IN THE COMPETITION TRIBUNAL
REPUBLIC OF SOUTH AFRICA
Case No: 78/LM/Jul00
In the large merger between:
JD Group Limited
and
Ellerine Holdings Limited
Reasons for Competition Tribunal’s Decision
1. Prohibition
We prohibit the transaction between the JD Group Limited and Ellerines
Holdings. The reasons for our decision are set out below.
2. The Transaction
This transaction involves the acquisition of control of Ellerines Holdings (EH) by
the JD Group Limited (JD). This will entail JD acquiring the entire issued share
capital in, and loan accounts of, all the underlying subsidiary companies of
Ellerine Holdings including trademarks. The parties have agreed on an exchange
ratio of 1 JD share for every 1,5 EH shares. This exchange will immediately make
EH the largest shareholder – approximately 30,6% in the newly constituted JD.
However EH has undertaken to immediately unbundle its shareholding in JD, that
is to distribute its interest in JD to its large range of underlying shareholders.
Subsequent to this unbundling JD’s shares will be held by a diversified range of
shareholders – there will be no single controlling bloc of shareholders.
This is no ordinary transaction. It is the merging of two of South Africa’s best
known firms whose various trading brands are, it is no exaggeration to claim,
household names. Literally millions of South Africans will, at one time or
another, have entered an Ellerines or a Bradlows or a Russels or a Joshua Doore
store. Few can have failed to notice the ubiquitous advertising campaigns of the
two groups whether on film, television, radio or in the printed media. And,
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certainly a more important and lasting experience than any of the aforementioned,
a vast number of South Africans first received credit when purchasing furniture or
household appliances from one of the stores in these two groups.
Nor, despite their vast size, are Ellerines and the JD Group faceless corporations
led by professional managers on behalf of passive shareholders. Both are, to this
day, led by their respective founders, who number as two of the country’s more
innovative entrepreneurs.
Mr. Eric Ellerine entered the furniture business in 1950 when, at 16 years of age,
he opened his first store in Cyrildene, Johannesburg. Legend has it that his first
sale was a credit sale. From these small beginnings, Ellerines has developed into
a major force in South African retailing. Remarkable to record in these days of
growth by acquisition, Ellerines’ growth is almost entirely organic. The group
comprises some 489 stores grouped into five store brands, of which the Ellerines
brand itself, comprising some 218 stores, is the largest. Although several stores
are based in neighbouring countries, Ellerines remains, overwhelmingly, a South
African company. It is also a major source of credit with a debtors’ book of little
under R2 billion comprising the accounts of some of South Africa’s poorest
consumers, many of whom do not even have access to a bank account.
Mr. David Sussman began his working life as an assistant accountant in Eric
Ellerine’s head office. He left Ellerines in 1983. The rise of Sussman’s JD Group
is even more meteoric than that of his mentor. A mere 15 years ago Sussman
controlled two Price ‘n Pride outlets in Johannesburg. At present the JD Group
comprises 678 stores organized into 5 different brands. The JD Group, in contrast
with Ellerines, has relied for its growth on mergers and acquisitions. However,
the JD Group’s success is deeply rooted in its innovative trading practices, many
the JD Group’s success is deeply rooted in its innovative trading practices, many
adapted from the role model provided by the Ellerines’ experience, but also
characterized by the introduction of sophisticated technology and state of the art
business practices. The JD Group has recently spread its wings into Europe with
the acquisition of a chain of Polish furniture and appliance stores.
The significance of this transaction from a competition perspective should not be
underestimated. In contrast with many transactions that come before this Tribunal
this is not simply a case of the market leader taking over its fading opposition.
What we rather have here are two dynamic firms more than capable of
withstanding the competitive challenges that face them. Mr. Sussman himself is
at pains to distinguish this transaction from previous deals in which he bought up
and rescued ailing companies – Ellerines is anything but an ailing company.
However the real competition significance of this transaction is to be found in the
direct links between the parties and South African consumers. An antitrust
merger evaluation is always primarily concerned with an assessment of the impact
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of the transaction in question on consumers. However, many mergers involve
firms producing arcane intermediate products with the final consumer located
several links lower in the production chain. In these instances the consumers
directly affected is often themselves well resourced downstream producers
capable of mounting a sophisticated response to a merger that it deems
threatening to their commercial interests.
In this case however the parties to the transaction are the final link with the
consumers, and, at that, the poorest, least powerful of South African consumers.
In other words, the interests directly affected by this merger are represented by
millions of atomized, disorganized individuals incapable of defending their
economic interests except to the extent that they are able to exercise a preference
for one retail outlet over another. This evaluation will seek to assess whether the
transaction has the potential to increase the power of the parties over the
consumers that they serve and who are the source of their prosperity.
3. The Retail Furniture Trade: pertinent trends and features
3.1 Mergers and Acquisitions
There is a recent history of mergers and consolidation in the retail furniture
industry and the consequent emergence of several large groups. In particular the
growth of the JD Group, Profurn and Relyant has been driven by acquisition of
existing chains. Ellerines’ growth, on the other hand, is almost entirely organic.
The composition and strategic direction of each of the large groups is briefly
profiled.
The JD Group
Today’s JD group has modest origins. Founder David Sussman commenced in
1983 with two Price ’n Pride stores. In 1986 he purchased the larger, then
troubled, Joshua Doore chain from the Russell’s grouping. In 1988 the firm
acquired World and Bradlows from W&A, and the Score Furnishers chain. Then
in 1993 JD acquired the Rusfurn Group.
in 1993 JD acquired the Rusfurn Group.
The current composition of the JD Group is as follows:
Name of Store Number of Stores Age of Brand Target Market
Bradlows 87(89)* est 1900 LSM 58
Russels 173(183) est 1943 LSM 47
Joshua Doore 125(133) est 1973 LSM 47
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Giddy’s Electrical 90(95) est 1958 LSM 47
Express
Price’n Pride 203(159)** est 1983 LSM 35
Score est 1977 LSM 35
Total number of Stores: 678(659)
Notes
• * These figures are based on the totals in the 1999 Annual Report. The
figures in brackets are those given to the Commission in May 2000 and
reflect the changes since 1999.
• ** The store figures for Score and Price ‘n Pride brands are combined.
Relyant Retail
The Relyant Group was formed in 1998 as a result of a merger between the
former Beares and Amrel groups. In March this year it acquired Appliance City. It
is currently composed as follows:
Name of Store Number Stores Age of Brand Target Market
Geen and
Richards 60(58) ** 63 LSM(Upper 6 –lower8
Beares 169(203) 70 LSM 6
Furniture City 17(13) 20* LSM(Middle 5Upper 7)
Lubners 98(93) 36 LSM(5)
Fairdeal 93(75) 40 LSM(Lower 3 middle5)
Savells 87(156) 40 LSM( Upper 3 – middle 4)
The total number of stores 524 (598)
* Furniture City was Amsterdam Furniture Store, which was started in 1963 and
was then changed to its current name in 1980
**The first figure is from the Groups 1999 Annual Report. The figures in
brackets are the 1998 figures provided for comparison.
The Relyant group’s 1999 Annual Report specifically indicates that it has
introduced strict credit granting criteria because at the time of the Amrel/ Beares
merger the debtors’ book was “significantly in arrear”. The emphasis placed on
credit management and new systems and the fact that staff performance will be
measured against collection management indicates that Relyant's stores are likely
to be less likely to grant credit to low income consumers than they were in the
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past. A 1999 report on the furniture retail trade by a stockbroking firm, Fleming
Martin, says Beares and Savells (the latter being in the LSM34 category) have
been deliberately contracting sales growth in order to improve the quality of their
debtors’ book. The closure of stores in these brands since 1998 is evidence of this.
In addition the group has a higher debt equity ratio, 0.7 than analysts consider the
desirable norm for this industry between 0.3 0.5. (This ratio is significantly
higher than that of JD and Ellerines.)
Relyant has also been positioning its brands within their chosen markets reducing
the number of their brands from 12 to 6.Each brand is being partnered by a top
advertising agency. Relyant segments the markets at the lower end to a greater
extent than the merging parties do. For instance the Annual Financial statements
reflect that Savells is upper 3 middle 4, whilst Fairdeal is lower 4 and middle 5.
Profurn
The Profurn Group originates in a turnaround of the then Supreme Holdings
which in 1992 had been in provisional liquidation. In 1997 the firm acquired Cape
based Freedom Furniture which at the time had 12 stores. In 1998 it acquired the
Morkels chain and, in 1999, the cash retailer, Hi Fi Corp.
Name of Store Number of Stores Age of Brand Target Market
Morkels 150 50 years LSM 58
Barnett’s 71 103 years LSM 35
Protea Furnishers 105 40 years LSM 35
Freedom 33 5 years LSM 35
The total of number of stores in South Africa at the end of 1999 was 359.
