. Neilly stated that “at that stage I had no cause or reason
to want to dismiss the man”.
[28] The applicant testified that he was “demoralised” by what had happened and it was argued that he was also
angry that this potentially lucrative account had been assigned to Taljaard (given the possible commission
the applicant could have earned from the account).
[29] It was clear that the relationship had soured between the applicant and Neilly, the one blaming the other for
the “catastrophe” of losing a key account. Young testified that the applicant’s views in regard to Neilly had
“changed dramatically” after the visit. The applicant was accused by Young of calling Neilly a “twit” and,
on the other hand, the applicant accused Neilly of being “rude and dictatorial” towards him.
[30] Despite the fallout the relationship continued on more or less an even keel until November 1998 when
Neilly instructed the applicant to prepare the sales forecast for 1999.
[31] It was argued by the respondent that the applicant, in terms of his alleged business model postulated above
(at paragraph [11]), proffered a “wildly over optimistic” forecast, also in the previous year, that is, for 1998.
[32] It was pointed out that Lloyd (representing the board) had reduced the applicant’s previous forecast for 1998
from R 4.4 million to R 3 million and that he had refused the applicant’s request to enlarge the sales force of
the Formula 1 division. The sales for 1998 in Formula 1 eventually reached about R 2.7 million, thereby
creating a shortfall between the applicant’s forecast and the actual sales obtained of about 37.68 %.
[33] The applicant explained that his original forecast was based on an enlarged sales force and added that the
lower figure that was eventually obtained for 1998 was also due to the loss of the key Incredible Connection
account ( supra at paragraph [20]).
account ( supra at paragraph [20]).
[34] The applicant also pointed out that a new sales representative, Ms J Bouwer (“Bouwer”), was indeed
appointed in 1998 with the concurrence of Lloyd, albeit not in the “retail” market of the Formula 1 business
(where he allegedly needed more staff) but in the “dealer” market (where Lloyd wanted to explore new
business opportunities).
[35] The applicant further maintained that there were differences between the retail business in South Africa and
the United Kingdom and indicated that the directors in the United Kingdom, especially Neilly, “could not
really understand” his sales forecast. Neilly countered that the previous forecast for 1998 “sowed the seeds
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of doubt” as to the “reliability” of any future forecasts by the applicant.
[36] The sales forecast of the applicant for 1999 (faxed to Neilly on 19 November 1998 exhibit C26) and
reflecting a forecast of sales amounting to R 5.1 million was even more comprehensively criticised by
Neilly when he gave evidence as well as in the respondent’s argument. Neilly admitted, however, that the
forecast (exhibit C27) did explain the figures but added that it “did not justify it and gave me cause for
concern” (in that it was allegedly too high).
[37] It was argued by the respondent that the figures simply did not add up and that the forecast was not feasible
and allegedly driven by the applicant’s own interests in boosting sales figures (in keeping with his alleged
business model see supra at paragraph [11]).
[38] Neilly pointed out that “exact” sales forecasts were of crucial importance to the business as overstocking
could result if forecasts were too optimistic. He described the applicant’s forecast as “unrealistic” and that
“it could not possibly happen”. He added that he had a concern for “the judgment behind the figures”.
[39] On 15 December 1998 a South African management meeting took place in Pretoria. It was attended by
Lloyd (who was on the verge of leaving the business), Young, a certain “Schoof”, Lloyd’s wife and the
applicant. Neilly was not present. Amongst the presentations they were looking at were stock versus cost of
sales; stock orders and the role of the exchange rate; operating expenses; and ways to increase the
repatriation of funds to the United Kingdom.
[40] A further meeting was then held in the United Kingdom on 21 December 1998 between the applicant,
Neilly, Selby and Ms M Watson (“Watson” the marketing manager). This meeting was to have a far
reaching effect on the applicant’s relationship with the respondentcompany.
reaching effect on the applicant’s relationship with the respondentcompany.
[41] Neilly stated that he had called the meeting out of “great concern” with the applicant’s sales forecast for
1999 and that the “main purpose of the meeting was to understand the numbers he had put up”. They
expected him to “justify” the figures.
[42] The applicant denied this and stated that he was to go on holiday to the United Kingdom over the Christmas
period, paying his own way, and that he himself had asked for a meeting to see “what their business plan
was”. He took along the revised update of his forecast (discussed at the previous meeting in South Africa).
[43] Neilly stated that the applicant had come “ill prepared”. According to Neilly, they then proceeded “to talk
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his sales forecast down”. It was explained to the applicant that he could not have the extra manpower
resources that he had requested as they could not afford it. The applicant was further instructed to remove
two accounts from his forecast with the result that the forecast was lowered to R 4,02 million. The applicant
was then also instructed to implement a geographical split between Taljaard and Bouwer (the two sales
representatives of the Formula 1 division) and to transfer Bouwer to the “retail” market. The applicant did
not agree with this geographical split but he nevertheless undertook to do so.
[44] Neilly also accused the applicant of not reporting weekly by email as he was required to do. He stated in
his evidence that “this hardly ever happened”. The accusation was also made that the respondent’s
competitor, Ultrajet, was making inroads into their market. Neilly admitted that he “accused (Hedley) of
letting this happen”, that is, “that he lost the business to Ultrajet” (this serious accusation was repeated at the
“retrenchment consultations” on 24 and 25 January 1999 see the discussion below at paragraphs [95] to
[108]).
[45] Neilly also brought up the “disaster” of losing the Incredible Connection account in this regard (see the
discussion above at paragraphs [13] to [29]).
[46] The applicant referred to the “dictatorial” style of Neilly at this meeting, “straight out of a “Gestapo
textbook” and that he “was facing a firing squad” where “(Neilly) interrogated me”.
[47] The respondent countered that it was a “firm meeting” of “straight talking” in terms of which “the
applicant’s performance was examined and subjected to criticism”. The tone of the meeting was also
referred to by Neilly who referred to the applicant’s “aggressive attitude” and that “he wanted to do it his
way”.
way”.
[48] Neilly stated that the applicant was “absolutely ridiculous” in that he merely wanted to discuss issues
surrounding certain Tshirts that he had brought along and that he “had lost the plot” and did not appreciate
that this was a meeting of “senior management”. Watson had allegedly told Neilly that the meeting had
made her “squirm”.
[49] In fact, Neilly stated categorically that the applicant “did not understand what was expected from him”.
Neilly then made the important observation in his evidence that the respondent’s owner, Selby, had
“doubted (the applicant’s) ability to get these figures correct”. In fact, Neilly stated categorically that Selby
had “serious reservations about the applicant’s competence” after this meeting was over.
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[50] In my view, it was clear that this was an acrimonious meeting. I believe therefore that the applicant’s
evidence that this was definitely not a meeting where management had asked “how can we help you?” must
be accepted.
[51] Neilly stated later that “we gave him all the support we could and in the end we lost patience”. I find this
difficult to accept, given the acrimonious and accusatory tone of this meeting. I will return to this issue
below.
