IN THE LABOUR COURT OF SOUTH AFRICA
CASE NO J2032/99
In the matter between:
TRANSVAAL SUGAR LIMITED Applicant
and
I M SHONGWE NO First Respondent
SOUTH AFRICAN FOOD & ALLIED
WORKERS UNION Second Respondent
S M MABUNDA Third Respondent
ÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ
JUDGMENT
ÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ
JAMMY AJ
1. In the well-known and frequently cited case of -
Carephone (Pty) Ltd v Marcus NO and others (1998) 19 ILJ 425 (LAC)
the Labour Appeal Court enunciated what it referred to as the Constitutional
Imperatives for Compulsory Arbitration under the Labour Relations Act 1995
("the Act"). They were, as there stated, that the process must be fair and
equitable, that the Arbitrator must be impartial and unbiased, that the
proceedings must be lawful and procedurally fair, that the reasons for the
award must be given publicly and in writing, that the award must be justifiable
in terms of those reasons and that it must be consistent with the fundamental
right to fair labour practices.
2. At page 1435 of the judgment, Froneman DJP said this:
"In determining whether administrative action is justifiable in terms of
the reasons given for it, value judgments will have to be made which
1
will, almost inevitably, involve the consideration of the 'merits' of the
matter in some way or another. As long as the Judge determining the
issue is aware that he or she enters the merits not in order to
substitute his or her own opinion on the correctness thereof, but to
determine whether the outcome is rationally justifiable, the process
will be in order."
3. That determination will depend, the Court declared, on whether -
"............... there is a rational objective basis justifying the connection
made by the administrative decision maker between the material
properly available to him and the conclusion he or she eventually
arrived at."
4. In seeking, in this application, an order reviewing and setting aside the award
of the First Respondent in his arbitration, in terms of the Labour Relations Act
1995, of a dispute between the Applicant on the one hand and the Second and
Third Respondents on the other, it is the Applicant's submission, broadly
stated, that the imperatives defined and the test enunciated by the Labour
Appeal Court in Carephone and followed in a succeeding line of cases, have
not in various material respects been satisfied and that the award in question
is irregular and defective in that it is not justifiable in terms of the reasons
furnished for it. The First Respondent in that context, it is contended,
misconducted himself in relation to his duties as Arbitrator and committed a
gross irregularity in his conduct of the arbitration proceedings, as
contemplated by s145 of the Act.
5. The facts of the matter, briefly stated, are the following:
5.1 The Third Respondent had been employed by the Applicant since May 1974
and at the time of his dismissal held the position of Manpower Assistant on one
of the sugar farms owned by the Applicant in its business operations as a sugar
grower, miller and refiner.
5.2 On 30 June 1998, at the commencement of a period of leave for which he had
2
applied, a security sergeant in the employ of the Applicant observed the Third
Respondent and another person loading a gas bottle onto a bakkie in
circumstances which he considered suspicious. The vehicle was stopped and
searched and the gas bottle was found on its load bed covered with grass.
5.3 According to the evidence of the security sergeant, one Mathebula, the gas
bottle in question was ordinarily the property of the Applicant and the Third
Respondent, in answer to a question as to how it came to be in his possession,
gave two conflicting answers. The first was that he had bought it - he could not
however produce a receipt when asked to do so. The second, which followed,
was that he had permission to remove it and take it to his home as it had been
issued to him by the Applicant as part of his "ration." In that regard, he could
not produce written or other evidence of such permission.
5.4 According to Mathebula the Third Respondent then requested him not to report
the matter to his superiors, in consideration for which he would "look after him"
in the future.
5.5 The matter was nevertheless duly and properly reported and, in a disciplinary
enquiry held on 13 August 1998, he was charged with unlawful possession of
company property and an attempt to remove it. The record of that hearing
forms part of the Applicant's bundle in this application and of material
relevance in that regard is the recordal that the Third Respondent, in answer to
the charge put to him, "pleaded guilty." This notwithstanding, the enquiry
chairman determined that evidence should be presented in order to enable him
to evaluate that plea, the relevant circumstances and the "gravity of the
misconduct."