Profurn is engaged in aggressive expansion outside of South Africa. It has
expanded into North Africa and Australia and intends opening up 43 stores
outside of South Africa this year (Business Report 28/7/2000). The Financial Mail
points out that although 2/3rds of its turnover is from SA it accounts for only 53%
of its operating profits (Financial Mail Fox Column 12 May 2000). For this
of its operating profits (Financial Mail Fox Column 12 May 2000). For this
reason, overseas investment is said to be a major element of this group’s
expansion strategy.
The Fleming Martin report observes that “ Profurn is growing from a much
smaller SA store base (309) than its competitors…..” The competitors mentioned
are JD and Ellerines.
Profurn, like Relyant, also makes a point of how its debtors’ book is improving
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due to strict credit granting and bad debt write off policies. According to the 1999
Annual report, “deposit rates now average 20% on credit deals” and they go onto
state that they are “improving the quality of debtors whilst also enhancing cash
flow.”
Ellerine Holdings
Ellerine’s, currently celebrating its 50 th anniversary, owes its current size to
organic growth rather than acquisition which distinguishes it from the three other
listed chains referred to above.
Name of Store Number of Stores Age of Brand Target Market
FurnCity 53(52)* 20 years LSM 47
Ellerines 218(254) 50 years LSM 35
Oxford 52(62) 30 year LSM 35
Town Talk 114(116) 28 years LSM 35
Royal 52(56) 25 years LSM 35
Total number of stores 489
Notes
* The figures supplied by the parties to the Commission in May 2000. The
figures in brackets are taken from the 1999 Annual Report.
Great Universal Stores
This U.K based group owns Lewis stores in South Africa and appliance group,
Best Electric, which it formed in 1998. It also acquired furniture retailer Dan
Hands but has since rebranded this small chain.
Name of Store Number of Stores Age of Brand * Target Market
Lewis 430 approx.5060 years LSM46
Best Electric 30 2 years LSM46
Total number of stores 460
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An analysis of the groups profiled above reveals the following trends
• Most have already diversified across LSM categories ranging from LSM 3 –
8.
• In diversifying across these LSM categories they have developed different
brands for each category rather than aiming a brand across all categories
• There is a trend towards specialized appliance discounters in each group.
Typically these brands cut across LSM segments. They are further
distinguished from the traditional furniture and appliance stores serving the
lower LSM categories in their larger cash to credit sales ratio. Profurn says its
acquisition of HI FI Corp would increase its cash sales to credit from 25% to
40 %. ( Financial Mail Top Companies 2000) These specialized appliance
brands appear to operate primarily as discounters and tend to be based in the
larger metropolitan areas. The establishment of specialized bedding stores is
also a discernible recent trend.
• The brands in the furniture stores are all well established, some over 100 years
old. Possibly because of the importance of brand recognition, the national
chains tend to prefer (admittedly with some exceptions like Ellerine's
FurnCity ) acquiring established brands rather than starting new ones.
Interestingly those businesses which tend to have the highest proportion of
credit to cash as part of their sales mix tend to be long established brands.
FurnCity’s lack of success is thought to be due to lack of brand awareness. 1
The due diligence reflects that the Ellerine’s brand, the older brand, is better
known in the market place than JD’s Score and Price’n Pride brands.
• The groups have portfolios of several hundred stores and are nationally
dispersed. The annual statements reveal that the opening and closing of stores
is a continual process and seems pivotal to the proper management and
is a continual process and seems pivotal to the proper management and
competitive strategies of the groups.
• Innovations by one competitor are matched particularly quickly by the others.
Observe how all have moved into cell phone distribution, financial services
and insurance packages.
• There is an observed tendency for the groups to contract with manufacturers
for the production of exclusive products. See, by way of example, the Relyant
Annual Report which refers to time spent with top suppliers to focus on
“better value … exclusivity…”. Both JD and Ellerines have similar
arrangements with certain suppliers. This makes intrabrand pricing
comparison more difficult for the consumer as we discuss elsewhere.
• The major groups are all expanding offshore either elsewhere in Africa or
further afield (in Poland as with JD, or Australia as with Profurn)
• There is evidence of an increasing centralization of strategy and operations in
the group or divisional head offices. Branch mangers are given less discretion
1 Ellerine Holdings Board Minutes, 2 May 2000
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and are more rulebound particularly in decisions to grant credit and set
prices. Advertising (and hence pricing) is centrally conducted.
• Increasingly sophisticated IT systems to control costs, inventory and to
manage debtors are being installed. This naturally leads to centralized
management referred to above.
• The ability to squeeze suppliers for discounts, volume rebates and extension
of payment terms. Correspondence with suppliers given to us by the parties
indicates that JD with its size and volumes is considerably more successful at
this than has been Ellerines. Since manufacturers are presumably less tied to
LSM segments for their products than are their retailer clients a group with
brands across a manufacture ranges has more negotiating leverage than a
retailer confined to a smaller extent of the LSM spectrum. 2
• The groups tend to warehouse stock regionally so that individual stores do not
have to be too large but nevertheless ensuring that the stores do not run short
of stock. To quote Profurn MD Gavin Walker: “ It is a mistake to have too
much stock funding is expensive – but no less problematic to be under
stocked.”(Financial Mail Top Companies 2000)
• The groups are listed on the stock exchange (Lewis‘ parent is listed in the UK)
and for this reason can fund acquisitions more easily (the proposed merger in
this case involves a share swop with no cash component) and can raise capital
more cheaply through rights issues.
• The groups appear generally concerned at too great an exposure at the lowest
end of the market. Some like Relyant and Profurn are, as already observed,
tightening up their credit granting policies. All the groups, as is borne out by
comments in their annual financial statements, are concerned about the
spending potential of consumers in this market as the retail spend on furniture
spending potential of consumers in this market as the retail spend on furniture
and appliances is being eroded by competing claims from gambling and
lottery, and cell phones. Furthermore the aids pandemic is likely to have a
disproportionately large impact on these consumers and both JD and Ellerines
have undertaken studies into its impact on their business.
3.2 Brand Diversity
The large chains are, as already noted, characterized by the diverse market
segments occupied by their various brands. The precise significance of this
segmentation for the purposes of this antitrust evaluation is the source of
significant difference between the parties and the Commission, the implications of
which are examined below. Suffice for now to note that the various brands are
commonly identified by their positioning within the market. A feature of JD,
Profurn and Relyant is that they have brands positioned across the range of the
2 From an unpublished draft report prepared by Fleming Martin it appears that JD’s ‘accounts payable
days’ (that is on stock purchased) is approximately 150 days, whereas Ellerines is slightly under 80 days.
Profurn and Relyant are at approximately the Ellerines level. This is supported by data from the due
diligence which also reflects that JD has negotiated longer ‘accounts payable’ periods than Ellerines.
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mass market. 3 Hence JD’s Score and Price ‘n Price brands are positioned at the
lower end of the market, whereas Russell’s is directed at the lower to middle and
Bradlows' serves a higher income clientele. In Profurn and Relyant we see the
same positoning of brand across the LSM range. The Lewis brand is positioned
across a broader number of segments than that commonly occupied by a single
brand.
The Ellerine’s Group is, once again, something of an exception to this rule. It is
comprised of five brands – however four of these, Ellerine’s, its largest brand,
Town Talk, Oxford and Royal are all directed at the lowest segment of the market
while only Furn City, a small and reputedly unsuccessful chain, is directed at a
higher segment. The Ellerines group is, then, to a far greater extent than its
counterparts, focused on a single segment. It is suggested that the pedestrian
performance of Ellerines Holdings in the recent past is attributable to this lack of
brand diversity.
From a competitiveness perspective the key impetus underlying brand diversity
seems to be the ability to exploit brand loyalty by moving customers upward
through the groups stores. This is discussed in greater detail below.
In the past the racial identity of the customer base was the simple feature that
distinguished one store brand from another. This was largely synonymous with
income bands – hence low income stores were ‘black stores’ while those further
up the income ladder were ‘white stores’. While income and race are still, by and
large, accurate markers of the positioning of the various store brands, in fact the
methodology used nowadays to measure this diversity is considerably more
complex and nuanced than simply race and income. The measure commonly
employed is the Living Standards Measurement or LSM.
Living Standard Measures or LSM’s refer to a method of segmenting consumers
into profiles so that marketers can accurately identify their target markets. This is
into profiles so that marketers can accurately identify their target markets. This is
done by dividing the population into eight groups of approximately equal size.
The LSM categories are divided according to living standards criteria such as
education, residence, degree of urbanization, access to household electricity,
motor vehicle ownership, preferences for appliances etc. The information is
calculated from 20 variables and weighted for each respondent. Retailers use this
information to form a picture of their target customers and so to provide for them
accordingly. A retailer in the furniture industry who wants to target customers in
the LSM 35 would study this data to get a picture of how much potential
customers in this category spend, on what they spend their disposable income,
which appliances they prefer, where they prefer to shop, etc. By way of example
3 The term ‘mass market’ and its precise significance is also a source of some contention. Here we use it
simply to distinguish any of these stores from the high end design furniture boutiques serving the very
wealthy.
