REPORTABLE
IN THE LABOUR COURT OF SOUTH AFRICA
(HELD AT CAPE TOWN)
CASE NO : C704/99
DATE: 10 MAY 2000
In the matter between:
DAVID BRICKMAN Applicant
and
COMMUNITY GROWTH ASSET MANAGEMENT Respondent
J U D G M E N T DELIVERED ON 11 MAY 2000
REVELAS, J:
1. The applicant has brought an application in terms of section 77(3) of the Basic Conditions of Employment Act,
No. 75 of 1997 (the "BECA") in which he claims that the respondent had breached and repudiated the
employment contract between the parties. He seeks compensation in the following terms:
1. US $41 666,64 being his salary for the period 1 June 1999 to 30 September 1999 payable in Lichtenstein.
commencement of his employment and in Lichtenstein.
3. Applicant's profit share of 15% of the after tax profits of CGAM Global Funds and 2.5% of CGAM's pretax
profits nett of Global Funds for the relevant period and payable in Lichtenstein. In this regard the applicant
required respondent to furnish him with the necessary financial information and documentation in
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order to enable the applicant to quantify his aforesaid settlement, which was not done. It was
conceded that the applicant is not entitled to this part of the compensation which he seeks.
4. US $4 009,05 being the applicant's pro rata leave pay for the relevant period which is the period 1
June 1999 to 30 September 1999.
5. US $85 000 in damages suffered by the applicant as a result of the respondent's various material
breaches and its repudiation of the applicant's contract of employment.
6. Interest on all the aforesaid outstanding monies.”
2. The applicant is the erstwhile employee of the respondent whose contract of employment
commenced on 1 June 1999 and was terminated by the applicant at the end of September 1999,
pursuant to the applicant's election to cancel the contract in the face of the breach and repudiation
thereof by the respondent. The applicant raised various issues.
3. Firstly, the question of jurisdiction and powers to entertain this matter was raised. Section 77(3) of
the BCEA provides that:
"The Labour Court has concurrent jurisdiction with the civil courts to hear and determine any matter
concerning a contract of employment, irrespective of whether any basic condition of employment
constitutes a term of that contract."
The aforesaid provision came into operation on 1 December 1998 and was promulgated in
Proclamation No. 112 of 1998, Government Gazette No. 19453 dated 13 November 1998.
4. Section 151(2) of the Labour Relations Act, No. 66 of 1995 (the "LRA") provides that:
"The Labour Court is a superior court and has authority, inherent powers and standing in relation to
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matters under its jurisdiction."
Furthermore, section 158(1)(a) of the LRA gives the Labour Court the power to make any
appropriate order, including a declaratory order and an order for costs. Section 158(1)(j) of the LRA
gives the Labour Court the power to deal with all matters necessary or incidental to performing its
functions in terms of the LRA or any other law (my emphasis) and that would include the BCEA. This
dispute concerns a contract of employment and consequently I have the jurisdiction to hear and
determine the matter.
5. The facts giving rise to this matter are that in or during 1999 the respondent, also referred to as
CGAM, was seeking to establish the Global and Asset Fund Management part of its business. In
April 1999 its representatives approached the applicant to take up employment with it as its principal
senior manager Global Funds. The applicant and the respondent entered into a written agreement
of employment. In terms thereof, the applicant's employment was to commence on 1 June 1999.
His salary was US $125 000 per annum payable offshore in Lichtenstein in monthly instalments and
structured as tax efficiently as possible. He was entitled to a signingon bonus of US $50 000 which
was similarly to be paid offshore in Lichtenstein. This bonus was described as a "cash restraint"
which implied that should the applicant resign within the first two years of service with the
respondent, he would be subject to a restraint period equivalent to the remaining part of the two
years or repayment of the cash on a pro rata basis.
6. The applicant was further entitled to a profit share of 15% of the after tax profits of CGAM Global
Funds, once again payable offshore in Lichtenstein and 2.5% of CGAM's overall pretax profits nett
of Global Funds. If respondent were to be listed the applicant would be entitled to a share restraint
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worth R2,5 million, subject to various forfeiture terms and conditions which would apply if he resigned
within three years. He was also further entitled to 25 working days paid leave per annum .
