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1996
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[1996] ZASCA 4
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S v Morrow (382/95) [1996] ZASCA 4 (28 February 1996)
CASE NO. 382/95
IN THE SUPREME COURT OF SOUTH AFRICA
(APPELLATE DIVISION)
In the matter between:
ODETTE MORROW
Appellant
and
THE STATE
Respondent
CORAM
:
SMALBERGER, VIVIER et MARAIS JJA
HEARD
:
26 February 1996
REASONS FOR JUDGMENT
DELIVERED
: 28 February 1996
MARAIS JA/
2
MARAIS JA:
Appellant was charged in the magistrate's court for the
district of Johannesburg with eight counts of fraud and five counts of
theft as an alternative to the last five counts of fraud. The magistrate
convicted her upon all but three of the fraud counts (counts 4, 5 and
6). He took the first three counts of fraud (counts 1, 2 and 3) together
for purposes of sentence and imposed a fine of R500 or 125 days
imprisonment and in addition a further 200 days imprisonment
suspended for 5 years on condition appellant is not convicted of fraud
or theft committed during the period of suspension. He imposed the
same sentence in respect of count 7 and did so again in respect of
count 8. On appeal to the Witwatersrand Local Division appellant's
conviction upon counts 1, 2 and 3 and the sentence imposed as a
consequence were set aside. The Local Division was of the opinion
3
that counts 7 and 8 had been improperly split but thought that the remedy lay in amending those counts by combining them in one count
which it numbered 7 A. It considered that count to have been proved
beyond reasonable doubt but felt that an adjustment of the sentences
originally imposed was required as a result of its consolidation of
counts 7 and 8 and, in the result, imposed a fine of R 1000 or 250
days imprisonment and 200 days imprisonment suspended for 5 years
on condition that appellant is not convicted of theft or fraud committed
during the period of suspension. An application for leave to appeal to
this court was refused but subsequently granted on petition to the
Chief Justice. At the conclusion of the argument we allowed the
appeal and set aside the only remaining extant conviction and sentence
which were of course those which the Local Division had substituted
for the convictions and sentences upon counts 7 and 8 arrived at by
4
the magistrate. We said that our reasons would be given later. They
follow.
What was before this court was an appeal against the
conviction upon the amended count and the sentence imposed in
respect of it. The gravamen of the charge was that while appellant
was employed by Westinghouse Brake and Equipment (hereinafter
"Westinghouse") as a clerk, she knowingly falsely represented to another firm, Action 17 000, that orders for goods purporting
to
emanate from her employer were genuine orders placed by her
employer whereas in fact they were not and were in truth orders
placed by appellant herself for her own benefit and without the
consent of her employer. Appellant's defence was one of total denial
reinforced by the putting forward of an alibi confirmed by a third
party.
5
It was common cause that appellant was not at work on
the day in question so that she could, if so minded, have used the
opportunity to acquire the goods in question. It was also common
cause that she was aware that, if given permission to do so, employees
of Westinghouse could purchase goods from Action 17 000 and have
the cost debited to the account of Westinghouse. The relevant
documentation would be endorsed appropriately in the offices of
Westinghouse and the employee concerned would pay the relevant
sum to Westinghouse at the end of the month in which the goods were purchased. It was also common cause that appellant, amongst others,
had access to the particular order form in use at Westinghouse and
which was used on this occasion to deceive Action 17 000 by inducing
the belief that the bearer of the document was authorised to purchase "hardware as selected" and to have the costs of such
goods debited to
6
the account of Westinghouse. Yet another fact which was not in
dispute was that appellant had resigned from her employment on the
day following the day upon which this particular crime was committed. The State's case was founded partly upon that
circumstantial evidence but chiefly upon the direct evidence of
identification of appellant given by the particular employee at Action
17 000 from whom the goods in question had been bought by the person who committed the crime. In her defence, appellant gave
evidence herself and called a witness to support her claim that she had not been to the premises of Action 17 000 on the day upon
which
the crime was committed.
The magistrate considered that the witness who purported
to identify appellant as the culprit was an honest and reliable witness
with acute powers of observation and that the circumstantial evidence
7
also tended to strengthen the accuracy of her identification. The Local
Division took the same view of the matter. On appeal before us
counsel for appellant raised a number of issues one of which related
to the curtailment by the magistrate of the defence attorney's cross-
examination of the State witnesses. On the view that we took of the
case, it was not necessary to consider whether or not that complaint
was justified and whether, if so, it alone would have resulted in the
setting aside of the verdict. In our view there were more obvious
reasons why the appeal had to succeed.
The witness who purported to identify appellant as the culprit had never seen her before and no identification parade was
held. The first occasion upon which she identified appellant as the
culprit was when she saw appellant upon her arrival at the magistrate's
court on the day of the trial. That was some 2 months after the
8
incident had taken place. It is true that her evidence reads well and
that her opportunity for observation on the day of the incident was
good. She appears to have been a particularly observant person with
a very good memory. However, the problem which confronted the
State was that both the Local Division and the magistrate misdirected
themselves in a material and serious respect in assessing the reliability
of her evidence. Both laboured under the mistaken belief that
immediately after the culprit had left the premises of Action 17 000
on the day in question, the witness, having become suspicious,
telephoned Westinghouse to query the authenticity of the order form
and that, when so doing, she furnished a physical description of that
person which enabled her to be identified at Westinghouse as appellant. The following was said in the judgment of the Local Division:
9
"Also, whilst the courts have emphasised the need, in a
case such as the present where identification is in issue,
for the person concerned to give a description at some
stage of the suspect, that occurred in a sense in the
present case, for when the witness Zwane became suspicious and telephoned Westinghouse, she gave a
description and was at once met with the answer that 'that
is Odette', whom we now know was the appellant. So at
one stage that requirement was met of giving a
description, a description which was so accurate that the
Westinghouse people were at once able to identity it as
being Odette."