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we are told in documentation submitted to us that LSM 5’s are more likely to
decorate their homes internally than LSM 14. All the chains we have referred to
classify their stores along these lines and determine prices, product mix,
advertising and store location accordingly.
The distinction informs advertising strategy in very subtle ways as an amusing
example alluded to during our proceedings shows. Ellerines in the LSM 35
market offer a free sheep worth R300 if goods above a specified amount are
purchased. A graphic of a sheep is depicted in the advert. Bradlow’s, the high end
JD brand, also offers a free gift for customers purchasing above a specific
amount. The gift, however, underlines the difference in social status of the LSM
categories Bradlow’s offers not a free sheep, but a coffee table book on 101 ways
to cook lamb!
4. The Evaluation
4.1 The Panel’s Approach
The Competition Commission initially recommended outright rejection of the
transaction. It has since recommended that the transaction be approved subject to
certain conditions. While the parties naturally disagree and do not admit that the
proposed transaction will impact negatively on competition, they have indicated
that they are nevertheless willing to accept the conditions proposed by the
Commission.
The panel of the Tribunal has approached the evaluation of the transaction in the
following way:
We evaluate the transaction as notified to the Commission. Had we concluded that the
transaction was unlikely to substantially prevent or lessen competition it would have been
approved unconditionally. Under these circumstances the parties may nevertheless have
elected to implement voluntarily the conditions agreed with the Commission.
However, given that we have found that the transaction as notified is likely to
substantially prevent or lessen competition, and that there are no countervailing
efficiency or public interest implications, we then proceeded to examine the proposed
conditions.
conditions.
4.2 The Relevant Market
As is frequently the case in merger evaluation, conflicting views on the impact of
the transaction on competition begin with a disagreement on the precise definition
of the relevant market.
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The Commission holds that the relevant product market comprises furniture and
appliances retailers serving the LSM 35 category and which provide credit to
consumers. Furthermore the Commission holds that there are a large number of
local relevant geographic markets corresponding to the geographic area to which
consumers can practically turn for alternative sources of product.
The parties, on the other hand, argue that there are six distinguishable product
markets at issue. These are furniture, bedding, white goods, brown goods,
cellular telephones and financial services. Our reading of the Commission’s
understanding of ‘furniture and appliances’ is that it incorporates the first four
markets identified by the parties, namely, furniture, bedding, white goods and
brown goods. What is at contention is whether these be grouped as a composite
product within a single product market (the Commission’s view) or whether they
be evaluated in relation to distinct product categories thereby including all stores
which compete with the parties for the sale of one, more or all of the products (the
parties’ view). 4
Furthermore the parties insist that there is one mass market for each of the
products identified. In other words they reject the Commission’s argument that
the market, or, in their view, the markets are segmented into LSM categories.
It is common cause between the parties and the Commission that the vast majority
of furniture and appliance sales to consumers in the LSM 35 category are on
credit – approximately 99% of Ellerines sales are credit sales, and the equivalent
figure for JD’s LSM 35 purchasers is only marginally lower. For purposes of
defining the relevant market we accept the segmentation into credit and cash
markets and agree that our concern is with sales of product on credit.
There is deep disagreement between the parties and the Commission with respect
to the identification of the relevant geographic market. In contrast with the
to the identification of the relevant geographic market. In contrast with the
Commission’s identification of a large number of local markets, the parties insist
that the market is a national market.
Turning first to the product market(s), we examine the Commission’s contention
that these are stores operating in the market for ‘furniture and appliances’, as
opposed to the parties’ argument that holds that they are firms operating in four
distinct product markets, furniture, bedding, white goods and brown goods. From
the arguments presented, it is clear that the parties effectively identify two
separate markets, namely furniture and appliances – certainly the competitors
4 The parties also market cellular telephones and financial services. It is not suggested that the proposed
merger portends anticompetitive consequences in these latter two markets. Moreover they do, at this stage,
comprise a relatively minor part of the groups’ activities. Accordingly they will not form part of this
evaluation.
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identified by the parties in their various submission are easily recognized as
sellers of furniture or appliances or both. Are we dealing with two distinct
product markets for furniture and appliances or a composite furniture and
appliances market?
The significance of the argument is clear: accepting the parties’ argument implies,
in their view, that account be taken of ‘..the innumerable other stores which
compete with the parties in one, more or all of the aforesaid categories….there are
4961 retail stores which compete in the same market for the sale of one, more or
all of the products’. 5 In the evidence submitted by the parties they attach
particular significance to competition from the large appliance discounters, Game
and Dion’s, and then from the variety of stores selling a mix of furniture and
appliances similar to that sold by the parties themselves. The Commission
effectively argues that only the latter, stores selling household furniture and
household appliances – stores colloquially referred to as ‘furniture shops’ – be
included in the relevant market. This would not only exclude appliance
specialists like Game but it may also exclude high end furniture retailers that do
not include the traditional ‘furniture shop’ mix of audio equipment, television
sets, washing machines, refrigerators and other household appliances in their
product mix.
An intuitive answer to what a judgment in a US District Court termed the ‘general
question’ to be answered in relevant market enquiries – “whether two products
can be used for the same purpose, and if so, whether and to what extent
purchasers are willing to substitute one for the other?” 6 – would almost certainly
favour the parties’ interpretation. After all a television set purchased from one of
the parties’ stores is functionally interchangeable with one purchased through any
other store; a diningroom table is a diningroom table by another name – its
other store; a diningroom table is a diningroom table by another name – its
functional characteristics are not altered by the fact that it is sold in a store that
also deals in microwave ovens. And yet a number of important recent US and
EU judgments have found that this apparently commonsense conclusion must be
tempered by evidence suggesting that, despite the functional interchangability
between the product offerings of the stores in question, different ‘store types’
frequently compete in distinct product markets.
The oftcited case of Federal Trade Commission v Staples Inc. 7 relied upon
econometric evidence that found that large format super stationery stores set their
prices in relation to each other, effectively ignoring other retailers of identical
stationery products. In explaining this counterintuitive, but statistically robust,
outcome the court in Staples relied upon the earlier Supreme Court decision in
Brown Shoe Co. v United States which held that within a broad market “well
5 Memorandum submitted by parties
6 Hayden Publishing Co. v. Cox Broadcasting cited Staples 1074
7 970 F.Supp. 1066 (D.D.C. 1997)
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defined submarkets may exist which, in themselves, constitute product markets
for antitrust purposes”. 8 The court in Brown Shoe identified a number of
‘practical indicia’ for determining whether a submarket exists including
“industry or public recognition of the submarket as a separate economic entity,
the product’s peculiar characteristics and uses, unique production facilities,
distinct customers, distinct prices, sensitivity to price changes, and specialized
vendors.”
While sympathizing with the Staples judge’s inability ‘to fully articulate and
explain all the ways in which superstores are unique’ we too will follow the
approach in Brown Shoe and examine whether or not there are ‘practical indicia’
that place ‘furniture shops’ – the term that we will use to describe the retail format
employed by the parties – in a relevant market distinct from that of other sellers of
similar or even identical products. This approach has been followed by a number
of US Courts. In BonTon Stores, Inc. v. May Department Stores 9, despite
acknowledging that ‘..in a broad sense, traditional department stores do compete
in a vast marketplace encompassing retailers in general’, an enquiry into the
‘practical indicia’ of Brown Shoe nevertheless led to a rejection of the
defendant’s view that held that ‘traditional department stores’ referred to an
excessively narrow market in that it excluded from consideration a range of other
retail outlets selling products identical to those available from the ‘traditional
department stores’: “Applying the Brown Shoe ‘practical indicia’, the court found
that there were qualitative differences between traditional department stores and
other retailers, including the physical appearance and layout of the stores,
distinctive customers, the wide range of brandname merchandise, and service.”
10
This approach was effectively followed by the European Commission in a recent
10
This approach was effectively followed by the European Commission in a recent
matter involving the acquisition of the Dutch assets of the US super store toy
retailer, Toys R Us, by a Dutch toy retailer, Blokker. Here the EC defined the
relevant product market as ‘the retail of toys through specialized toy retail outlets’
thus rejecting the parties’ plea to include all toy outlets – department stores,
general stores, etc in the relevant market. 11
8 S.Ct. 1502, 370 U.S., 8 L.Ed. 510
9 W.D.N.Y 1994
10 Cited Staples 1080. In Bon Ton the Judge noted: ‘..the fact that two vendors both sell a particular type of
merchandise does not necessarily mean that they are in the same product market. If the market were
defined that broadly, it is hard to conceive of any merger or acquisition involving retailers that would have
an anticompetitive effect’. See also State of California ve American Stores; Alpha Beta Acqisition Corp.;
Lucky Stores, Inc . (872 F. 2d 837, 57 USLW 2581 where the District Court accepted California’s view that
‘..the relevant produce market was limited to supermarkets – fullline grocery stores with more than 10 000
square feet. The District Court reasoned that only such supermarkets compete for consumers’ periodic
grocery shopping needs.’