[52] The applicant returned from his holiday in the United Kingdom on 4 January 1999. Young stated that the
applicant had told them that Neilly “was out to get him”. Young alleged that the applicant was “totally out
of control”.
[53] On 7 January 1999 the applicant faxed Neilly the “final sales” spreadsheet (exhibit B66) and also explained
that Ultrajet was making the inroads into their market because Ultrajet was better resourced in manpower
terms. Neilly criticised the applicant for taking so long and stated that “this should have taken priority”. He
indicated that the applicant had “agreed to do it”.
[54] There was an exchange of faxes in terms of which Neilly requested the sales forecast for 1999 (exhibits B69
to B72). Neilly testified that he was “frustrated” at getting nowhere and that he “was running out of
patience”.
[55] Neilly added that he had “doubts about (Hedley’s) ability for some time”. Neilly even appeared to accuse
the applicant of a measure of insubordination: He had asked for the forecast “but it never got an awful lot
better”; “we should not have had to put that effort behind getting it”; and that he had to “nag” to get the
amended forecast. Neilly also appeared to accuse the applicant of a measure of dishonesty in that he was
allegedly “keeping the forecast close to his chest”, and that “the figures were so far from the truth, it was
unbelievable”.
[56] The applicant accused Neilly of becoming “abusive and aggressive” in telephone conversations during this
period. Neilly explained that he had merely been “extremely firm” whilst his “patience was running out”.
[57] In the same vein, Neilly complained that he “never got fed the information” in the required weekly and
monthly reports from the applicant and “that it was difficult to get an overall view of the business”. Other
concerns with the applicant’s performance was that he allegedly “allocated few accounts to himself” and
Neilly also criticised his “time management”. The applicant was also castigated for the fact “that he did not
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take criticism well”.
[58] Neilly stated that on 14 January 1999 he decided to go to South Africa. He had discussed the issue with
Selby. It was their view that there was “not a satisfactory relationship” between them and the applicant and
that they “wanted to find the way forward”.
[59] It is of crucial importance to note that (as Mr Short also argued on behalf of the applicant), at this stage,
there was not the slightest hint of a possible retrenchment of the applicant. Moreover, the problems that the
respondent experienced with the applicant were clearly of a solely performance related nature. It was only
after Young had obtained legal advice (on 21 January 1999) that a “retrenchment” letter was prepared. I will
return to this matter below.
[60] Neilly then phoned the applicant on the very same day (14 January 1999) but “kept it very short” and “gave
no detail”. The applicant stated that Neilly had told him that he must “either resign or be dismissed” and that
he would “stay for as long as it takes to settle the matter”. This was vehemently denied by Neilly.
[61] Neilly did admit that he had stated during the telephone call that the applicant can “guess” why he was
coming to South Africa on 24 and 25 January 1999 “because you are an intelligent man”. Neilly also
admitted that he added: “We are possibly going to part company and were going to meet to discuss it”.
Neilly stated that he had said this because of “the seriousness of the situation”.
[62] The applicant maintained that Neilly had made it clear that he had been dismissed. Young stated that the
applicant had told her directly after the telephone call that he had been “fired”. Young stated that the
applicant then told her what was reflected in his contemporaneous notes (exhibit C44) which supported his
version. Young stated that she then asked him to keep it quiet so as not to upset the staff.
version. Young stated that she then asked him to keep it quiet so as not to upset the staff.
[63] Young contacted Selby and Neilly on 14 January 1999 to say that the applicant had stated that he was
“dismissed” during the said telephone call from Neilly on that day. She alleged that they replied that the
applicant was not dismissed. Young added that she called a meeting with the staff after the applicant had
alleged that he was fired on 14 January 1999 to assure them that he had not been dismissed.
[64] I reiterate that not a single word about “retrenchment” was mentioned at this time. At least this much was
common cause.
[65] The question then immediately arises: At what stage had it become necessary for the respondent to
9
“retrench” the applicant? The respondent’s delay in this regard casted serious doubt as to the (objectively
reasonable) necessity for the “retrenchment” of the applicant. Why did this need only arise as late as 21
January 1999 when the letter was written about a “contemplated” retrenchment? In this regard, one may also
refer to Neilly’s important admission (discussed below at paragraph [78]), that is, that the applicant would
“probably not” have been “retrenched” if the applicant had not made the allegations that he was dismissed
by Neilly on 14 January 1999.
[66] A very important step was then taken by Neilly on 19 January 1999 when he set up a future meeting with
the “Formula 1 management members South Africa” (exhibit C35). It was clear from the agenda that this
meeting would deal essentially with a complete review of the Formula 1 business, that is, the area of
responsibility of the applicant.
[67] What was very strange indeed was the fact that this agenda was not sent to the applicant, the manager of this
division, but only to the other relevant members of his staff, that is, Taljaard and Bouwer. In fact, it was
clear that the applicant was deliberately excluded and he testified that he only came to learn of the proposed
meeting subsequently and by chance. Even stranger was the fact that this letter was sent to Young who had
nothing at all to do with Formula 1 matters as at 19 January 1999.
[68] Neilly further stated that the date of the meeting had not been decided at the time. However, this evidence
was contradicted by Young who stated that the meeting was, indeed, scheduled for 27 January 1999. Neilly
also later appeared to admit this when confronted with the documentary evidence. The meeting did, in fact,
take place at 10:30 on that day, that is, only after the applicant’s dismissal at 9:00 on the same morning.
[69] Neilly explained that the applicant’s name had not been mentioned because “I was concerned about his
attitude”. He added that he “did not know (Hedley’s) frame of mind”. Neilly stated that both he and Selby
decided not to include the applicant in the agenda at that time. He stressed that Selby agreed with what
Neilly was doing. Neilly further explained his own state of mind: “It was easy to evaluate what future there
was with (Hedley) and the company together”, meaning, of course, that there was little future in it.
[70] Neilly also tried to explain the reason why Young had been invited to the said meeting. He stated
that it was done purely as a matter of “courtesy” and so as to not appear “impolite” as she was in charge of
the office arrangements and that this was merely done “for her information”.
[71] Again, Young contradicted Neilly’s evidence and stated that “the meeting was called to see what we were
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going to do” and that the purpose of the meeting was “to move forward”. She also stated that Neilly “asked
people to prepare” for this meeting. Young further admitted that she “would have been an integral part” of
the meeting.
[72] This, of course, proved to be true, because (as Neilly had to admit) the applicant’s management functions
were, indeed, transferred to Young at this very meeting on 27 January 1999, that is, after the applicant’s
dismissal earlier on the very same day (see below at paragraph [98]). This can surely be no mere
coincidence. Young also stated categorically that “the duties of (Hedley) were distributed to the other
members of staff” at this meeting and that “the managerial functions were distributed to myself”.
