COMPETITION TRIBUNAL OF SOUTH AFRICA
(HELD IN PRETORIA)
Case No: 74/CR/Jun08
In the matter between :
Astral Operations Ltd First Applicant
Elite Breeding Farms Second Applicant
and
The Competition Commission of South Africa Respondent
In re:
The Competition Commission of South Africa Applicant
and
Astral Operations Ltd First Respondent
Elite Breeding Farms Second Respondent
Panel : N Manoim (Presiding Member), Y Carrim (Tribunal
Member) and A Wessels (Tribunal Member)
Heard on : 14 January 2010
Reasons issued on : 25 January 2010
1
REASONS FOR DISMISSAL OF AN APPLICATION TO COMPEL DISCOVERY
Introduction
[1] This is an application brought by Astral Foods Limited (“Astral”) which is the
first respondent in complaint proceedings brought at the instance of the
Competition Commission (the “Commission”), for the production for inspection
of certain documents produced by the Commission, during the course of its
investigation.
Background
[2] Following a prehearing at the close of pleadings on 27 July 2009 we gave
directions in respect of discovery of documents. The documents in dispute in
this matter, which we describe more fully below, were requested from the
Commission by Astral on 05 October 2009. The Commission declined to
provide them for inspection and hence we have this application before us.
Note that there was no blanket refusal to provide documents by the
Commission. Other documents requested by Astral have been discovered.
[3] The essentials of the complaint referral relate to a joint venture between
Astral and the complainant in this matter, Country Bird (Pty) Ltd. The
Commission alleges that features of the joint venture arrangement constitute
contraventions of section 4 and section 8 of the Competition Act (the “Act”).
[4] Prior to referring the complaint the Commission conducted an investigation
into it. It is the fruits of this investigation that give rise to the dispute in this
matter.
The documents concerned in the application
2
[5] When it made its discovery affidavit pursuant to a request from Astral, the
Commission declined to provide the following documents for inspection. The
documents are described in this way in the Commission’s answering
affidavit:1
• Handwritten notes of interviews conducted by the Commission’s
investigators during the investigation of the complaint;
• The investigation report compiled by the investigators and which served
as a basis upon which the Commission made its decision to refer the
complaint;
• Internal notes and memoranda (including drafts where applicable)
prepared by or for the Commission’s investigation team concerning the
investigation, or used in relation to the investigation; and
• Internal memoranda submitted to the Commission’s Executive Committee
(“EXCO”) in relation to the investigation.
Consideration of the legal issues
[6] The Commission contends that all the documents sought are ones
contemplated in rule 14(1)(d) of the ‘Rules for the conduct of proceedings in
the Competition Commission, (the “Commission rules”) and hence constitute
restricted information which the Commission is not obliged to disclose. The
relevant provisions of this rule state:
“14 (1) For the purpose of this Part, the following five classes of information
are restricted:
.......
(d)
(i) that contains –
1 There is some dispute between the Commission and Astral as to their description in the
notice of motion and hence we rely on the Commission’s description, but nothing turns on
this. See answering affidavit paragraph 5, page 27.
3
(aa) an internal communication between officials of the
Competition Commission, or between one or more such
officials and their advisors;
(bb) an opinion, advice, report or recommendation obtained or
prepared by or for the Competition Commission;
(cc) an account of a consultation, discussion or deliberation
that has occurred, including, but not limited to, minutes of a
meeting, for the purposes of assisting to formulate a policy or
take a decision in the exercise of a power or performance of a
duty conferred or imposed on the Commission by law; or
(ii) the disclosure of which could reasonably be expected to frustrate
the deliberative process of the Competition Commission by inhibiting
the candid –
(aa) communication of an opinion, advice, report or
recommendation; or
(bb) conduct of a consultation, discussion or deliberation; or
(iii) the disclosure of which could, by premature disclosure of a policy
or contemplated policy, reasonably be expected to frustrate the
success of that policy.”
[7] In oral argument Astral did not contest the Commission’s contention that the
documents all fell into one of the categories listed in rule 14(1)(d). 2 Rather
Astral argued that even if this was the case the Tribunal still retains the
discretion, in terms of rule 15(1) to order their production to protect its rights
to a fair hearing. 3 The Commission did not dispute that we have this
2 In written heads they did, but do not substantiate why. (See respondent’s heads of argument
paragraph 15.)