11 European Commission – Case No IV/M.890 – Blokker/Toys ‘R’ Us (98/663/EC)
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We have not been supplied with econometric evidence that a’la Staples
establishes that the furniture shops price their appliances only in relation to each
other or, conversely, that they do not set their prices in relation to those set by the
large appliance discounters. However, the Commission insists that these stores
are not part of the relevant market while the parties, essentially relying upon the
functional interchangability of the products offered, take the contrary view. We
need to ask ourselves whether there are strong ‘practical indicia’ that serve to
place furniture shops in a relevant market distinct from the large appliance
discounter chains of which Game is the prime example?
In our view there is, indeed, evidence that these are segmented markets. The
furniture shops and the appliance discounters do not appear to target the same
market segments. There is first the question of location. The appliance
discounters appear to target the large urban markets only, whereas the furniture
shop chains have a presence throughout the country, in the large urban centers and
in the large as well as smaller rural towns. Moreover, within the urban areas the
discounters tend to locate on the peripheries of the cities – in marked contrast with
the furniture shops they make no effort to locate themselves in areas convenient to
customers who rely on public transport.
Secondly, although the discounters do offer credit their key competitive
advantage lies in discounted cash prices, an advantage that the consumer loses in
a credit purchase. Hence the ratio of cash to credit sales is considerably higher
than that of the parties to this transaction and the discounters make no effort to
locate in areas of town convenient to those who would not be able to afford a cash
purchase. It appears that although credit is available, the scoring criteria used by
the discounters for would be credit customers are considerably more stringent
the discounters for would be credit customers are considerably more stringent
than those applied by the parties to this transaction – in short, the discounters are
low price (low margin) and consequently risk averse; the furniture shops operate
on relatively high margins and this gives them the ability to take on significantly
greater levels of risk.
Thirdly, although there are definite areas of overlap in the products on offer from
the discounters and the furniture shops, both are engaged in areas in which there
is no overlap at all. Hence the range of appliances on offer from the discounters
extends well beyond that offered by the furniture shops – where the discounters
sell sports equipment, computer hardware and even CD’s, the appliance range of
the furniture shops is confined to the more traditional household white good range
(large kitchen appliances like fridges and stoves, washing machines, etc) and to
those appliances or ‘brown goods’ that are effectively part of the lounge furniture
(music centers and television sets and VCRs). Hence even if functional
interchangability is used as the basis for determining the relevant market, it is
clear that it would remain confined to a select part of the respective activities of
the retailers and furniture shops.
14
In short then we conclude that there are indeed powerful ‘practical indicia’ that
indicate that the appliance discounters and the furniture shops do not occupy the
same relevant market despite a degree of functional overlap in the products each
offer. The appliance discounters and the furniture shops are not directed at the
same market and this is reflected in their pricing strategies, their approach to
credit, and their choice of location. 12 It has been suggested that this choice of
market is also reflected in their respective levels of service, with the furniture
shops more customer oriented in their service – they are, after all, generally
establishing long term relationships with their predominantly credit customers.
The discounters, on the other hand, are focused on high cash turnover and provide
a notoriously rudimentary service. 13
The distinction between the furniture shops and the discounters is sharpened if the
relevant market is narrowed down, as the Commission proposes, to the LSM 35
range of customers. The discounters are not poor people’s stores – they are stores
aimed at price conscious middleincome consumers. By contrast, argues the
Commission, the parties to this transaction are located in a market segment that
serves lowincome consumers. This view is rejected by the parties who argue that
there is a single mass market for furniture and appliances, that is, that differently
resourced participants in the market for appliances and furniture do not shop at
particular stores to the exclusion of others, and, hence, do not serve to introduce
an income or living standard based segment into the relevant market.
The assertion by the parties of a single mass market flies in the face of much of
the evidence presented to us. For example the parties themselves use terms like
‘traditional’ and ‘aspirational’ to distinguish the market orientation of their
brands; they have submitted considerable documentation in which they segment
brands; they have submitted considerable documentation in which they segment
the market using the LSM criteria; the evidence submitted that elaborates how the
JD Group decides whether to open a new store, where to position it, and which of
its various brands to establish in any given location is clearly indicative of the
importance that the parties themselves attach to the various living standards and
12 As noted above it appears that the large furniture chains are establishing specialized appliance
discounters who may well be in the same relevant market as the discounters like Game.
13 These arguments are borne out in a recent interview with Mr. Allan Herman, the Managing Director of
Massdiscounters, the discounters division of Massmart, incorporating Game and Dion’s. Business Report
(24 August 2000) reports that ‘Herman said Game’s winning formula was price leadership as well as price
aggression and range. “Game offers the widest selection of merchandise under one roof” he said.’
15
income measurements. 14
We have no doubt that these categories and the boundaries between them are
dynamic, are constantly shifting. Their range of brands and the sheer number of
their stores combined with the diverse formats of their stores (that is, in ascending
order of scale, ‘satellite stores’, ‘conventional stores’ and ‘super stores’) gives the
parties the ability to open and close stores relatively rapidly in response to
changing market conditions and economic circumstances. We also readily accept
that at the margins of each of the store brands there is a certain degree of
intentional overlapping of product directed at several LSM levels – hence a
consumer in the LSM 35 category will not always be confined to a store
predominantly located in that market segment but will find that the lower priced
products in the next category suit her pocket 15; naturally consumers in higher
brackets will frequently source product in lower categories. But none of this
serves to deny the legitimacy of segmenting markets by income category or that
store brands are specifically positioned to serve designated segments. In short the
parties themselves effectively acknowledge the centrality of the LSM categories
in the competitive positioning of their stores.
However, possibly the strongest evidence of clear market segmentation is found
in the pricing strategies employed by both groups in the lower segment relative to
those employed in higher segments. Evidence submitted by the parties clearly
establishes that the gross margins in the LSM 35 segment are significantly higher
than those charged in the segments immediately above. This is clearly associated
with the greater risk attached to providing credit and speaks clearly to a marked
differentiation or segmentation of the market.
14In its presentation to the Tribunal on the 10 th August the Commission supported its arguments by citing
numerous statements made by representatives of the parties. For example Mr. Eric Ellerine, in responding
positively to the transaction, is quoted as saying: “JD are the market leaders in the middle income group
(LSM Market 4 to 8) through their Russels, Bradlows, Joshua Doore and Giddy’s Electric Express. We are
the market leaders in the lower income group (LSM 3 to 5)”. And in an interview with the Commission
Mr. David Sussman stated: “Score/Price&Pride on the bottom end of the pyramid – clearly LSM 35”.
And again: “JD Group envisaged creating a new chain of stores – maybe targeted between Bradlows and
lower segment or above Score/Price&Pride segment”. In documentation submitted to this enquiry the
parties noted: ‘It intended that, over time, the new JD Group will reposition certain by converting in the
region of 100 of the total 436 Ellerines stores currently serving the LSM 35 market upwards to target the
LSM 47 markets’. And further: ‘It should also be observed that the consumer market is a dynamic one in
which the consumers are constantly changing their store preferences as their income levels rise.’
15 This appears to be part of a deliberate and eminently sensible strategy aimed at enabling consumers to
‘migrate upwards’ – it ensures that the migration upwards takes place along a continuous upward slope
rather than a discontinuous leap (see notes of David Sussman’s interview with Commission: ‘Entry market
– credit risk high and therefore risk market is limited. As customers establish a credit record, they are able
to migrate upwards’). Note further, Mr. Sussman’s statement: ‘What I think will happen is that where we
have got an abundance of stores competing against each other in a town or an area we will have to look at
what is best for the overall group whether it be a JD, a Bradlows, an Ellerines, a Royal or an Oxford. We
have got so many brands to play with and the bridge of merger is if you go up the brand ladder the
volumes increase.’ (our emphasis)
16
In summary then we conclude that the relevant market is composed of furniture
shops (with a product mix of furniture and appliances) directed at credit sales to
consumers in the LSM35 category.
The final element in defining the relevant market relates to the geographic
component of the definition. The parties insist that the market is national, while
the Commission argues that there are a large number of local markets.
The geographic market is conventionally understood to refer to that geographic
area to which consumers can practically turn for alternative sources of product
and in which the antitrust defendant faces competition.
In concluding that the geographic market is local, or, more correctly, that there are
a large number of local markets, the Commission has placed emphasis on the first
part of the definition, that is, the geographic area in which consumers can
practically turn for alternative sources of product. A bulky product like furniture
will generally be purchased as close as possible to the location at which it is
utilized, the more so when it is bought on credit and the consumers, many
‘unbanked’ and therefore without access to convenient stop order facilities, have
to present themselves at the store each month to pay their credit installment. The
parties point out that, in a country where it is still not uncommon for
breadwinners to work some distance from their family homes, the preferred site of
purchase is one proximate to the place of work precisely to enable the
breadwinner to affect the monthly payment. The extensive network of stores then
allows the delivery of the product to be affected by a store in the residential
neighbourhood.