[73] The question immediately arises as to why Neilly did not want to admit that the meeting was scheduled
already on 19 January 1999 for 27 January 1999 and why he did not want to admit that Young was invited
for the very reason of the restructuring of the business after the dismissal of the applicant?
[74] The answer is, in my opinion, obvious. Neilly wanted to get away from the impression that the agenda for
the restructuring meeting had been finalised before the applicant’s “retrenchment” process had even been
considered and that the very person who was to take over his functions as manager of Formula 1 (after his
dismissal) had also already been invited.
[75] Moreover, this was done despite the fact that this meeting was for “Formula 1 management matters” and
Young who was at the time the sales manager of the other division, that is, Large Format, simply had no
business to attend a Formula 1 management meeting. Unless, of course, the decision that Young was to take
over the applicant’s management functions (after his dismissal) was already taken as early as 19 November
1999.
1999.
[76] The fact that Young was invited, coupled with the fact the Neilly gave a contradictory and unsatisfactory
explanation for her presence, casted doubts on his bona fides when Neilly embarked on a “retrenchment”
exercise on 25 to 27 January 1999 to allegedly “assist” the applicant. In fact, it showed, in my view, that the
said “retrenchment” was already a fait accompli . The applicant stated categorically that he viewed the
“retrenchment” exercise as a “strategy” in the light of the above facts when these facts came to his
knowledge just before the said retrenchment “consultations” began. I will return to this issue below.
[77] It must also be remembered that, as at 19 January 1999, the applicant had not been told of his intended
“retrenchment” and that, in fact, this was mooted behind the scenes only after this date. Young had namely
phoned Selby because she was concerned that the applicant was telling people that he was dismissed in
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terms of Neilly’s telephone call on 14 January 1999 ( supra at paragraph [63]). Young then took steps to
“correct the dismissal allegations”(according to Neilly) in Young’s dealings with the respondent’s legal
advisers on 21 January 1999 (see the discussion below at paragraphs [81] to [83]).
[78] Furthermore, in a very revealing admission, Neilly stated that, if the applicant had not made the allegations
about his dismissal on 14 January 1999, he would “probably not” have been “retrenched” at all. Neilly
repeated this statement in reexamination: “The (retrenchment) letter came about as a result of the dismissal
allegation”. He added that the “retrenchment was a direct result of the views of Selby and Young as to how
we should handle the situation”. At the same time, Neilly admitted that he himself had supplied the
information contained in the said retrenchment letter.
[79] This, of course, placed a very serious question mark over the “objective” economic rationale that was being
proffered for the “retrenchment”. Was it really necessary to dismiss the applicant to “save costs” (in the
form of the applicant’s salary)? Was it not merely an operational response to get rid of an allegedly
seriously incompetent employee? Or was it a cynical damage control exercise which only became necessary
after the applicant had made allegations that he had been dismissed by Neilly, already on 14 January 1999?
In my view, this crucial evidence showed mala fides on Neilly’s part and that, in effect, the “retrenchment”
exercise was but a sham. I shall return to this issue below.
[80] Neilly further admitted that “Selby got advice as to what we should do” and that Neilly had also received
legal advice before coming out to South Africa. He added that they regarded the applicant as a “loose
cannon”. The applicant stated that he was of the view that Neilly was professionally advised to do “all that
was legally necessary to get away with the strategy rather than to provide sound business reasons”.
[81] Young stated that she took legal advice only on 21 January 1999 about the applicant’s allegation that Neilly
had dismissed him on 14 January 1999. She stated that she asked for advice as to “what would be the best
financial way of leaving the company should (Hedley) be retrenched or fired?”
[82] The legal adviser had allegedly asked her: “Why not just fire Hedley?” but she alleged that she had wanted
to do it in an “amicable” way. It was namely only on 21 January 1999 that Selby asked Young to seek
advice on his behalf, that is, to find out “what was financially feasible to retrench or fire”? The
respondent’s lawyer then drafted the “retrenchment letter” dated 21 January 1999. Young also got further
legal advice on the afternoon of the first “consultation” meeting on 25 January 1999 before the second
“consultation” meeting on 26 January 1999. Her attendance at the meetings was allegedly “just to take
minutes”.
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[83] The applicant did not know that Young went to see the labour consultant. Young then allegedly told the
applicant that there was going to be an “amicable retrenchment”.
[84] The important fact remains that, in terms of this letter, dated 21 January 1999 and received by the applicant
on 22 January 1999, the applicant was, for the very first time, informed of a “contemplated” retrenchment
(exhibit C36).
[85] The applicant maintained under crossexamination that he regarded this letter as “a sham and a legal
strategy” and that he was of the opinion that Neilly “had already made up his mind”. The applicant stated
clearly that he made this deduction because “they already put up a meeting excluding me” (see the
discussion about the meeting set up for 27 January 1999 already on 19 January 1999 supra at paragraphs
[66] to [76]). The applicant added that he “did not believe there was a chance to save my job”. The applicant
stressed that “he was out of his depth” after receiving the letter.
[86] Neilly’s state of mind in approaching these “consultations” can further be gleaned from the fact that he
admitted that he had also made arrangements to have meetings with clients in the Formula 1 division when
he was in South Africa during January 1999 (to conduct the “consultations” with the applicant).
[87] However, the applicant who was then, of course, still the sales manager of the Formula 1 division, was “not
consulted on this” because: “I was concerned with his fairly aggressive attitude at the meeting in December”
(in the United Kingdom on 21 December 1998 discussed above at paragraph [47]).
[88] Again, it was very strange to exclude the applicant from meetings with his very own clients before the
“retrenchment” process to dismiss him had even started.
[89] This fact also casted further doubt on Neilly’s insistence that his purpose in coming to South Africa was to
“help” the applicant and to “make things better” and “take him forward with the business”. Why then, it
may be asked, was the manager of Formula 1 excluded beforehand from meetings with his own clients and
from the meeting with Formula 1 management on 27 January 1999 to decide the future direction of this
business? Clearly, these facts made nonsense of Neilly’s professed intentions.
[90] Further, Neilly brought with him to South Africa a blank cheque signed by the two relevant directors in the
United Kingdom. Eventually, the applicant was paid R 31 000, that is, his outstanding pay, in terms of this
preprepared cheque.
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[91] Neilly stated that this was done “if we get to the stage where the further working together was not possible”.
Neilly also stated that he was told by Selby that “if it is required he should take the cheque along as he did
not want (Hedley) to be out of pocket”. Mr Short argued on behalf of the applicant that this was a
“concession” in terms of which it was the professed intention of the respondent that the only way in which
the respondent could effect a dismissal was by giving the applicant some funds.
[92] At the very least, the fact that the cheque was preprepared was yet a further indication of the state of mind
of Neilly and Selby (identified above), that is, that there was very little prospect of the applicant remaining
in the respondent’s employment. It is also a further inference or probability against the respondent’s case
that it was not decided beforehand to dismiss the applicant. The applicant himself spoke of an “intention to
get rid of me” and referred to the preprepared cheque in this regard.