7. The applicant was not a South African citizen, when he entered into the agreement with the
respondent. He required a work permit in order to work in South Africa. Of this fact the respondent
was fully aware when it offered the applicant employment. In Cape Town the parties concluded the
contract of employment. The respondent had agreed to do whatever was necessary to assist the
applicant in obtaining a work permit. The respondent was also aware that the applicant had to
return to the United States of America for the purposes of obtaining the necessary work permit. The
work permit was only obtained during the first week of August 1999. The applicant still commenced
working as an employee though he was stationed in the United States of America. He rendered
services to CGAM as an employee by making himself available to CGAM to work in the USA and
internationally towards establishing and progressing CGAM's Global Funds. He assisted with the
business of respondent in this period, inter alia , by consulting and conferring with the respondent's
employees based in South Africa, particularly Daryl Collins who was employed to work with the
applicant to establish CGAM's Global Fund, on an almost daily basis providing them with directions,
service, advice and guidance in relation to the marketing planning and the conduct of the business
and performing other functions.
8. When the applicant obtained a work permit he returned to South Africa and tendered his services
here. According to the applicant it had always been understood between the parties that the
respondent would fly the applicant, out at its expense as soon as he had obtained the necessary
work permit, which he did. Despite these undertakings, the respondent failed to furnish the
applicant with an air ticket or to pay therefor in order to fly him out to South Africa.
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9. The respondent therefore reneged on the contract of employment and did not renegotiate the
contractual relationship as it was obliged to do. The applicant continued to tender his services in
terms of the existing contract of employment. Even though the respondent's representatives
continued to give the applicant undertakings that they would furnish him with an air ticket in order for
him to come out to South Africa, this undertaking was not met.
10. The respondent further failed to pay the applicant his salary or any other monies and benefits owing
to him in terms of the employment contract, despite the applicant having tendered and in fact
rendered services to the respondent in terms of the employment relationship. The applicant viewed
the respondent's conduct as a breach of the material terms of the contract of employment and he
accepted that the respondent did not intend to be bound by the contract of employment. This was
the situation until the end of September 1999 and by then the applicant says he gave up hope that
the respondent would ever remedy any of the breaches binding it to the contract of employment.
The applicant then elected to cancel the contract and advised the respondent's representatives
accordingly.
11. The applicant was unemployed for one month after his contract with the respondent was terminated,
in October 1999. During this month he spent his time looking for alternative employment. He was not
remunerated for this period. The applicant became employed by a company in the United States of
America, namely STP, with effect from November 1999. His starting salary being US $100 000 per
annum, considerably less than he would have earned with the respondent. The applicant states that
his current salary with STP will be reviewed in January 2000 only and at that stage it may be that the
increase in salary will bring his salary to that which he would have been earning had he been in the
employ of the respondent.
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12. Both of the applicant's remuneration packages with CGAM and now with STP contained portions
thereof that are not guaranteed which are based on factors that are difficult to predict, such as the
amount of funds brought in for management in his area of business and the performance of the
funds managed by the applicant. The proportion of the remuneration that these variable parts
comprise is reasonably equal, according to the applicant. The applicant demanded payment from
the respondent, through his attorneys of the amounts owing in terms of the contract, but
these demands were not met and hence the matter came before the Labour Court in its current form.
The applicant filed a statement of case. The respondent filed no intention to oppose and filed no
affidavits in this matter. Since the matter has proceeded on an unopposed basis I accept the
evidence as set out by the applicant in his affidavit dated 4 May 2000, which was signed in New York
in the presence of the ViceConsul at the Consulate General of the Republic of South Africa in New
York.
13. On 9 May 2000 when the matter was set down for hearing, one of the respondent's directors
appeared seeking to informally interdict the hearing from taking place since he brought to my
attention that on 11 May 2000 an application would be brought in the High Court for the liquidation of
the respondent. For reasons I have already set out in a judgment delivered by me yesterday, I
refused a postponement of the matter or any order which prevented the matter from proceeding on
the day, and I heard argument from the applicant.
14. I have considered the question of damages arising from the breach of contract and, in my view,
section 158(1)(j) of the LRA read together with section 77(3) of the BCEA entitles the Labour Court to
make an order in respect of such damages. The applicant is consequently entitled to the relief he
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seeks, save for the profit shares as these cannot be predicted and need to be quantified, which was
not done.