It is the second element of the definition – that the merging parties should face
competition in the local market – that gives greater pause for thought. The
parties insist that prices and credit conditions are set nationally – prices, they aver,
parties insist that prices and credit conditions are set nationally – prices, they aver,
are set by the head office managers of the respective chains, while credit
conditions are set at group level within the strict parameters laid down by national
legislation. This implies that the parties – both national groups comprising
national chains of stores – do not respond to competition at the local level, or,
conversely, that their key competitive strategies, including pricing and credit
policies, are determined in relation to those of other national chains. Note, that
the parties make this assertion when defining the relevant market and yet, in their
assessment of the competitive impact of their transaction, claim that the regional
independents loom large in setting limits to the potential exercise of market power
on the part of the national chains. The implications of this inconsistency are
explored more fully below.
The Commission argues that while national pricing parameters are clearly
17
established, regional and branch managers are given considerable latitude to
respond to competitive conditions at the local level. As the Commission points
out, the parties conceded that, in the JD Group at least, every store manager may
discount products down to cost plus VAT in order to take a sale away from a
competitor.
Detailed econometric analysis may provide a definitive answer to this question. It
is common cause that regional and branch managers have a degree of latitude in
responding to local competitive condition. However in order to decide whether
competition takes place within the geographic boundaries for which these branch
and regional managers have responsibility we must rely on evidence
demonstrating the precise extent of this local discretion and identifying when it is
used. The JD Group has, in fact, provided detailed evidence suggesting that
revenues earned from promotions and other discounted sales account for a
relatively insignificant proportion of total revenues.
On the face of it, maintaining rigid national control of prices does not make
commercial sense. It means effectively that the national chains are prepared to
forego sales to the regional independents in order to maintain centralized national
control over pricing and other key competitive variables. Surely it would be
preferable to impose turnover or profit targets on local managers and allow them
to compete on terms dictated by their local competition? After all, as already
discussed, the ability of the consumers to physically purchase product outside of
limited geographic boundaries is circumscribed by the nature of the product.
On the other hand, we have presented with persuasive commercial reasons for
maintaining national control over or, at least, strict national coordination of these
key competitive variables. Maintaining the integrity of the brand is one reason
advanced by the parties; massive economies of scale in national advertising is
advanced by the parties; massive economies of scale in national advertising is
another. Mr. David Sussman acknowledged that the national group gave up sales
to local independents as a result of its insistence on maintaining a national
competitive strategy. However, in Sussman’s estimation, it would be ‘absolutely
impossible to manage a chain if managers were given greater discretion’ – in his
view ‘absolute chaos’ was the likely outcome of a decentralized approach to
pricing. He noted that, in the absence of national controls, store managers and
sales staff, who, he noted, were not entrepreneurs, would be tempted to secure
each and every sale to the detriment of the interests of the overall business. 16
It is also possible – and this will be elaborated below – that this centralized
strategy may simply reflect the market power of the national chains. In other
16 see transcript of Tribunal hearing of the 21 August 2000, pp. 213. Mr. Sussman’s statement indicates
clearly that he does not permit his managers to respond to competitive initiatives from local furniture
stores: ‘’Sales people and branch managers would normally take the line of least resistance and just say ‘oh
well, to do business we had to drop our prices or we had to cut prices or we had to sell at cost plus VAT’
and so on and so forth. So we discourage this to a very large extent.”
18
words, despite the nature of the product, the market may be truly national and
dominance by national brands over local markets ensures that the advantages of
eliminating all local competition are outweighed by the costs of compromising the
other advantages of a national approach to competition. Certainly the European
Commission is comfortable with finding a national market in circumstances
broadly similar to the case in point. In Blokker/Toys ‘R’ Us, the European
Commission pointed out that “In earlier decisions concerning retail operations,
the Commission has generally taken the view that retail markets can be defined as
national under certain circumstances”. It continued:
“Although the catchment area of a retail outlet, which can be based on the
distance a consumer is willing to travel to reach it, is of a local or regional
scale, the catchment area does not necessarily determine the geographic
market. In a situation where several retail chains operate networks of
stores on a national scale, the important parameters of competition are
determined on a national scale. Therefore, from the viewpoint of the
catchment area, what may be a local or regional market has to be
aggregated to a national market in these circumstances.”
On the evidence before us, we conclude that the parties to this transaction do,
indeed, set prices and key trading conditions nationally. The Executive Chairman
of JD has specifically conceded that the group loses sales to local independents in
order to maintain national control over its competitive strategies. While the
parties have acknowledged that regional and branch managers have a certain
discretion with respect to pricing, deviations from national prices have to be
sanctioned at the national level and we have been presented with evidence that
establishes that this only occurs in exceptional instances. In short, the parties
establishes that this only occurs in exceptional instances. In short, the parties
acknowledge that they do not set prices and trading conditions in response to
competition from local independents but only in response to other national
players. The local independents do not then comprise part of the relevant national
market.
Accordingly we find that the relevant market is the sale of furniture and
appliances on credit to consumers in the LSM35 category through national
chains of ‘furniture shops’.
4.3 The likely impact on competition in the relevant market
We are enjoined by Section 16(1) of the Act to determine whether or not the
transaction ‘is likely to substantially prevent or lessen competition’ in the
relevant market.
A firm’s market share reflects the amount of economic activity for which it is
responsible in the relevant market. The US Supreme Court has declared that the
19
“amount of annual sales is relevant as a prediction of future competitive strength”
and is “the primary index of market power”. 17 However, where the structure of
the industry or special practices suggest that market share calculations based on
sales figures would be misleading in assessing the impact of the merger, the US
Courts, have also used other data, for example production and capacity figures, in
order to calculate concentration. 18
There are a number of widely accepted empirical indicators of market power. The
most common among these is the HerfindahlHirschman index and the fourfirm
concentration ratios. Both are naturally heavily conditioned by the quality of the
data used to calculate them and, above all, by the parameters of the relevant
market.
The parties have presented us with two sets of HHI measures, the one based on the total
furniture and household appliance credit market, the second based on the LSM 35
income group market (see tables 1 and 2 below) that, on their data, indicate relatively low
levels of concentration and little change in concentration as a result of the merger.
Table 1: HHI based on total Turnover of Furniture and Household Goods:
Company Turnove
r
R/million
Marke
t
Share
HHI Pre
merger
HHI Post
merger
Change in
HHI
JD Group 1,832 9.5 90.9 184.8
Game/Dion 1,966 10.2 104.7 104.7
17 See United states v General Dynamics Corp., 415 U.S. 486, 501 (1974) and Brown Shoe Co. v United
States, 370 U.S. 294, 322 n.38 (1969)
18 United States v. Amax, Inc., 402 F. Supp. 956 (D. Conn. 1975)
20
Profurn 1,704 8.9 78.7 78.7
Relyant 1,573 8.2 67.0 67.0
Makro 1,450 7.5 57.0 57.0
Ellerines 780 4.1 16.5
Lewis 1,815 9.4 89.2 89.2
OK/Hyperama 798 4.2 17.3 17.3
Pick ‘n Pay
Hypermarket 650 3.4 11.4 11.4
Independents 6 645 34,6
TOTAL 19,213 100 532.7 610.1 77.4
Source: Commissioned by the parties from AC Nielsen
A major difficulty in agreeing upon sales figures is that the bases for calculating these
figures differ as between the various groups with some reflecting turnover values based
on cash price sales while others include finance and insurance charges in their turnover.
According to AC Nielsen they scrutinised the annual financial statements of each of the
listed groups for the financial year 1999 and extracted from that what they regarded as
the common denominator in the definition of “turnover”, that is sales at cash price.
There are a number of telling errors in the basic data used. For example, the
Lewis figures are from their 2000 Annual Report while the others are all drawn
from the 1999 Annual Reports. Moreover, the Lewis figures do not account for
the fact that 90% of Lewis’s sales are on credit, as stated in the GUS annual
report. Assuming a finance charge income at 22% the correct figure should
amount to R 1 303 million and not R1 815 million. Given that the figure for the
independents is a residual calculated as the difference between the official figure
for total sales and those attributed to the groups cited in the table, the effect of this
correction is to increase sales attributable to independents by a further R512
million.
Moreover there are certain stores that clearly do not belong in the relevant market –
the ‘right’ to purchase from Makro is restricted to card holders and the Pick ‘n Pay
Hypermarket is a cash only store.
However, the HHI calculation in Table 1 is most severely distorted by a serious
methodological error: The parties cannot, on the one hand, insist that prices and
methodological error: The parties cannot, on the one hand, insist that prices and
key purchase conditions are set nationally with minimal discretion given to the
local managers, and, yet, on the other hand, insist that for HHI purposes the
turnover attributable to the independents be included in the size of the market.