[93] In discussing the contents of the “retrenchment” letter of 21 January 1999 in his evidence, Neilly pointed to
the “huge” shortfall in sales against the applicant’s forecast of 37.68% as well as the fact that two “key”
accounts of the respondent were lost. Neilly also stated that he was of the view that the applicant’s sales
functions could be “assumed by other members of his team” and mentioned Taljaard and Bouwer in this
regard. This was also confirmed in terms of the written organogram (exhibit C55) which was handed in only
very late after all the respondent’s witnesses had testified (in fact, during the testimony of the applicant’s
very last witness).
[94] Neilly stressed that he was of the view that the “way in which the business was being managed” by the
applicant was “not the appropriate way” and that the applicant showed “a total lack of management skills or
attributes” in managing people. In fact, Neilly made his state of mind in approaching these “retrenchment
consultations” abundantly clear: “I had lost confidence in (Hedley’s) ability to manage the team and the
business and stressed that to Selby”.
[95] Neilly accused the applicant of not contributing to the first meeting that took place on 25 January 1999:
“The man would not listen to me. It was impossible”. However, the meeting lasted a mere 18 minutes and
the applicant’s evidence that the “retrenchment letter” was merely read out and that Neilly then requested
the parties to meet the next day to discuss the contents of the letter was not meaningfully challenged.
[96] The meeting of 26 January 1999 lasted about 40 minutes. The applicant referred to this as “the second sham
meeting”. In a letter dated 26 January 1999 (exhibit B80 to B81 see the discussion below at paragraph
[103]) the applicant also referred to this meeting as “a stratagem to get rid of me without delay or expense”
14
and “I believe that the company is acting in bad faith in wishing to ‘retrench’ me”.
[97] The applicant was dismissed at the next meeting on 27 January 1999, scheduled for 9:00 and which lasted
for about 3 minutes. The eventual decision to dismiss was taken in telephonic discussions with Lloyd and
Selby in London. This was Neilly’s evidence: “three people dismissed him”.
[98] Later on that very same morning (at 10:30) the scheduled meeting (discussed above at paragraphs [66] to
[76]) was held with the said other members of staff and the applicant’s functions were transferred to Young,
Bouwer and Taljaard.
[99] The only meeting of any real significance (and duration) was accordingly the meeting of 26 January 1999.
[100] At the meeting, Neilly, by his own admission, refused to give the applicant information as to “how the
duties were to be divided or rescheduled” after his dismissal. Young confirmed that the applicant wanted
information on “the duplication of the functions”. However, she appeared to contradict Neilly (and the
minutes) when she stated that Neilly had said he had “no idea” who would perform the duties.
[101] Neilly appeared to say that he “did not have the information”. When confronted with the minutes of the
meeting, he changed his evidence to the fact that he “had ideas” but could not share the ideas as he “first
had to discuss it with the other employees”. In his evidence Neilly also stated that he knew that the new
position was going to be a combined position: not only one person would take over from the applicant. This
was also clear from the minutes (the veracity of which was not placed in dispute by the respondent).
[102] According to the minutes of the meeting of 26 January 1999 (exhibits B82 to B87), the following were
recorded:
FH (the applicant) require quantify what financial savings would be incurred by the contemplated course of action and in what way
operational deficiencies would be improved. GN (Neilly) explained that in terms of the financial savings that PG (the
respondent) would occur ( sic), it should be very obvious to FH if we do take this coarse ( sic) of action the savings
would be FH involvement in the business and furthermore, PG would not have some of the duplication and
overlapping. GN continued that some of the duties of JB (Bouwer) and WT (Taljaard)’s are doing now are the same
that FH are currently doing. FH said that GN explanation is very vague and he would require more. GN agreed that he
will supply FH with all that information. GN continued that it is primarily a financial reason which is driving PG
down this road due to lack of sales.
FH requested a reply on the operational deficiencies. GN replied that it is still uncertain exactly what they would be
15
and cannot detail them down to FH at this stage for exactly the reason that GN had to talk to other members of staff.
GN’s view on this is that we could make more efficiencies in the way we handled the Formula 1 sales particularly in
the Johannesburg area and would also mean savings in time and better customer coverage and so on. Again further
thoughts on that and what the companies ( sic) ideas are will have to stay in abeyance until we had a chance to talk
to the other members of staff.
FH suggested that GN has an idea but has not yet been able to quantify the idea. GN explained that the company has
a very clear idea and if the company goes forward with those proposed ideas there will be substantial savings to be
made both financially and in the time management of the business” (at B84 in fine to B85 emphasis
supplied).
[103] The applicant in his letter about this meeting of 26 January 1999 (exhibit B80 to B81 supra at paragraph
[96]) also stated that he required “full disclosure of exactly which of my current duties and responsibilities
will be assumed by other employees and precisely who these people are. Similarly I require full disclosure
of the perceived duplication and overlap”. He continued in this vein: “I require that you quantify exactly
what financial savings would be incurred by the contemplated course of action, and in what way the
operational deficiencies would be improved”. He added that “(w)ithout this information I am not in a
position to consult in a meaningful way regarding my proposed retrenchment”.
[104] In the memorandum sent by Neilly and dated 26 January 1999 this request of the applicant was rejected as
follows: “It is our view that you already have all the necessary information at your disposal to have come to
our meeting this morning prepared with proposals from our side. Unfortunately, no proposals were put
forward by you”.
forward by you”.
[105] Neilly insisted that the applicant had all the information that he needed. Neilly added that he was up against
a “brick wall” and that the applicant failed to “offer a solution, thoughts, ideas or suggestions”.
[106] The applicant’s lawyers answered Neilly’s communication in a letter of 26 January 1999 (exhibit B89 to
B90): “You have not disclosed the information requested by Mr Hedley in your meeting with him earlier
today and, consequently, he is not in a position to participate meaningfully in the consultation process which
you have indicated”. The letter continues: “In any event, you have not provided any sufficiently detailed
information to persuade Mr Hedley that there is in fact a genuine need on your company’s behalf to retrench
him”.
[107] The applicant stated that he had also wanted information in regard to the “business decision, the commercial
16
rationale for taking it”. The applicant added that he needed “concrete” information.
[108] The respondent’s legal representative contended that the applicant did not ask for a “business plan” as such
and the applicant countered that he had wanted a “financial forecast” from Neilly because he “had to guess
at the overheads” and that Neilly was “unwilling to provide me with the necessary figures”. Neilly also did
not tell the applicant “what level of staffing he required”.
[109] In my view, there was no reason why Neilly could not have shared this information with the applicant
before talking to the rest of the staff (presumably at the prearranged meeting that was always to exclude the
applicant). This was especially so because Neilly made the important admission that he did have a “clear
idea” about this issue but simply refused to tell the applicant what it was. It was therefore not impossible to
provide the applicant with this information even before talking to other members of staff.