5.6 The Third Respondent did not dispute his possession of the gas bottle at the
time that he was confronted by the security officer. He informed him, he said,
that the bottle was his and when asked if he had permission to remove it,
that the bottle was his and when asked if he had permission to remove it,
replied that he was taking it home and that they could find out whether he was
entitled to do so. Questioned in that regard, he reiterated that he had
3
permission to remove the bottle, that it had been given to him by the previous
Estate Manager, certain Mr Ten Cate, who had since retired, and that his
possession of it was accordingly lawful.
5.7 Of significance is the fact that, in the course of the enquiry, the security
officer's evidence of the conflicting reasons given to him by the Third
Respondent for his possession of the gas bottle was not challenged or
contested either by the Third Respondent himself or by his representative. Of
relevance in that regard is the fact that in the absence and apparent
unavailability of the former Estate Manager, Mr Ten Cate, the chairman of the
disciplinary enquiry communicated with him by telephone to ascertain the
correctness or otherwise of the Third Respondent's contention that it was by
him that he had been authorised, on a general basis, to remove the property in
question. Mr Ten Cate denied ever having furnished such authorisation and
confirmed this advice by subsequent letter to the company.
5.8 Pursuant to the enquiry, the chairman found the charge proved and, in
consequence, that the trust relationship between the Third Respondent and the
Applicant had been irremediably damaged. His ruling was that the Third
Respondent's employment be terminated with immediate effect. The Third
Respondent appealed in terms of the prevailing disciplinary procedure but,
after a duly constituted appeal hearing, the findings and sanction in the
disciplinary enquiry were upheld.
5.9 The matter was thereafter referred by the Second and Third Respondents to
the CCMA and the dispute was arbitrated by the First Respondent on 31 March
1999. In his award, handed down on 16 April 1999, he records the grounds
submitted by the Second Respondent in support of the contention that the
dismissal was both procedurally and substantively unfair as being that -
dismissal was both procedurally and substantively unfair as being that -
The disciplinary enquiry chairperson was involved in the
investigation of the case and had access to and discussed documents
with the complainant;
The witnesses stayed in the enquiry throughout, thus listened to
4
the evidence of others and also were part of the deliberations with
the chairperson when deciding whether or not to find guilty or what
sanction is appropriate;
The allegation against Mr Mabunda was not proved and the
sanction was too harsh."
5.10 The First Respondent then proceeded to review the evidence before him,
canvassing in considerable detail the testimony of the security sergeant, the
Applicant's Head of Security by whom the matter was further investigated and
the current Estate Manager who gave evidence, inter alia, that the Third
Respondent was well aware of the requisitioning procedures prevailing in the
company.
5.11 In his review of the Third Respondent's testimony, the First Respondent makes
no reference whatsoever to the conflicting explanations furnished by the Third
Respondent to the security sergeant for his possession of the gas bottle in
question. His only allusion to the procedural irregularities alleged by the Third
Respondent in the course of his evidence, was the following:
"He said at the end of the enquiry the disciplinary committee
comprising Jakes, Nel and Lombard, stayed behind caucusing. He said
when he was called back again he was told he is dismissed and was
asked to sign discharge letter but he refused. He said he did appeal
but Jakees De Jager with Martin Slabbert handled his appeal. He said
appeal never changed the dismissal."
The Third Respondent proceeds thereafter to record the submissions of the
Second Respondent regarding alleged aspects of irregularity in the conduct of
the disciplinary proceedings but nowhere makes reference to evidence
submitted either in support or rejection thereof, merely recording the issue as
part of the Second Respondent's allegations.
5.12 With regard to the evidence of Ten Cate, conveyed telephonically and
subsequently confirmed by letter, that he at no time authorised either the Third
5
Respondent or any other person to remove company property as alleged by
the Third Respondent, the First Respondent says this -
"This is hearsay, which I will not accept as evidence (see s3 of the Law
of Evidence Amendment Act 45 of 1988)."