Setting price nationally implies, per definition, and this is borne out by statements
cited above, that the parties do not respond to local competition, that, in other
words, it is not relevant in their market. It implies that those who set their prices
21
nationally have accepted that a share of the market will always belong to the
independents, because an allout pursuit of the independents’ sales would involve
sacrificing the commercial advantages of centralization. It also has the potential
of spilling over into a price war between the national chains. This scenario is not
mere conjecture; it is established by the parties’ own insistence that their
competitive strategies are nationally driven. Stripping the independents out of the
data used for calculating the HHI data raises it significantly.
Moreover, these HHI’s measure concentration in a product market that we
consider broader than the relevant market. In particular, as elaborated above, we
have concluded that the appliance discounters are not part of the relevant market.
The second HHI calculation submitted by the parties is of the LSM 35 market.
As already discussed the parties argue strongly for a single mass market. They
have however submitted an HHI calculation of the LSM 35 in order to
demonstrate that, even on this assumption, the HHI still reveals low levels of
concentration.
Table 2: HHI based on total turnover of Furniture and Household Goods in LSM
35 market:
Turnove
r
R/million
Marke
t
Share
HHI Pre
merger
HHI Post
merger
Change in
HHI
Lewis 1 815 22.9 525.0 525.0
Profurn 530 6.7 44.8 44.8
Relyant 712 9.0 80.8 80.8
Ellerines 680 8.6 73.7 173.1
JD 362 4.6 20.9
OK 500 6.3 39.8 39.8
Independents 3 322 41.9
TOTAL 7 921 100 785.7 863.5 78.5
Source: Commissioned by the parties from AC Nielsen
However, this calculation suffers from the same methodological flaw as the single
mass market HHI reflected in Table 1. That is, the independents are again
included despite the parties’ insistence that the market is national.
Second, is the surprising inclusion of the Lewis turnover in this data set. In
Second, is the surprising inclusion of the Lewis turnover in this data set. In
evidence submitted by the parties themselves they have not seen fit to include
Lewis in the LSM 35 rather placing them in the next market segment. In a later
submission the parties indicated that, in their estimation, Lewis spanned the range
of LSM 3 through to LSM 8. However for the purposes of this calculation all of
22
Lewis’ considerable turnover is placed in the LSM 35 range. Note Mr. Eric
Ellerine’s confident assertion cited earlier: ‘We are the market leaders in the
lower income group (LSM 35’) – and yet for the purposes of calculating the HHI
for this segment Lewis’ turnover in this market is represented as three times
higher than Ellerines! 19
Based upon this critique of the HHI calculations submitted by the parties, we have
reworked the HHI for the relevant market, as defined in section 4.2 above, as
follows:
Table 3: HHI based on turnover of furniture and appliance shops directed at credit sales
in LSM 35 excluding independents:
Company Turnove
r
R/million
Marke
t
Share
HHI Pre
merger
HHI Post
merger
Change in
HHI
Profurn 530 17.2 295.8 295.8
Relyant 712 23.1 533.6 533.6
Ellerines 680 22.0 484.0 1135.7
JD 362 11.7 136.9
OK/Hyperama 500 16.2 262.4 262.4
Lewis* 300 9.8 96.0 96.0
TOTAL 3084 100 1809 2324 515
Source: own calculation
* Note that, cognizant of Lewis’ spread across the LSM segments, based on a cash sales
turnover figure of approximately R1,3 billion, we have included a figure of R400 million
for Lewis in our recalculated HHI. This is an estimated LSM35 turnover figure for
Lewis based upon a similar LSM35 sales to total sales ratio for Profurn.
A postmerger HHI above 1800 is generally considered to be highly concentrated.
Mergers that produce an increase of more than 50 points as in the above calculation
clearly raise significant competitive concerns.
The Competition Commission also calculated the HHI in its recommendation. However,
it followed a different approach by calculating concentration based on the number of
stores of each of the participants in the various local geographic markets excluding the
independents. They identified 500 local markets but only calculated HHI’s for a sample
of 12 markets, 2 major cities in each province 20. They conclude that in the 12 markets
of 12 markets, 2 major cities in each province 20. They conclude that in the 12 markets
19 Note diagram in Appendix A. This was submitted by the parties and places Lewis outside of the
LSM35 segment.
20 Johannesburg, Pretoria, Port Elizabeth, Cape Town, Bloemfontein, Pieter Maritzburg, Rustenburg,
Nelspruit, Durban, Kimberley
23
analysed the merged entity will have a market share of 60% in one market, between
5060% in four markets and between 4050% in four markets. In the remaining three
markets, the market shares of the merged entity will exceed 30%. 21
Another method used to calculate concentration is the four firm concentration ratio, CR4
test. It measures the portion of the market accounted for by a given number of leading
firms, in this case the four leading firms. If we take the market shares of the top four
companies in the LSM 35 as calculated in table 3 above the four top firms concentration
figure would be as follows:
Table 4: 4firm concentration ratio
Profurn 19,5%
Relyant 26,2%
Ellerines 25,0%
JD 13.3%
Total 84%
Source: Own calculation
The merged firm will therefore supply 38,3% of the relevant market.
Competition authorities are, as a general rule, very sceptical of a merger
where the combined share of the four largest firms will exceed 75% and the
merged firm will supply at least 15% of the relevant market.
In summary, we have used various methods and information to calculate
concentration in the relevant market and have found shortcomings and flaws in
each of the methods used.
In the premises, given the widely disparate HHI calculations, we are not willing to
place complete reliance on any of these measures. Nor do we believe that the
HHI, even when a relatively straightforward calculation, should, on its own,
constitute the basis for deciding on the outcome of a merger investigation. The
HHIs are indicative statistical measures; they are not determinant. They must
always be bolstered a deeper, qualitative enquiry in order to arrive at a realistic
assessment of the impact of the transaction on competition in the relevant market.
21 The parties criticized the Commission’s attempt to base its concentration measure on the number of
stores, pointing out that this lumped together a large variety of distinct stores, conventional stores together
with the considerably smaller satellite stores and the significantly larger super stores. While we agree that
store numbers is not an ideal measure of concentration, if the market is national and, if one accepts that
each of the national chains is similarly composed of store format varieties, then the measure should be seen
as providing an indicative measure of concentration.
24
Several factors serve to reinforce these statistical indications that the transaction
has the potential to impact adversely upon competition:
The first concerns our difficulty in identifying the very basis of competition
between the national chains in the relevant market. We have perused the reams of
advertising material submitted by the parties. It is unusually difficult to compare
cash prices and this because the various participants in the relevant market appear
to make a determined effort to bedevil any attempt to compare cash prices at one
store with those offered by it various competitors. For example while the
specifications of many of the brands on offer are identical the various stores
appear to be at pains to ensure that they do not offer the same branded products as
those offered by their competitors television sets are a good example here. Or
alternately the precise specifications of the advertised products are shrouded in
names that disguise more than they reveal – lounge suites are a good example of
this practice. As noted above, the manufacturers produce inhouse brands for the
large chains and this also bedevils interstore price comparison. If price
comparison has eluded the resources of a competition authority, we can only
conclude that the average LSM 35 customer is in an even more disadvantageous
position in choosing from among the apparently vast array of options on offer. 22
22 Note that, in any event, c onsumer behavior in the LSM 35 market is not as responsive to
price as the parties suggest. This is because in the typical sale the sale price is considerably less
than the total cost to the customer. A typical purchase comprises the payment of a 10% deposit
and then installments for the balance payable monthly over 24 months. Added to the sale price
are
• Delivery charges of R350.
• finance charges of approximately 22% of the principal debt (i.e. the sale price less the
deposit)
deposit)
• insurance (in Ellerines case 10,5% and in JD’s 12% per annum of the sale price).
• Then JD but not Ellerines includes
retrenchment insurance 6% of the outstanding balance (the
principal debt plus finance charges) per annum; and
its magazine R 209.65 plus VAT.
In a working example prepared by Investec on two goods both with a sale price of R4999 the total cost to
an Ellerines purchaser is R7968,82 a monthly installment of R332.03. The total cost to the JD customer is
even more at R 8060,49, a monthly installment, of R391.75 . Investec arrives at two conclusions. JD with
its additional expenses could charge R1000 less on the sale price and the consumer would still pay the same
monthly installment as that charged by Ellerines. More importantly they say that Ellerines insurance
charges are lower than the rest of the industry and they could profitably raise them from 10,5 % to 17,5%.
If Investec is correct, this on its own is an indication of the potential for market power to be exercised post
merger more so if JD is already able to charge 18% on insurances premerger. The following statement
from the JD Group Board meeting of the 24 May is testament to the anticompetitive potential of this
opaque method of pricing product: ‘(Mr. Strauss – the JD MD) noted that other income levels at Ellerines
could be boosted by at least 5% by the introduction of retrenchment insurance, furniture club membership
fees and extended guarantees’ .