3 Rule 15(1) states: “ Any person, upon payment of the prescribed fee, may inspect or copy
any Commission record –
4
discretion, but rather contended we should not exercise it in Astral’s favour in
the circumstances of this case.
[8] Astral argues that without access to the complete Commission investigation
record its right to a fair hearing will be compromised. It argues that the
Commission has investigative powers under the Act powers not enjoyed by
respondents and that as a result it was possible that the Commission may
have obtained exculpatory material from its investigation which Astral may
never have access to and may therefore never find out about.
[9] Astral relies for this proposition on the decision of the Constitutional Court in
Shabalala.4 In terms of that case where access to witness statements in a
police docket was sought by the accused, the Court held that under the
Constitution, blanket docket privilege was no longer recognised:
“The crucial issue which needs to be determined is whether the
‘blanket docket privilege’ from the preconstitutional era can survive
the application of Chapter 3 of the Constitution.” 5
[10] But notwithstanding this statement it is not correct to read Shabalala as
replacing blanket docket privilege with unrestricted access.
[11] The Court was clear that the extent of access that might be required to
ensure a fair trial, depended on the circumstances of the specific case. 6 The
Court goes on to discuss what those circumstances might be and mentions,
inter alia , that one factor might be the complexity of a case. But even then the
Court’s approach is that access is relative, not absolute, referring to an
(a) if it is not restricted information; or
(b) if it is restricted information, to the extent permitted, and subject to any
conditions imposed, by
(i) this Rule; or
(ii) an order of the Tribunal or the Court.”
conditions imposed, by
(i) this Rule; or
(ii) an order of the Tribunal or the Court.”
4 Shabalala and Others v Attorney General of Transvaal and Another , 1996 (1) SA 725 (CC).
5 Shabalala supra paragraph 30.
6 Shabalala supra paragraph 37.
5
accused having a right of access not to the whole docket but “.. the relevant
parts..”
[12] Significantly one of the factors the Court took into account in determining the
right of access was whether an accused faced the prospect of imprisonment.
[13] In underlining this relative approach the Court suggests that in some cases
there may be “scant justification for allowing such access to the police docket
to ensure a fair trial for the accused”. 7
[14] The Court also refers to the fact that within a police docket the B section
comprises the internal memoranda of a police investigation. Yet it is evident
from the relief granted by the Court that access was not granted to this
portion of the docket nor is the need for an accused to have access to it
discussed in the decision. It is this portion of the docket which equates to the
information sought in this matter. In this matter the documents sought include
notes of interviews with witnesses, not witness statements, which the
Commission will furnish in due course in these proceedings. Shabalala is
primarily concerned with access to witness statements taken by the police,
expert statements and exhibits.
[15] Thus Shabalala is not authority for the right of an accused person to have
blanket access to this part of a docket – presumably, we can infer from the
rest of the decision that in certain circumstances such access might be
permissible to ensure a fair trial, but this would be exceptional and not
elevated to some general rule of access to internal documents to ensure the
basis of a fair trial.
[16] Thus even if Shabalala is applicable to administrative as opposed to criminal
proceedings, a far from clear issue as we consider later, it is still not authority
for the kind of access sought by Astral in this matter.
7 Shabalala supra paragraph 38.
6
[17] Astral then seeks to rely on a number of European cases that deal with rights
of access to information contained in the Commission’s file. 8 Again the cases
relied on advance general propositions of access to the EU Commission’s file.
This is the kind of access that the Commission in South Africa routinely gives
and has given in this matter.
[18] What the cases are not authority for is the proposition that the Commission’s
internal documents are to be made accessible to the firm that is the subject of
the complaint. Indeed one of the cases relied on by Astral is to the opposite
effect.9 A party that was the subject of a complaint sought access to a hearing
officer’s report. The Commission rejected the request on the grounds that this
was an internal document. The European Court of First Instance upheld the
Commission on this point noting:
“ …that the rights of the defence do not require that undertakings
involved in a proceeding under article 85(1) of the Treaty be able to
comment on the report of the hearing office, which is a purely internal
Commission document. As has been held, since that report is purely
advice for the Commission, which in no way bound to follow it, it does
not have any decisive, aspect which the Community judicature must
take into account in exercising its review... Observance of the rights of
the defence is sufficiently assured where the various authorities which
contribute to the final decision are correctly informed of the arguments
of the undertakings in reply to the objections communicated to them
by the Commission and the evidence submitted by the Commission in
support thereof...