The First Respondent then continues -
"I now turn to the fact that his current supervisor did not authorise
him to go on leave with company gas cylinder, whether or not this
amounted to theft or unauthorised possession. Mr Mabunda's current
supervisor testified that he did not allow him to leave with gas
cylinder. This Mabunda conceded. Can it therefore be said Mabunda
was in unauthorised possession of company property or he attempted
to steal?"
The First Respondent then concludes that this could not be the case, citing
aspects of the Third Respondent's evidence to support this, inter alia that the
gas cylinder was part of his ration, that he was not leaving the company when
he was found with it and that it was part of a benefit which accrued to him
every three months.
5.13 The following comments then follow:
"I think it would have been appropriate perhaps to charge him with
attempting to remove company property without authorisation. I say
this because by virtue of having the gas cylinders as his benefit he
was in perfectly authorised possession of those as long as he correctly
requisitioned them and were accordingly issued. (sic).
But in the unlikely event that I may be misdirecting myself to say he
(Mabunda) was not in unauthorised possession of company property,
the next question is: was it appropriate to dismiss him for that?"
5.14 The First Respondent then concludes that on the evidence before him the gas
cylinder in question ".............. was lawfully given to him as a benefit" and that
"the only wrong, if there is one at all, he was about to do was leaving with it
home." (sic). Recording then that the Third Respondent "had a long service of
6
24 years with an unblemished record" and that he "was nearing retirement at
the time", the First Respondent then concludes that - "I do not believe
dismissal was an appropriate sanction ."
5.15 Finally, dealing with the allegations of procedural irregularity and reviewing
those, "raised by the union", but again with no specific reference to any aspect
of the evidence presented which related to that issue, the First Respondent
said this -
"Once there is a perception of bias in the matter it is really immaterial
whether such perception is true or not, or whether the union or the
employee could prove it."
With no substantive reference to the rebutting testimony adduced by the
Applicant in the course of the arbitration in that regard, the First Respondent
concludes -
"It was indeed an irregularity that interfered with the expected
fairness that was to prevail during the processes."
6. It is in my view unnecessary for me to traverse in any further detail the
comprehensive analysis of the evidence presented both in his Heads of
Argument and in his oral submissions, by the Applicant's Attorney. What
emerges incontrovertibly therefrom is that the First Respondent, in reaching
his conclusion and finding, paid no regard to, nor attempted at all to examine,
inter alia, the material and unchallenged evidence of the conflicting
explanations initially furnished by the Third Respondent for his possession of
the gas cylinder in question, to the acknowledged lack of authorisation on his
part to have attempted to remove it and to the unequivocal denial by Ten Cate
that any such authorisation had ever been furnished by him to any person in
the past. With regard to the First Respondent's assessment of that evidence as
unacceptable hearsay, quite apart from the fact that an internal disciplinary
enquiry is not a judicial or quasi-judicial process in which strict laws of evidence
enquiry is not a judicial or quasi-judicial process in which strict laws of evidence
are necessarily either applicable or appropriate, it is apparent that the First
Respondent made no effort, whether by way of personal enquiry or by way of
procurement by subpoena, to assess its probative value before rejecting it.
7
The First Respondent's finding of procedural irregularity moreover, as I have
indicated, is not substantiated by any analysis in the context of his award of
evidence from any party relating thereto but is premised solely on what he
describes as "the union's argument." It clearly cannot be said, in that context,
to be justified.
7. Finally, the First Respondent, in his conclusion, is self-compromising. Although
considering it unlikely, he acknowledges the possibility that he may have
misdirected himself in his determination that the Third Respondent was not in
unauthorised possession of company property and proceeds then to examine
the question of an appropriate sanction. In that regard, he states,
"I believe the nature of the offence is not that serious and of such
gravity that his continued employment would undermine general
discipline in the workplace."