25
On the other hand credit terms and conditions appear identical across the various
LSM 35 chains. This is to be expected given the level of statutory regulation of
credit terms and conditions to which we have already alluded. However, it
appears that an area of considerable competition centers upon the relative ease of
access to credit available through the various competing groups of stores. This
factor, above all, appears to act as the principle instrument for attracting custom in
the LSM 35 category. 23
However, easy access to credit is clearly a drawcard that has to be managed with
consummate care – several major chains have already fallen prey to the dangers
of a poorly managed debtors book. While all of the key players in the LSM 35
market offer credit on relatively easy terms, Ellerine’s longstanding reputation for
granting entry level credit and the quality of management of its vast debtor’s book
is unparalleled. Moreover the unusual strength of Ellerine Holding’s balance
sheet – primarily because, in contrast with the other national chains, it has not
been an aggressive acquisitor, it is ungeared enables it to extend consumer
credit with considerably greater ease than its competitors.
Secondly, and this has a strong relationship to the use of credit facilities in this
segment of the retail furniture trade, there is the question of brand loyalty. Brand
loyalty here refers to the observed tendency of customers to remain with a single
chain or, at least, within a single group of chains. The parties have questioned the
extent of brand loyalty but this is at odds with other assessments of customer
behaviour in this sector, many of which specifically refer to evidence of strong
brand loyalty. 24 A common sense reading of the furniture retail trade would
favour those who identify strong brand loyalty – credit accounts for much
including a strong interdependence between debtor and creditor.
including a strong interdependence between debtor and creditor.
The upshot is that in acquiring Ellerines, the JD Group does not merely acquire
one of the country’s best retail brands and the various material assets owned by
the company – it actually acquires customers in the form of the large debtors book
and, moreover, customers who are likely to remain loyal to the acquiring party.
Furthermore, because of the observed, and perfectly understandable tendency
(arising again out of the nature of the credit) of group (as opposed to mere brand)
loyalty the acquisition of Ellerines will not only increase JD’s customer base at
the LSM 35 segment but will provide it with customers who are liable, in Mr.
23 Note Raphael Kaplinsky and Claudia Manning – Concentration, Competition Policy and the Role of
Small and MediumSized Enterprises in South Africa’s Industrial Development (Journal of Development
Studies, Vol. 35, No.1, October 1998): ‘Several of the (furniture retail) chains’ marketing directors – whom
we interviewed – ….informed us that black consumers (the main users of consumer credit) are not ‘price
sensitive’, since they are primarily concerned with getting access to credit..’(p1534)
24 Diverse sources remark upon the extent of brand loyalty in this trade. See, for example, the
Commission’s submission and also the Fleming Martin report on the sector. See also the divisional review
of Protea Furnishers in the Profurn Annual Report: ‘The division furthermore boasts a total of 340 000
accounts or customers of which 40% contribute to repeat business.’
26
Sussman’s words, to ‘migrate upwards’ to other brands in the group. This is why
brands in the lower segment are referred to as ‘entry level’ brands and those in the
higher segments as ‘aspirational’.
We should underline that the loyalty described above is not to be taken for
granted in most merger transactions – on the contrary competition regulators are
generally able to assume that a combined entity will lose a certain proportion of
its combined customer base to existing competitors. In this case, however, the
likelihood is that the merged entity will not only retain the combined LSM 35
customer base but will also simultaneously increase the customer base for its
higher segment brands. This unusual outcome derives from the fact that the
Ellerine’s customers and those of Price ‘n Price and Score, JD’s existing LSM 35
stores, are poor people with highly limited access to credit, subject, in other
words, to a powerful incentive to remain with those from whom they have already
received credit.
Thirdly, we do not share the parties’ assessment that entry barriers are low.
Information submitted by the parties establishes that the introduction of new
national store brands is, by and large, the effective prerogative of the existing
national chains. 25 This is not surprising. The economies derived from
membership of a large, established group are clearly considerable and relate, most
obviously, to IT costs, advertising, supplier discounts and warehousing expenses.
The ease with which the established groups are able to open new stores within an
established brand must act as a significant deterrent to would be new entrants
who, on the evidence presented, would have every reason to expect that any
lucrative market will soon attract one of the established brands. Store leases, we
are told by the parties, are generally of five years duration and so the sunk cost are
significant.
Above all new entrants are constrained by the requirements of running a large
significant.
Above all new entrants are constrained by the requirements of running a large
debtor’s book. The parties assert that this entry barrier only pertains to an entrant
that wants to run its own debtors book and it notes the availability of credit from
other financial institutions, including some dedicated to providing credit to
purchasers of furniture. However, we are persuaded by the evidence gathered by
the Commission to the effect that this credit is both limited, a veritable drop in the
ocean compared to the parties ability to extend credit, and costly. 26
25 Nor should the difficulty of establishing new brands, even for the established groups, be underestimated.
A glance at the length of time for which many of the established furniture brands have been in existence
(see profiles of the groups presented above) bears testament to the difficulties that new entrants will face.
On the other hand the Commission’s sample survey of independents and their inability to even track down
a significant proportion of those in a large sample indicates that new entrants are subject to a high failure
rate and tend to exit very rapidly.
26 See Commission’s presentation to the Tribunal hearing of the 10 August 2000. Credcor, the largest
source of credit for customers of the independents, has a debtors book totaling R90 million in respect of
furniture and appliance retailers, while the parties alone have a combined book of the R2,8 billion.
27
The remarkably high margins, particularly in the LSM 35 range, are themselves
indicative of market power and of high barriers to entry. Ellerine’s gross margins
are 53,5%. In the LSM 35 brands the JD Group’s gross margins are 44% and in
the LSM 68 they go down to between 27% and 33%. We accept that the margins
reflect the exceptional degree of risk that the participants are willing to assume in
this low income, creditbased market. But they clearly establish that not many
others are willing to assume this risk even at margins strikingly higher than those
generally available in the retail trade. Pick ‘n Pay’s response to the Commission
to the effect that it would only consider entering this market if prices went up by
10% is indicative of the hurdles that even this experienced and well resourced
retailer perceives in the low income furniture market.
Finally, there is no doubt that the transaction results in the removal of an effective
competitor. As already noted David Sussman himself has been at pains to
acknowledge the strength of Ellerines. The Financial Mail reports: “At JD they
regarded Ellerines as serious rivals. ‘In the market we’re their biggest rival’, says
Sussman. ‘We weren’t as concentrated at the entry level (lower end of the market)
as Ellerines are. But we were really slogging it out toe to toe’”
We accordingly find that the transaction is likely to substantially lessen
competition in the relevant market. This conclusion is based on the share that the
merged entity will have of the LSM 35 market in combination with the role
played by credit allocation in attracting and maintaining a customer base,
Ellerine’s unusually powerful position in the business of granting credit, high
levels of brand loyalty, high barriers to entry, and that fact that the transaction will
result in the removal of an extremely effective competitor.
We should note that we give no credence to the notion that because the Ellerine’s
We should note that we give no credence to the notion that because the Ellerine’s
brand will be retained it will continue to provide the same level of competition to
the existing JD brands. Although different brands, they will be subject to a single
controlling mind and to view them as competitors for antitrust purposes is
without precedent and, we respectfully submit, good sense. 27
4.4 A note on the independent furniture retailers
We have identified South Africa as the relevant geographic market. The effect of
this is to exclude the local independent stores from the relevant market – as
Moreover, Credcor derives its income not only from interest on the credit it extends but it also levies a fee
on the retailer thus raising the cost of credit sourced through Credcor. Furthermore, the Commission avers
that the credit checks imposed by Credcor are stricter than those applied by the parties.
27 The parties have stated that the base price of products in the JD Group is the same for each business
unit in the Group. (Par 5.2.4.1 of their filing made on 3 rd August) This contradicts their assertions
elsewhere (Par 5.1.12) that individual units compete with one another.
28
already elaborated, the parties themselves aver that they do not respond to
competitive initiatives from this quarter. However, despite the glaring
inconsistency in their approach, the parties nevertheless attempt to make much of
the alleged competitive presence of the independents.
The Commission, for its part, finds local geographic markets but then, also
exhibiting a certain inconsistency in its approach, finds that the independents are
not a significant source of competition in these markets.
Our finding that the relevant market is national relies principally on evidence
submitted by the parties. We accept, as outlined above, that there are rational
commercial grounds why large national chains should value centralized, national
determination of their key competitive strategies and, conversely, why they
should not respond to initiatives from the local independents. However, if this
issue is examined from the perspective of the current competitive strength and
future prospects of the independents, then it is not difficult to see why they are all
but ignored by the participants in the relevant market – the large national chains –
in the preparation of their competitive strategies.
There appear to be two types of independent operators. The first, the vast
majority, operate a conventional store format . The second operate a very large
super store format. Some of the independents group two or three stores but most
are single store operations. They are ownermanaged enterprises.