[110] Further, this was relevant information within the domain of the respondent that it simply did not want to
share. The applicant had no real inkling what the respondent’s “clear idea” in reorganising was. In the event,
this information was necessary for meaningful “consultations” and also affected the question of selection
criteria, all of which are guidelines for fairness as are required in terms of section 189 of the LRA
(discussed below at paragraphs [128] to [132]).
[111] This intransigent attitude was, in my view, yet another indication that Neilly was merely going through the
formalities and was not of a state of mind to “assist” the applicant as he had tried to convince the Court. It
also further strengthened the inference that the “consultations” were conducted against the background of a
fait accompli . In fact, the applicant said just that in this regard: “Neilly presented it as a fait accompli ”. He
added: “The experience was extremely unpleasant”.
[112] Furthermore, it was clear from the minutes that the applicant’s alleged lack of performance was a major
topic during the “consultations” on 26 January 1999. The applicant stated categorically that to have
introduced “poor performance was wrong and it was done in bad faith”.
[113] In this regard the respondent’s memorandum dated 26 January 1999 (referred to above at paragraph [104]
exhibit B88) listed the following bullet points in regard to the meeting of the same date:
* Lack of performance is the cause.
* Sales forecast for 1999 only revised because you were told to.
* Action plan for restructuring of the Formula 1 team nothing has been received.
* Drop in Sales against Forecast for 1998 = 37.68%
* Whether or not by your own omission this business is not happening.
17
* The company believes it can cope with the existing staff no replacement required.
* Does not make business sense when the head of the department is not contributing.
* You are not managing the business.
* No effort has been given to selling or promoting the many products currently overstocked in our
warehouse in SA. In some cases year’s supply (stock on hand) based on current usage. This is very
damaging to the ‘cash flow’ of the business and should have been a key initiative for you to take”.
[114] The “retrenchment” consultations were thus infused and even dominated by purely performance complaints,
as indeed had the proceedings before Court. In fact, it was clear that poor performance was a causa causans
for the dismissal, or put differently, the reason why the applicant was eventually “selected” for
“retrenchment” was because of his perceived poor performance.
[115] This was also made abundantly clear by the respondent’s own witnesses, especially Neilly and Young (see
paragraphs [145] to [147] below for a discussion of Young’s evidence).
[116] Neilly consistently referred to the role that lack of performance played in the dismissal and identified in this
regard, inter alia, the loss of a “major” account; the “poor” sales forecasts; as well as the fact that
“(Hedley) was not contributing in the way he should be” and was not “managing on the company’s behalf”.
Neilly also admitted to his “lack of confidence as to what was happening in management and the lack of
sales and customers”. In fact, this was a continuing theme in Neilly’s dealings with the applicant since their
very first meeting in May 1998 ( supra at paragraphs [17] to [27]) as well as in their subsequent meeting in
the United Kingdom ( supra at paragraphs [40] to [49]).
[117] When he was asked directly whether the applicant was dismissed for performance, Neilly answered: “It was
for the lack of performance of Formula 1: a chicken and egg situation”.
[118] However, the crucial consideration is that this was not a situation where the respondent had already
introduced a fair procedure to assist the applicant in addressing the perceived serious deficiencies in his own
performance. It was, after all, only the respondent’s own performance that was attacked and not that of the
other members of the Formula 1 team.
[119] Mr Short on behalf of the applicant argued that the “Code of Good Practice: Dismissal” contained in
schedule 8 to the LRA required “performance management steps” to be taken before it would be legitimate
and fair to dismiss an employee for alleged incapacity. I agree with this contention.
18
[120] These procedural guidelines for dismissals in the case of “Incapacity: Poor work performance” (contained in
item 8 of schedule 8 of the LRA) place an obligation on an employer that wishes to dismiss an employee for
perceived poor work performance or incompetence to act in an essentially fair manner.
[121] In the event, before an employer can legitimately dismiss an employee for unsatisfactory performance, the
employer has to, inter alia , give the employee appropriate “evaluation, instruction, training, guidance or
counselling”. It is only when the employee continues to perform unsatisfactory, after a reasonable period of
time for improvement, that the employer may take steps to dismiss him or her. The procedure leading up to
dismissal should include an investigation to establish the reasons for the unsatisfactory performance and the
employer should consider other ways, short of dismissal, to remedy the matter.
[122] However, there was simply no counselling or guidance afforded to the applicant in casu . The respondent
made it abundantly clear that it had very serious reservations about the applicant’s performance capacity and
also stated that it appeared that the applicant did not know what was expected from him (see Neilly’s
evidence discussed at especially paragraphs [23] to [27] and [48] to [49] above).
[123] Moreover, the respondent simply failed to justify this omission on any basis not even on an economic
rationale. The respondent was simply not “advised” to do so. Neilly stated that he was “advised” that
“performance management” was “not relevant”. What he did not say was that such corrective steps were
ever undertaken. In fact, Young admitted that, to her knowledge, no corrective steps had been undertaken
with regard to the applicant’s perceived poor performance. This must be true, in the light of the accusatory
attitude adopted at meetings such as the meeting on 21 December 1998 with the senior management
(discussed supra at paragraphs [50] to [51]).
[124] In the event, I reiterate that Neilly’s protestations that he wanted to “assist” the applicant stands to be
rejected (see also the discussion above at paragraphs [26] and [51]). In fact, the applicant stated that “at no
stage did they say that they wished me to stay on” and this was borne out by the minutes of the relevant
meetings. Neilly even tried to indicate that, due to the expense “in time and money” to come to South Africa
from the United Kingdom, lengthy consultations were not advisable. In the same vein, when it was put to
Neilly that the applicant would say that the respondent was not interested to spend time with him or guide
him, Neilly answered : “I was twelve hours away”.
[125] The applicant confirmed in his evidence that no steps were ever undertaken to assist him due to alleged lack
of performance during his career with the respondent (and also that no “warnings” were ever issued).
19
[126] The question arises: why was this not done, especially as this was what was required in the case of allegedly
serious performance deficiency? I reiterate that the respondent failed completely to explain this omission
and did not even try to put forward an economic rationale for the failure.
[127] In the event, the respondent cannot now claim that the applicant’s perceived performance incapacity was a
legitimate reason to dismiss the applicant (based on the cost saving that not paying his salary would bring
about). In other words, the respondent cannot legitimately or fairly use the applicant’s alleged poor
performance as the basis for the, essentially, “no fault” dismissal, without having acted in accordance with
the guidelines contained in schedule 8 to the LRA for dismissals on the basis of poor performance to be fair.
[128] Furthermore, in evaluating the “retrenchment” process itself, it is clear that it fell far short of the
requirements contained in section 189 of the LRA. Although these are not to be treated as a checklist but as
guidelines for fair conduct, it is clear that the aim is that of a joint problem solving exercise in order to assist
a retrenchee who is in danger of losing his or her employment through no fault of the employee concerned
but as a result of an economic rationale. In the event, it is trite that these consultations must be exhaustive in
order to obtain the required result.