In that regard, it is important to note that it is not the purpose of the
hearing officer’s report to supplement or correct the arguments of the
undertakings, or to formulate new objections or to supply new
evidence against them...” 10
8 The main case here is Solvay SA v Commission , (1996) 5 CMLR 57.
8 The main case here is Solvay SA v Commission , (1996) 5 CMLR 57.
9 Limburgse Vinyl Maatschappij NV and Others v Commission (1999) 5 CMLR 303.
10 Paragraphs 375 and 376.
7
[19] Insofar as the European cases have dealt with access to the specific material
sought here they do not support the Astral approach. In any event it is not
useful to have regard to other competition jurisprudence for authority in
matters of procedure. As the Competition Appeal Court has noted these
systems operate differently to our own and hence one should approach them
with caution. 11 The European system is an administrative system in which the
Commission both investigates and adjudicates, hence a heightened sense of
concern that it may adjudicate on facts not known to the accused firm. In our
system no such concern exists, because the Tribunal adjudicates and only on
facts disclosed to a respondent firm. Like the respondent the Tribunal has not
been given access to the restricted documents and they will not form part of
our record when we consider this case.
[20] As the final proposition in its argument, Astral has sought to contend that the
Commission’s role in prohibited practice cases is analogous to the role of the
prosecutor in a criminal case. The reason for doing so is twofold. In the first
place to distinguish the present case from an earlier decision of the Tribunal
in Netcare where we held in the context of a merger case that access to
similar documents was not required to ensure a fair hearing. 12 In the second
place, Astral needed to locate the Commission’s role in a criminal law milieu,
to imbue it with the same obligations as a prosecutor as there appear to be no
cases in administrative law where an equivalent state body’s obligations to
give access to its file have been considered.
[21] But the argument for equivalence also rests on fragile foundations. Astral
seeks to rely on certain dicta of this Tribunal and the Competition Appeal
Court, where language has been employed to suggest that in these
Court, where language has been employed to suggest that in these
proceedings the Commission plays the role of a prosecutor. Thus in Distell
the court held that unlike its role in complaint proceedings the Commission
was a not a party to merger proceedings. 13 It observed in the course of an
analysis of the different roles it plays in these two species of proceeding, that
11 Federal Mogul Aftermarket and the Competition Commission , case no 33/CAC/Sep03.
12 Netcare Hospital Group (Pty) Ltd and Community Hospital Group (Pty) Ltd , case no:
68/LM/Aug06.
8
in prohibited practice cases the Commission effectively “..prosecutes the
complaint against the respondent before the Tribunal..”. 14 In our decision in
Sasol Chemical Industries we held that the role of the Commission in a
complaint referral is “... akin to that of prosecutor in a criminal matter .”15 We
went on to remark that:
“If in the course of its investigations it comes across evidence that
goes against its case it would be obliged to disclose this to the
respondents and to the Tribunal in the course of discovery .” 16
[22] However neither of these decisions deals with either what fair hearing rights
are, nor more specifically, with the question of access to the Commission’s
file. In Distell the question was whether the Commission had the right to
appeal merger decisions of the Tribunal. The Court accepted that the
Commission could appeal against Tribunal decisions in prohibited practice
cases but decided it could not in merger cases. In coming to its decision the
Court distinguished between the roles played by the Commission in the
respective proceedings. It concluded that in merger cases, the Commission
was a participant in, but not a party to, the proceedings and hence it had no
interest in their outcome and it follows no right to appeal them. By way of
contrast it was a party in prohibited practice proceedings and in this context
the Court described the Commission’s role as that of a prosecutor.
[23] In Sasol Chemical Industries the question was whether the Commission was
responsible for assisting the respondent in ensuring that a witness the
respondent had subpoenaed complied with the subpoena. That the
Commission must supply documents obtained in an investigation that are
Commission must supply documents obtained in an investigation that are
exculpatory to the respondent, as was observed there, is not in issue in this
13 The Competition Commission v Distillers Corporation (SA) Ltd and Stellenbosch Farmers
Winery Group Ltd, case no: 31/CAC/Sep03.