8. What then follows however, is a substantive conclusion that the gas cylinder,
indisputably found in the Third Respondent's possession, "was lawfully given to
him as a benefit."
9. The Labour Appeal Court, in Carephone (supra) and in a line of subsequent
cases, is at pains to stress the difference between the concepts of appeal and
review. In my opinion that analysis has no application in the present instance.
Whilst a consideration of the merits of the respective cases presented by the
Applicant and the Third Respondent is unavoidable in the assessment of the
justifiability of the award, it is not the function of the Court, as was stressed by
Froneman DJP, to substitute its own opinion on the correctness thereof.
What must be examined is the rationality of the conclusion reached by the
Arbitrator in relation to the evidential material before him.
10. In the context, as has been shown, that the First Respondent ignored or took
no account of the material evidence, reflecting emphatically on the credibility
of the Third Respondent, of his conflicting explanations for his possession of
of the Third Respondent, of his conflicting explanations for his possession of
the cylinder, attached no evidential weight to the very material, albeit indirect,
8
evidence of Ten Cate on the issue of authorisation, and appears to have
rejected, without comment or reason, the rebutting evidence of the Applicant's
witnesses on the issues of irregularity presented by the union "in argument",
the First Respondent failed to apply his mind to the evidential material before
him to a degree constituting gross irregularity and which renders his award
defective within the ambit of the provisions of s145 of the Act.
11. The final question for examination, in the context of this review, therefore
relates to the issue of the sanction of dismissal imposed upon the Third
Respondent. The comprehensive submissions relating to the consequences of
dishonesty and breach of trust presented by the Applicant's Attorney, would, it
seems to me, have had greater relevance had the final determination of the
First Respondent been that the charges against the Third Respondent had been
proved and that, in colloquial terms, he had been found guilty. That, as I have
stated, was not the case. The Third Respondent, it was determined, was in
lawful possession of the cylinder. The charge against him had therefore not
been proved, his dismissal was consequently unfair, and he was to be
reinstated. If, however, I am to understand from the Second Respondent's
submission in that regard to the First Respondent, that the issue of the fairness
or otherwise of the sanction of dismissal is raised in the nature of some form of
alternative plea and that it was dealt with by him on an apparently
hypothetical basis, then the copious authority dealing with dismissal for
dishonesty has relevance. The Third Respondent was justifiably found in the
disciplinary enquiry to have lied, both in the context of his conflicting
explanations to the security sergeant and with regard to his alleged
authorisation by Ten Cate. Whether or not his conduct constituted an isolated
authorisation by Ten Cate. Whether or not his conduct constituted an isolated
aberration in relation to his employment record and length of service, it is not
for this Court to question the unequivocal conclusion of the Applicant, for the
compelling reasons advanced by it, that its trust relationship with the Third
Respondent had, by his conduct, been irretrievably damaged to a degree which
rendered his continued employment untenable.
12. I find, in these circumstances, that in the respects to which I have alluded, the
9
conclusions reached by the First Respondent are not rationally justifiable in
relation to the evidential material before him. His award does not evidence
any acceptable basis, on the conspectus of the evidence submitted to him, to
justify his interference in any respect with the findings of the disciplinary
enquiry and the appeal which followed it.
13. I accordingly make the following order:
1. The award of the First Respondent dated 31 March 1999 in CCMA Case No
MP7992 is reviewed, set aside, and substituted by the following order:
"The dismissal of the employee, Mr M Mabunda, by the employer,
Transvaal Sugar Limited, was substantively and procedurally fair."
2. The Second and Third Respondents are ordered jointly and
severally to pay the Applicant's costs.
ÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ
B M JAMMY
Acting Judge of the Labour Court
25 August 2000
Date of Hearing: 17 August 2000
Representation:
For the Applicant: Mr M Van Staden of Savage Jooste & Adams Inc
For the Respondent: Ms O Mamabolo of Maserumule Incorporated.
10