[129] Section 189 of the LRA calls upon the employer to strive to reach consensus with the retrenchee on issues
such as avoiding the dismissal; changing the timing of the dismissal; and mitigating the adverse effects of
the dismissal.
[130] Another issue on which the consulting parties must try to reach agreement is that of selection criteria. It is
interesting that the retrenchment letter ( supra at paragraph [84]) stated that this matter was “not relevant” in
casu. This was, of course, correct because the applicant had not been “selected” on a “no fault” basis but on
the basis of his perceived “poor performance”. In the discussion above, it has been pointed out that, to have
thus infused the “retrenchment” process with performance issues without having first applied the guidelines
that require counselling in this regard, in itself made this process unfair.
[131] In my view (and this was also argued by the applicant), an employer will frustrate the achievement of joint
consensus by failing to fulfill its obligations under section 189(1), (3), (5), (6) and (7) of the LRA. This
includes the obligation to disclose to the employee party all relevant information in writing; allowing the
other consulting party an opportunity during consultations to make representations on any matter; and the
duty on the employer party to consider those representations and to respond thereto.
20
[132] It is clear that the intransigent attitude of the respondent in casu to refuse to supply the applicant with
relevant information (discussed supra at paragraphs [100] to [113]) made the “retrenchment” process unfair
in terms of the requirements of section 189(3) of the LRA. Moreover, the conclusion that the applicant was
confronted with a fait accompli made nonsense of any possibility of a consensus seeking exercise to seek
alternatives to the dismissal. In fact, proper consultations are impossible against the backdrop of a fait
accompli. Clearly, therefore, the “retrenchment” dismissal, in so far as it purported to be one, was
procedurally unfair and fundamentally so.
[133] The dismissal was, of course, also substantively unfair.
[134] As it was pointed out above, the applicant was, in effect, dismissed for poor performance before the
necessary steps had been taken. As the applicant was not given counselling and the opportunity for
correcting the alleged deficiencies, his perceived poor performance simply did not at that stage constitute a
fair and valid reason to dismiss him.
[135] If this was a retrenchment dismissal, as it was purported to be, the dismissal was also substantively unfair
because there was no legitimate basis to select the applicant for “retrenchment” on the grounds of his
perceived poor performance. Further, no alternatives to dismissal had been considered, given the fact that
the retrenchment took place against the backdrop of a fait accompli .
[136] I reiterate that this is the position despite the fact that the respondent could show (and the applicant agreed)
that there would be a cost saving in the form of his salary and that this constituted an “economic rationale”
for the respondent that wanted to cut costs or operating expenses in the Formula 1 division due to the
discrepancy of 37.68% between forecasts and sales caused by, inter alia , the loss of two key accounts. It
has, of course, to be remembered that actual sales, in fact, increased by 24% during 1998.
[137] The respondent further stated that Taljaard and Bouwer could take over the applicant’s sales’ functions and
Young his managerial functions. The applicant contested this and stated that, although Young, Taljaard and
Bouwer “could have been trained” to do his job this “would take time” and could “not be done overnight”.
Neilly appeared to acknowledge this when he stated that “it was hoped that (Taljaard) would develop”. The
applicant also hinted that the business “went downhill” after his dismissal. Van Niekerk (who testified on
behalf of the applicant see paragraph [152] below) appeared to support this evidence but this was never
properly put to the respondent’s witnesses.
[138] The respondent further argued that the fact that the applicant was never replaced showed that this was not a
dismissal for poor performance but that the applicant’s post had become redundant. I do not agree with this
21
contention. The applicant’s functions had clearly not become redundant but had to be transferred to other
employees. This showed, in my view, that the applicant himself was the problem and not the alleged
“redundancy” of the job that he was performing. Moreover, I reiterate, for the reasons set out above, that the
applicant’s poor performance was the focus of the dismissal proceedings as it had been, indeed, in the
proceedings before Court.
[139] In the event, even if I accept that the respondent would have been able to cut its operating expenses by
dismissing the applicant and transferring his functions to other employees, the respondent has still failed to
prove that the applicant’s dismissal was fair, both substantively and procedurally, for the reasons set out
fully above.
[140] The applicant was namely confronted with a fait accompli and it was, in effect, a dismissal for poor
performance under the guise of a retrenchment.
[141] I also reiterate that the fact that the applicant was confronted with a fait accompli as well as the fact that the
respondent, in effect, set out to dismiss the applicant for poor performance and thereby sidestepped the
provisions of the LRA in this regard, pointed, in my view, to mala fides on the part of the respondent.
[142] After all, in terms of section 188(1)(a) and (b) of the LRA the overall onus lies on the respondentemployer
to prove on a balance of probabilities that the dismissal was fair, both substantively and procedurally.
[143] In other words, the respondent has simply failed to show that the applicantemployee was dismissed fairly.
[144] One of the main reasons for this failure was, of course, the inferences that could be drawn from the
evidence, especially the settingup of meetings even before the dismissal that excluded the applicant from
his own business, raising a clear probability that the applicant was confronted with a fait accompli. Further,
the focus, also in the evidence before Court, on the alleged performance related incompetencies raised the
very real probability that the applicant was, in effect, dismissed for poor performance and not on the basis of
a costs saving rationale (see the discussion at especially paragraphs [116] to [119] above).
[145] For the sake of completeness, I will also refer to Young’s evidence in this regard. Young went even further
than Neilly in criticising the applicant’s performance.
[146] Young alleged that the applicant was “racist” and that he “often used profane language”. She also stated that
the respondent’s clients complained that they “hardly ever saw” the applicant and that he would phone them
22
up “and swear at them”. Young even accused the applicant of lying to the respondent about visiting clients
and of giving through “incorrect information”. Young further accused the applicant of trying to steal files
from the respondent on the Saturday after his dismissal. Young accused the applicant of “talking to
competitors” and “discussing confidential information”, even “entertaining a lady from Ultrajet at his
home”. Young admitted that she was insinuating that the applicant had divulged information to Ultrajet and
that she had even discussed this with Lloyd.
[147] Young’s serious allegations were denied in the applicant’s evidence in chief and were not put to him in any
meaningful way during crossexamination. This was despite the fact that most of the crossexamination
dealt with the applicant’s alleged performance deficiencies. Further, although Young had alleged that
Taljaard had come to her with “concerns and complaints” about the applicant, Taljaard, who worked
directly under the applicant as sales representative, appeared to contradict her and stated that his relationship
with the applicant “was that of a very good understanding of each other” and that “nobody had a problem
relationship wise”. In the same vein, Taljaard could recall only “one instance” where the applicant had used
profane language. Taljaard also stated that the applicant was “lacking a bit” performance wise but that he
was “pretty good” and “good at figures”.