14 See Distell supra page 17.
15 Sasol Chemical Industries (Pty) Ltd v the Competition Commission, Yara (South Africa)
(Pty) Ltd, African Explosives and Chemical Industries Ltd and Profert , case no: 45/CR/May06.
Refer to paragraph 43.
16 See Sasol Chemical Industries, supra, paragraph 43.
9
case. This class of documents has been discovered. Therefore the Sasol
Chemical Industries decision is not relevant to the issue in casu .
[24] The fact that the Commission’s role in these specific contexts may have been
likened to that of a “prosecutor”, does not, for that reason alone, make it a
prosecutor in the criminal law sense nor as an even further leap in logic,
entitle one to use that analogy to imbue respondents with the fair trial rights of
an accused. The Competition Appeal Court, as the Commission points out,
has refused to extend an accused’s fair trial rights to a respondent, on the
only occasion when asked to do so. In Federal Mogul where a respondent
firm was appealing an administrative fine imposed on it, the Court held that an
accused’s rights to a fair trial did not apply to a respondent in competition
proceedings. In competition proceedings a respondent has the right to a fair
process.17
[25] Although it is not necessary for us to consider whether a respondent should
be given the same fair trial rights of access as an accused person, since, as
we have already noted, even if the criminal law standard applies it does not
support Astral’s application for the documents it seeks here, it is nevertheless
important to appreciate the distinction.
[26] In complaint proceedings under the Act, a respondent is not in an analogous
position to an accused for the reasons stated in Federal Mogul – a
respondent does not face a criminal conviction nor the threat of a loss of
liberty. In criminal proceedings an accused enjoys a right to silence and the
right not to be compelled to give self incriminating evidence. Criminal law thus
17 “The rights set out in section 35 (3) of the Constitution are reserved for those people who
have been charged in criminal matters and who are likely to be sentenced to a term of
imprisonment. It is the imprisonment aspect, which deprives a charged or accused person, of
his liberty, which is sought to be protected by the entrenchment of the rights, set out in
section 35 (3). It is thus the threat of imprisonment which triggers off the rights set out in
section 35 (3)... The only protection, which can be claimed by a person who is subjected to a
hearing similar to the one which was before the Tribunal, is that the hearing should be
procedurally fair or to seek protection of what is commonly referred to as the due process.
We do not understand the appellant to be saying that the procedure, which was adopted by
the Tribunal, was unfair. Thus, that is not an issue before this court”.
10
recognises the right of the silent accused to dismantle the state’s case without
putting up a case of his own.
[27] Hence a heightened concern with access to the docket in criminal cases – if
an accused person can defend himself solely by tearing the state’s case to
shreds without formulating his own, it is understandable that in criminal cases
the approach of courts would be to more readily grant access. But because
complaint proceedings are not criminal and do not carry the same
consequences for individual liberty, there is less concern that fairness would
be compromised if docket access rights were interpreted more restrictively for
a respondent than an accused.
[28] In complaint proceedings in the Tribunal a respondent enjoys no right to
silence and no privilege against selfincrimination, since prohibited practices
are not crimes. 18 Thus even if one can read into Shabalala an entitlement to
the documents at issue in this case, we would suggest that it should not be
read out of the context of the rights of an accused. That being stated, we do
not find in our reading of that case any authority for the type of access Astral
seeks in this matter, as we noted earlier. Expressed differently, we agree with
the argument of the Commission that Shabalala only applies to criminal cases
but to the extent that it may be extended to administrative proceedings the
case is not authority for the type of access sought here.
[29] The Commission argues that the approach we took in Netcare in respect of
mergers should be followed here. Whilst the Commission concedes that
merger and complaint proceedings are not analogous, it argues that the same
considerations for refusing access to internal documents produced by the
Commission in merger proceedings apply equally to complaint proceedings.
As we noted in Netcare if the Commission were to grant unrestricted access
As we noted in Netcare if the Commission were to grant unrestricted access
to its investigation notes to merging parties this would have a chilling effect on
investigations:
18 See section 56(1) and 56(3) of the Act.
11
“ If the Commission is obliged to hand over notes of any consultation
during the course of its investigation to the merging parties then it
would be obliged to tell the informant of this: Before we begin I have
to warn you that anything you tell me will be taken down by me in note
form and, if they request, handed over to the merging parties. It
requires little imagination to realise the effect this would have on the
enthusiasm of informants to be forthcoming.” 19
[30] These same considerations the Commission argues, apply to handing such
material to respondents in prohibited practice cases. We would agree with the
Commission here. The case law does not provide authority for access to the
documents sought in this case even if we are obliged to apply the standard of
access required to make a trial fair in criminal proceedings. To the extent that
we are wrong in our reading of the criminal law, for the reasons we have
given above, the policy rationale for requiring heightened access in criminal
proceedings do not apply to complaint proceedings under the Act.