It is true of course that the issue is not whether the Local
Division misdirected itself in this regard but whether the trial court did
so. Regrettably, the trial court fell into similar error. In summarising
the evidence, the magistrate said in his judgment
inter alia
that "they
(Westinghouse) received a telephone call from one Madge (the
witness) from Action 17 000 and she made a report that Odette, that
is the accused, was there" and "she did say it is the accused, she
10
phoned (he accused's firm, she referred to the accused, she spoke to
some of the people there and also spoke to Mr Ramsammy and she
also pointed out the accused". In additional reasons for judgment
furnished by the magistrate in response to the notice of appeal the
following statement occurs:
"This was after the state witness had already testified how
she had seen accused on the day, how she phoned the
firm where appellant was working. How she was notified
this person is Odette (the appellant)".
These quoted passages showed quite clearly that the magistrate had
misinterpreted the evidence in exactly the same way as the Local
Division had misinterpreted it. At no time did the witness claim to
have furnished anyone at Westinghouse with a description of the
person who had purchased the goods in question. Indeed, she did not
claim to have given a physical description of the person to anyone.
11
What she said was that there was a notation in the documentation at
the offices of Action 17 000 that, if any query arose in regard to
accounts, the person at Westinghouse to whom such queries were to
be referred, was Odette. It was solely for that reason that when she
became suspicious and decided to phone Westinghouse, she asked for
Odette. When told that Odette was not there she spoke to someone
else and alerted that person to what had happened. At no time during
the telephone conversation did she suggest that it was Odette who had
purchased the goods. She had never seen Odette before and had no
reason whatsoever to assume that Odette was in fact the person who
had bought the goods.
A misdirection in that regard could not simply be
brushed aside as insignificant or immaterial. It had plainly played an
important part in the magistrate's evaluation of the evidence of the
12
witness and a causative role in his decision to accept that her
identification of appellant was accurate. It followed that this court could not accord to the magistrate's finding of fact the weight
which would ordinarily be given to the findings of fact of the trial court.
The position was aggravated by a number of other factors. The
magistrate's evaluation of the evidence given by appellant and the
witness called by appellant to confirm her alibi was, to say the least,
perfunctory. Indeed, no specific reference was made to the evidence
of the witness called by appellant despite the fact that her evidence, on
the face of it, was credible evidence and despite the absence of any
questions by either the prosecutor or the magistrate going to her
credibility or reliability. All that the magistrate had to say on that
score was this:
"Now the accused's defence is that she was not there, she
13
called a witness, that person also said the accused was not there. It is very difficult with such an alibi to break the
accused down and I must say that the alibi of the accused
was not broken down under cross-examination, but there
are so many other facts that point to the accused that the
court must accept the evidence of this witness Tandeka that the accused was in fact the person who took these
goods".
The magistrate had not specifically identified the "many
other facts" that point to the accused and one was left to speculate as
to what he had in mind. If they were merely the circumstantial factors
to which I have alluded, they carried little weight. Indeed, some of
those factors could well have been regarded as pointing away from,
rather than to, appellant. We did not consider it likely that appellant
would have chosen to commit this crime on a day when everyone at
her office would have realised that she would have had an opportunity
to do so because she was not at work on that day, and then have
14
chosen to resign suddenly on the following day. It was, in our view, more likely than not, that she would have realised that she might
be
regarded as an obvious suspect if she behaved in that manner. If what
the magistrate had in mind were some of the facts relevant to the other
counts upon which appellant was acquitted, not only would that have
been irregular, it would also have been of no probative value given her
acquittal upon those counts.
It is trite law that where the trier of fact has misdirected
himself or herself in respects so material that they vitiate the
presumption that the findings of fact are correct, an appeal court is
obliged to re-evaluate the evidence afresh, as best it can given the
limitations inherent in it not having seen and heard the witnesses
testify. Recognizing the dangers which attend such re-evaluation of
the recorded evidence, an appeal court will sustain a conviction in
15
such circumstances only if satisfied that a trial court which had not misdirected itself would inevitably or, without doubt, have
convicted
the appellant. In the circumstances of this particular case that meant
that one had to be quite sure that a properly directed trial court would
inevitably have found that the identification of appellant by the witness
Zwane was both truthful and accurate, and that the evidence given by appellant and the witness whom she called to support her alibi
could
not reasonably possibly be true. In the absence of any adverse findings regarding the demeanour of appellant and her supporting
witness which might, if uncontaminated by the misdirections which
occurred, have assisted us in evaluating the evidence on record,
it was not possible to feel confident that appellant's guilt would
16
inevitably have been found to have been proved beyond reasonable
doubt. Hence the success of the appeal.
R M MARAIS
SMALBERGER JA)
VIVIER JA) CONCUR