15. That brings me to a further question and that is whether this Court is entitled to give orders sounding
in foreign currency. In Standard Chartered Bank of Canada v Nedperm Bank (Ltd) 1994(4) SA 747
(A) at 7741 and Elgin Brown & Harner (Pty) Ltd v Damp Skibsselskabet Torm Ltd 1988(4) SA 671
(N) 674IJ this question was dealt with. I was also referred to other authorities but these, I believe,
are the two most relevant authorities. According to the Standard Chartered Bank judgment (supra),
there is no longer any doubt in the law that South African Courts are empowered to grant judgments
in foreign currency. In that particular matter a distinction was drawn between monetary awards and
orders ad factum praestandum. The latter is are relevant for purposes of this application.
16. What was established in these cases, is that the Courts may grant claims in foreign
currency where specific performance on a contract (in which the indebtedness is expressed in a
foreign currency) forms the basis of the claim.
17. The respondent also has the choice of paying the judgment debt in South Africa in rands
or in foreign currency. If it elects to pay the claim in South African rands the conversion from the
foreign currency to rands takes place at the time of the judgment (See Standard Chartered Bank
supra at 777CE). None of the relevant amounts in the contract were expressed in South African
rands, but were all expressed in US dollars. However, I do not believe that it prohibits the
respondent from paying in rands if he elects to do so.
18. The damages or the actual loss suffered by the applicant, was formulated and
demonstrated in foreign currency and the only way that the applicant can be compensated properly
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for its loss is for me to grant judgment in foreign currency.
19. The applicant has demonstrated that he is entitled as damages to the amount of R24 925
which represents the relocation costs that he incurred to move to America in anticipation of returning
to South Africa, for which he was not compensated by the respondent who was obliged to do so.
Even if it was not proved that the respondent was so obliged, these were expenses nevertheless
incurred by the applicant as a result of the respondent's breach of the agreement between them.
20. In the circumstances the following order is granted:
“1. The Respondent is ordered to pay the Applicant the following amounts:
1.1 In respect of the Applicant’s salary for the four month period between June and
September 1999 (annual salary US$ 125 000.00 divided by 12: monthly salary US$ 10
416.66):
1.1.1 US% 10 416.66 with interest thereon at the prescribed rate of interest of
15.5% per annum from 1 July 1999 to date of payment;
1.1.2 US% 10 416.66 with interest thereon at the prescribed rate of interest of
15.5% per annum from 1 August 1999 to date of payment;
1.1.3 US% 10 416.66 with interest thereon at the prescribed rate of interest of
15.5% per annum from 1 September 1999 to date of payment;
1.1.4 US% 10 416.66 with interest thereon at the prescribed rate of interest of
15.5% per annum from 1 October 1999 to date of payment.
1.2 US$ 50 000.00 with interest thereon at the prescribed rate of interest of 15.5% from 1
June 1999 to the date of payment (signing on bonus);
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1.3 US$ 4 009.50 with interest thereon at the prescribed rate of interest of 15.5% from 1
October 1999 to the date of payment (prorata leave for the period between June and
September 1999);
1.4 US$ 10 416.66 with interest thereon at the prescribed rate of interest of 15.5% from
date of judgment to the date of payment (salary for October 1999 when Applicant was
unemployed);
1.5 US$ 14 583.31 with interest thereon at the prescribed rate of interest of 15.5% from the
date of judgment to date of payment (difference between current salary and salary
Applicant would have earned had he been employed by Respondent, namely US$ 2
083.33 less per month for the period 1 November 1999 to end April 2000);
1.6 US$ 16 664.64 with interest thereon at the prescribed rate of interest of 15.5% from
date of judgment to the date of payment (difference between current salary and salary
Applicant would have earned had he been employed by the Respondent, namely US$
2 083.33 for the eight month period 1 May 2000 to end January 2001, at which stage
his current salary was likely to increase to that which he would have been earning with
the Respondent);
1.7 R24 925.00 with interest thereon at the prescribed rate of interest from date of
judgment until the date of payment (being relocation costs incurred by the Applicant).
2. The Respondent is to pay the Applicant’s costs.”
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REVELAS, J
JuDGE OF THE LABOUR COURT
For the Applicant: Mr S Harrison
of Sonnenberg Hoffmann & Galombik Inc
For the Respondent: No appearance
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