[148] All in all, it appeared as if Young went all out to paint the applicant in the worst possible light. Clearly,
there existed a very bad relationship between Young and the applicant. In fact, the applicant stated in cross
examination: “We did not like each other”. Bouwer referred to the “hate relationship” between the applicant
and Young. Young even accused the applicant of “wanting the position I had” and stated categorically that a
“state of war” prevailed.
[149] An offer of reinstatement was made in a lawyer’s letter to the applicant dated 8 February 1999 (exhibit B99
to B100).
[150] Neilly made his attitude clear. “I felt that there was little to be gained from it” and added: “I did not see
much future in it for (Hedley) and the company” but “that it was not my decision”. Neilly also conceded
that there could “probably not” have been “any future relationship” between the applicant and the
respondent.
[151] This evidence, in my view, supported an inference that not much could be gained by the reinstatement of the
applicant. Young somewhat contradicted Neilly’s pessimism and stated that they felt that there was a
“personal problem” between Neilly and the applicant and “wanted to give him another chance”. Therefore,
they decided to “get Neilly out and get the applicant to participate”. Young stated that she had told Selby:
23
“It is only a matter of time before (Hedley) hangs himself”. However, the retrenchment letter stated clearly
that Young would be the person involved in the future “consultations”. Given the fact that there was also a
very bad relationship between her and the applicant (see the discussion above at paragraphs [147] to [148])
it did, of course, not make a big difference to replace Neilly by Young. Moreover, Neilly was it pains to
make it clear that, throughout the process, everything was done with the concurrence of the respondent’s
owner, Selby (see especially paragraphs [22], [49], [58], [69], [78], [82],[91], [92], [94] and [97] above).
[152] The applicant stated categorically that the said offer was “a short term expedient”, “not bona fide at all” and
“not genuine whatsoever”. This was, of course, merely a repetition of his previous evidence that the whole
retrenchment exercise was a “stratagem” and “ mala fide ” ( supra at paragraph [96]). Van Niekerk, who
worked in Young’s division, gave evidence on behalf of the applicant to the effect that he overheard a
telephone call after the applicant’s dismissal where Young stated that they will reinstate the applicant; that
he will not have the money to repay the amount that he had already received; and that they will then fire him
and pay him only one month’s salary. Although Van Niekerk appeared to be a truthful witness who even
admitted that he did not know to whom Young was talking, this evidence had little value to show Young’s
state of mind as it was open to different possible interpretations.
[153] The applicant’s lawyer stated the following on his behalf in a letter dated 9 February 1999 (exhibit B101):
“Mr Hedley considers your client’s offer of conditional reinstatement to be merely a cynical attempt at
damage control and it is therefore rejected. Furthermore he will not report for duty on 15 February 1999 as
your client through its grossly unfair conduct has rendered any further working relationship intolerable. In
any event, our client considers it impossible that your client is at this late stage able to act in good faith or
genuinely consider any alternatives to his dismissal”.
[154] It is the utmost importance to note that the letter offering reinstatement also, at the same time, still referred
to the alleged “shortcomings” of the applicant and listed no less than seven performance related complaints
(exhibit B98 to B99). The letter also made it clear that the respondent intended to institute a “further
consultation process” as from 15 February 1999.
[155] In my view, the offer of reinstatement on these terms showed that the same was only to continue, that is,
performance related issues were raised and, at the same time, it was made clear that “further consultations”
were to ensue. In other words, it was to be a retrenchment dismissal coupled with fault. In fact, even to this
day, the respondent claimed to have retrenched the applicant although it is, at the same time, focussing on
his alleged poor performance.
24
[156] Moreover, there was clearly still no offer of proper assistance with the perceived performance deficiencies.
Neilly was taken out of the process but there was no admission that Neilly had acted unfairly (exhibit B99).
The letter stated that an organogram was attached but it had not been attached and only handed in very late
in evidence (supra at paragraph [93]). The applicant stated in crossexamination that the “business plan” that
he wanted was this very “organogram” but that it was never provided.
[157] In my view, the respondent simply failed to reassure the applicant that he will now be treated in a bona fide
and fair manner. In my view, the accusation of lack of bona fides (the applicant’s view) was justified (see
the discussion above at paragraphs [96] [152]). The respondent’s offer had thus done nothing to quell any
reservations in this regard.
[158] The respondent’s legal representative referred me to the case of Mabola v Minaco Store Germiston (Pty)
Ltd and Another [2000] 10 BLLR 1191 (LC) per Jammy AJ at p 1201 para 42:
“If the applicant believes that his reinstatement was mala fide in that it was a contrived plot to procure his
immediate repeated dismissal on a remedied procedural basis, then as was pointed out by Mr Koep, his
right to challenge any subsequent alleged unfair conduct on the part of his employer was preserved”
(emphasis supplied).
[159] The respondent argued that the applicant was thus obliged to accept the “unconditional” offer of
reinstatement in order that the consultation process could be completed on a basis that was fair to him as
well. It was further contended that the applicant would have remedies against unfair dismissal at his disposal
if it turned out that the employer still acted unfairly.
[160] In my view, the Mabola case can be distinguished on the basis that the employee who did not accept the
offer of reinstatement was, at the same time, asking for reinstatement as a remedy. It could thus hardly be
argued that the trust relationship had irretrievably broken down if the employee was prepared to be
reinstated.
[161] Further, it appears that the Court was merely referring to the “belief” of the employee that he had been
treated in a mala fide manner. However, if what the Court decided was that there is a hard and fast rule that
an employee was always under an obligation to accept an offer of reinstatement, regardless of the
circumstances, I am of the view that this issue was clearly decided wrongly.
[162] I am very firmly of the view that the terms of the retrenchment offer must be scrutinised in order to establish
25
whether the offer of reinstatement will, indeed, cure or remedy the defects in the dismissal. I am also very
firmly of the view that, if it can be shown on a objective basis that an employer was mala fide when it
dismissed or retrenched the employee and that, as a result, the trust relationship had broken down, there can,
in fairness to the employee, not be an blanket obligation to accept an offer of reinstatement in order to
continue with the process of dismissal.
[163] As a general rule, an employer should first establish its bona fides in regard to an offer of reinstatement, that
is, it must not be an attempt merely at damage control but a bona fide offer to cease with its unfair actions
and to offer fair treatment. See in this regard also Rautenbach NF “Remedying Procedural Unfairness: An
Employer’s Dilemma” (1990) 11 ILJ 466 where it was pointed out that the offer must have been genuine
and not a sham and that, in order to establish this, the motives of the employer will be open to scrutiny. See
further in this regard the judgment of the Labour Court in the matter of Du Toit v SASKO (Pty)(Ltd) (1999)
20 ILJ 1253 (LC) where the fact that the employer had not genuinely wished to redress the employee’s
position lead the Court to grant compensation to an employee who had declined an offer of reinstatement.