Is Commission rule 14(1)(d) a fair restriction on access in complaint
proceedings?
[31] Although the case law we have examined affords no authority to support
Astral’s application in casu it is nevertheless necessary to consider whether
rule 14(1)(d) restrictions are fair given the policy considerations of the Act.
Whilst a respondent does not enjoy the fair trial rights of an accused it is still
entitled to fair proceedings.
[32] Of the documents sought in this case, Astral’s claim for access to the
Commission’s internal deliberations is the weakest. They reflect the opinion of
the Commission and its staff on their case, matters that would never be
relevant or admissible in our proceedings.
relevant or admissible in our proceedings.
[33] Astral might have a stronger claim in respect of the production of the
Commission’s investigators’ notes of their interviews with witnesses. However
19 Paragraph 33.
12
if the witnesses are called the Commission will have to produce witness
statements in advance and the witnesses will be subject to cross examination
by Astral. There will be no unfairness to the respondents here if the notes are
not produced.
[34] Of course, as Astral has argued, the witness may not be called and this may
be prejudicial if the witness has exculpatory evidence which the respondent is
not aware of.
[35] There is of course no factual allegation that this has occurred in this case, so
the example is hypothetical. One has to accept that such circumstances may
arise. The question is whether they arise with sufficient frequency to warrant a
rule that the Commission must disclose its investigators’ notes in all cases.
We would suggest not. Unlike the criminal case where an accused may not
be aware of exculpatory evidence – the witness who described the murderer
on the night as someone wholly different in appearance to the accused –
competition cases involve interactions in the market between firms, their
customers and competitors.
[36] The anonymous eyewitness in the dark whose testimony can lead to an
acquittal is therefore highly unlikely. Prohibited practice cases are about how
respondent firms behave in a market – how they price, supply or refuse to
supply or impose terms on customers or react to competitors. This has two
consequences. Firstly, that firms either know or have the ability to know who
can give information about a particular case.
[37] Secondly, as we observed in Netcare, the type of evidence is of a very
different nature to that in a criminal case, often relying on not so much
individual factual averments but a series of inferences drawn from a larger
universe of information. Then too is the consideration of their likely probative
value. These are not witness statements confirmed by a witness. They are an
value. These are not witness statements confirmed by a witness. They are an
investigator’s notes with all the possibility that they may be cryptic and
unintelligible to anyone else other than their author, if even that. Indeed the
13
Commission states that these notes do not form part of the record that goes
before the Commission when it decides whether to refer a matter.
[38] It is worth emphasising again that the Commission is not withholding
documents from the respondent that it has obtained in the investigation –
these, it is common cause, have been discovered.
[39] By comparison the Commission’s policy justification for restricting access to
this class of information is far more compelling than Astral’s.
[40] In cartel cases the Commission may well have sources who can explain the
workings of the cartel, but who for various reasons may be unwilling to testify.
For instance an informant may be an employee of the respondent firm and
hence reluctant to reveal his or her identity. It is thus easier to conceive of
cases justifying the Commission’s concerns about the chilling effects of a
disclosure of its investigators’ notes than it is of Astral’s concerns about the
suppression of exculpatory material. To the extent that rule 14(1)(d) restricts a
respondent from access to certain classes of documents in the Commission’s
possession that restriction is not unfair and is informed by a rational need to
preserve the integrity and effectiveness of the investigative process.
[41] We are of the view that Astral has not made out a case why on the facts of
this case, access to the material requested will not result in it getting a fair
hearing. For this reason the application is dismissed. There is no order as to
costs.
___________________ 25 January 2010
N. Manoim Date
Y. Carrim and A. Wessels concurring.
14
Tribunal Researcher: I Selaledi
For the Applicant (Astral): A Subel SC and A Berkowitz, instructed by
Edward Nathan Sonnenbergs Inc.
For the Respondent (Commission): H Maenetje, instructed by the State Attorney
15