See also in this regard the judgment of the Industrial Court in the matter of Van Dyk v Markly Investments
(1998) 9 ILJ 918 (IC) at 921HI where it was held that a purported reinstatement must not fall short of a
genuine attempt to settle the dispute.
[164] Again, the bona fides must objectively be ascertainable before it can reasonably be expected from an
employee who had been unfairly treated to allow the employer a second opportunity to dismiss the
employee.
[165] Furthermore, if the dismissal preceding an offer of reinstatement was also substantively unfair, I am of the
view that there generally is no obligation on the employee to accept such offer. In fact, in the Mabola
judgment (quoted above at paragraph [158]) as well as in other judgments where employees refused to
accept offers of reinstatement and the courts refused to grant them compensation because they had refused,
the offer of reinstatement was made to cure or remedy procedural defects, and not the substantive
unfairness of the dismissal (see, inter alia , Burger v Alert Engine Parts (Pty) Ltd [1999] 1 BLLR 18 (LC) at
25CH; Fletcher v Elna Sewing Machines Centres (Pty) Ltd [2000] 3 BLLR 280 (LC); La Vita v Boymans
Clothiers (Pty) Ltd [2000] 10 BLLR 1179 (LC) at 1189EJ). The question, in my view, must always be: can
reinstatement cure or remedy the fact that the employer had, up until that stage, failed to show that there was
a fair reason to dismiss the employee in terms of the onus contained in section 188(1)(a) of the LRA?
[166] The fact that the respondent in casu was, objectively considered, still only offering a retrenchment process
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permeated by performance issues and without any intention to follow the procedures for fairness in a
dismissal based upon poor performance (in terms of item 8 of schedule 8 to the LRA) satisfies me that the
substantive unfairness (identified above at paragraphs [133] and [135]) would not have been cured by
reinstatement under the terms of the above offer. In the event, it was, objectively speaking, reasonable for
the applicant to refuse the offer of reinstatement in casu .
[167] Furthermore, I reiterate that the offer of reinstatement in casu would likewise not have cured the procedural
defects as it was clear that the applicant would have been subjected to the same (unfair) treatment that had
formed the basis of the “consultation” process thus far. In the event, there was, objectively speaking, an
inadequate and insufficient offer of reinstatement that would, in all probability, not have had a fair outcome
as far as the applicant was concerned. Again, it follows that it was not unreasonable for the applicant to have
refused the offer of reinstatement.
[168] In terms of the judgment in Johnson & Johnson v CWIU (1999) 12 BLLR 1209 (LAC) it was held that
“compensation” that is to be awarded for procedural unfairness in terms of section 194(1) of the LRA was
in the form of a solatium and not compensation “for something lost”. In the event, there is no obligation on
an employee to take steps to curb his or her losses. By the same token, earnings of an employee after his or
her dismissal cannot be offset against the solatium. The Court has a discretion, however, to award the full
(minimum) amount or nothing at all.
[169] In terms of section 194(2) of the LRA, the Labour Court must award the above amount as a minimum in
compensating an employee for substantive unfairness in his or her dismissal. The Labour Court can also
award a maximum of 12 months’ remuneration (calculated at the employee’s rate of remuneration at the
date of dismissal) provided that it “must be just and equitable in all the circumstances”.
[170] In the present matter, more than 12 months have elapsed between the date of dismissal and the last day of
the hearing. That is to say, the minimum amount (where compensation must be equal to the remuneration
that an employee would have been paid between the date of dismissal and the last day of the hearing) is the
same as the possible maximum amount of compensation.
[171] I regard it as just and equitable in the circumstances of this matter to award an amount of twelve months’
remuneration as compensation (the full amount claimed by the applicant). The dismissal of the applicant
was both procedurally and substantively unfair, that is, the respondent has failed to show that there was a
fair reason for the dismissal and also acted in a procedurally unfair manner. Had the dismissal been only
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procedurally unfair the applicant would have received a solatium of the same amount (as the minimum
amount of compensation for substantive unfairness). In the event, the fact that the applicant earned after his
dismissal does not, in my view, justify awarding him less than the solatium he would have received if the
dismissal was only procedurally unfair. In other words, I regard it as just and equitable in these
circumstances to award the applicant 12 months’ remuneration as compensation despite the fact that he
earned after his dismissal. After all, this is also the minimum to which he is entitled.
[172] I also reiterate that the offer of reinstatement was inadequate and would not have resolved the issue of
substantive unfairness (for the reasons set out in paragraphs [166] to [167] above). In the event, there is, in
my view, no reason not to award the minimum/maximum amount of compensation for the substantively
unfair dismissal.
[173] I hasten to add that, even if the dismissal was only procedurally unfair, I would have awarded the same
amount as a solatium in the light of the severity of the procedural defects. I reiterate that this will be so even
taking into account the fact that the applicant had been earning since his dismissal. For the sake of
completeness, and as an aside, it appears to me to be the wrong yardstick to determine what an applicant
would have received if it was not for the statutory limitation, and then to weigh this up against what the
applicant would get, in deciding the question to award all or nothing. The applicant stated that he wanted
compensation because he lost “a satisfying career for the rest of my life” and that he had to “start all over
again”. I regard this as a further legitimate reason for awarding the full solatium.
[174] The respondent’s legal representative argued that, in deciding whether to award any compensation for
procedural unfairness, regard should be had to the dictum in the case of Johnson & Johnson (Pty) Ltd v
CWIU (supra at paragraph [168] at 1220CE) where it was held that the discretion not to award any
compensation at all may be exercised in circumstances where the employer has already provided the
employee with substantially the same redress or where the employer’s ability and willingness to make that
redress is frustrated by the employee (see in this regard also the cases quoted in paragraph [165] above). I
have already dealt with the respondent’s offer for reinstatement (at paragraphs [149] to [156] above).
Suffice to say that, had the respondent acted only procedurally unfairly (and I hasten to reiterate that the
respondent had also acted substantively unfairly in casu ), the respondent’s offer was inadequate because it
failed to redress the procedural unfairness of the dismissal (see the discussion at paragraph [167] above). It
follows that the offer of reinstatement could have had no effect on the exercise of my discretion to award the
full solatium.
[175] Last, I can see no reason, in fairness, why costs should not follow the result in casu .
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[176] I make the following order:
1.The dismissal of the applicant on 27 January 1999 was unfair.
2.The respondent is to pay the applicant compensation equivalent to twelve months’ remuneration, that is, an
amount of R 190 800, within 14 days of the date of this order.
3.The respondent is to pay the applicant’s costs.
______________________________
BASSON, J
On behalf of the Applicant: Mr D Short of Sampson Okes Higgins Inc.
On behalf of Respondent: Adv AP Landman instructed by Joubert Attorneys.
Dates of Proceedings: 12 to 15 June 2000; 20 to 23 November 2000.
Date of Judgment: 1 December 2000.
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