The evidence gathered by the Commission regarding the former grouping of
independents is striking. The parties informed the Commission investigators that
there were 1251 independents in the 99 local markets in which both parties
compete. A survey conducted by the Commission of 202 of these independents in
the Eastern Cape, Northern Province and the Free State established that 93 were
the Eastern Cape, Northern Province and the Free State established that 93 were
no longer in business, 12 were not in the relevant product market, and four
declined to respond to the Commission’s queries. Of the remaining 93 only 13 –
6,5% of the sample surveyed serve the lowincome market and provide credit.
The parties also referred to Furnex, a company that buys products and obtains
financial services on behalf of its members all of whom are independent retailers.
The parties argue that Furnex’s collective buying power constitutes its members
as a real competitive threat to the large national chains. We disagree. Furnex’s
members may be able to use their collective purchasing power to reduce the cost
of their product, but there is no indication that firms graduate from Furnex
membership to become significant chains. Indeed each Furnex member controls,
on average, a trifling 1,5 stores.
The parties made much of the competition from the large format independents.
They provided four examples. Although found in very few areas, these are
29
undoubtedly very large stores. However these stores are a particular manifestation
of South Africa’s past and the conditions for expansion of these stores and for
new entry by large format independent have disappeared.
The four stores used by the parties are indicative of this. They are owned by
Indian entrepreneurs whom the Group Areas Act confined to particular locales of
the large rural towns in which they are all based. These were generally located in
proximity to the transport routes from the African townships, precisely the sites
now favoured by the parties and the other large national chains in the low income
segment of the market. These stores, managed by extremely able entrepreneurs,
were prevented by the Group Areas Act and by restrictions on raising capital,
from expanding out of their prescribed bases. Had they not been restricted by
apartheid they may well have been in the position occupied today by the parties to
this transaction. However, the unfortunate truth is that they remain confined to
their original bases, they remain familyowned and managed with all the
limitations that implies for rapid expansion, and they now have to contend with
added competition from the multistore chains. We asked the parties whether any
of the stores cited by them as examples of large independent super stores had been
in existence for less than 10 years. They have not been. We would indeed be
surprised if any had been in existence for less than 20, even 30 years. This
confirms that new entry at this scale of operation is not feasible. This, combined
with the obstacles in the way of expansion on the part of the existing players,
leads us to conclude that they are, at most, significant in a small number of
regions and that the extent of competitive pressure from this source is, if anything,
likely to decline rapidly.
4.5 The Impact of the transaction on the manufacturers of furniture
likely to decline rapidly.
4.5 The Impact of the transaction on the manufacturers of furniture
A constant refrain running through the investigation and evaluation of this
transaction concerns its possible impact on relations between, on the one hand, the
manufacturers of furniture and, on the other, the retailers. Various concerns have
been expressed: more powerful retailers, operating in a less competitive retail
market, are better able to squeeze the profit margins of the manufacturers; the
preponderance of large national retail outlets with centralized purchasing
departments inevitably means that the volumes ordered will exceed the capacities
of the smaller manufacturers; the close relationship alleged to exist between the
JD Group and the Steinhoff Group, much the largest manufacturer of furniture in
South Africa, would further underpin the progressive exclusion of the smaller
manufacturers from large parts of the market; the additional purchasing power of
the new group combined with its allegedly close relationship with Steinhoff
would give JD a competitive edge over other furniture retailers. 28 29
28 Cf. footnote 2, above. This provides evidence suggesting that the JD Group already received payment
terms from the manufacturers that are preferable to those available to the other chains.
29 Note Kaplinsky and Manning (op cit) whose analysis of the industrial structure of the furniture
30
A group of small furniture manufacturers submitted a statement of their concerns
to the Commission. However, they requested that they not be identified and the
Tribunal has accordingly had no regard to their statements.
The parties, for their part, have furnished the Tribunal with more than 120 letters
from manufacturers expressing support of the transaction. A Commission
investigator has submitted an affidavit in which she attests that certain
manufacturers have reported (and again declined to be named) that they were
pressurized by senior representatives of the parties to submit these letters. The
parties have denied these allegations. The Tribunal must again decline to accept
anonymous submissions, though it records that the alacrity with which the
manufacturers responded to the request for support and the near unanimity of the
response ((there was a single detractor) suggests that the parties do command a
not inconsiderable degree of power vis a vis the manufacturers.
However given that we could not rely on the anonymous grievances submitted,
this issue has not influenced the outcome of the Tribunal’s evaluation of this
transaction. We do note though that the purchasing power – market power, in
other words – of the large retailers vis ‘a vis the smaller producers is cause for
concern and calls for vigilance on the part of the competition authority. We also
note the parties’ undertaking to maintain existing supplier relations.
4.6 Procompetitive gain
The parties have not identified procompetitive gains in the relevant market. On
the contrary, as already noted, Mr. Sussman has been at pains to distinguish this
transaction from previous acquisitions by the JD Group. In the other transactions
JD acquired ailing chains and turned them around. These pecuniary gains have
not been claimed in this transaction, where the target company is identified as a
well managed, thriving group.
The only efficiency claims made are in respect of the parties’ activities in
The only efficiency claims made are in respect of the parties’ activities in
financial services. These are examined under public interest.
4.7 Public Interest
In undertaking a merger evaluation we are enjoined by Section 16(3) of the Act to
consider specified public interest issues. Where, as in the case, the merger has
manufacturing industry bears out many of these fears: ‘The retail chains we interviewed all informed us
that they could not source from small producers because the latter could not produce sufficient quantities.
Consequently the bulk of the retailers’ purchases came from large enterprises.’ This research them bears
out the central argument in their paper, namely, ‘that the process of retail concentration serves to
undermine the market access opportunities of smaller producers.’ (p1523)
31
been found to diminish competition, we enquire whether a positive impact on
public interest outweighs the negative impact on competition, thus permitting
approval of the merger. Note that the Act specifies the public interest grounds
that the Tribunal may consider these being the impact of the merger on a
particular sector or region, on employment, on the ability of small businesses and
firms controlled by historically disadvantaged persons to become competitive, and
the ability of national industries to compete in international markets. Note too that
the mere existence of a public interest ground is not enough in itself. The Act
requires the public interest ground to be substantial.
In this merger the merging parties have, whilst not conceding the merger is
anticompetitive, raised under the public interest rubric an aspect of the deal affecting their
respective financial service arms, which they say, is in the public interest.
4.7.1 Financial Services
The parties have raised the increase in their ability to offer financial
services as a public interest ground in that they are helping bank the
“unbanked”.
They say that with an increased store base of approximately 1250 outlets in SA they will
be in a better position to do so. They also stated that certain stores could be converted
into franchises particularly in the Electrical Express Chain and that this would be
beneficial for small business and create employment opportunities.
All these objectives are very laudable, but what we have to assess is whether the parties
require the merger in order to implement them. Nothing the parties have told us suggests
they cannot implement these strategies without the merger.
We turn first to the claims regarding financial services and note at the outset that it is not
clear under which of the specified public interest grounds this claim is made. However,
clear under which of the specified public interest grounds this claim is made. However,
that having been noted, we will nevertheless proceed to examine the substance of the
claim.
The parties claim that the additional store base will lower the costs of
rolling out their financial services arm. However, both Ellerines and JD
have extensive and often overlapping networks of stores. Neither party
needs a merger to reduce the costs of rollout.
Nor do they require the merger to increase their ability to raise capital. Both have already
embarked on expanding into financial services prior to contemplation of the deal and are
already operating divisions, have marketing strategies in place and, in the case of
Ellerines, have developed a separate brand in Rainbow Loans. If anything the market for
these loans will become less competitive if two competitors providing these products are
32
merged. We do not base our decision to find the merger lessens competition on this, we
merely use this to reject the suggestion that the merger brings with it a substantial public
interest.
In short, the parties do not need this merger to enter this market they have already
entered and are better resourced than most to sustain that entry.
The suggestion that these activities bring banking to the unbanked must also be treated
with some skepticism. The financial services offered do not replicate the traditional
services of the banking sector i.e. local branches for savings accounts etc, that is, they do
not ‘bank the unbanked’. They extend credit and stimulate consumption – they do not
facilitate or encourage savings. Moreover, as the evidence of the parties clearly indicates,
micro loan schemes are ubiquitous and there is no suggestion that these services, as
opposed to the more traditional banking services, are not getting to the “unbanked”.
As to the suggestion that the parties may involve themselves in
franchising, although not stated expressly we assume the motivation is
based on 16(3) (ii) and (iii) of the Act, which deal respectively with
employment and the ability of small business and businesses owned by
HDI’s to become competitive. The ‘offer’ to promote franchising is
vague. Moreover, we should point out that franchising is a business
strategy aimed at spreading risk and we presume that this would be the
basis of a decision to franchise certain brands. Franchising will not be
embarked upon in order to promote the public interest. Furthermore if the
parties wish to pursue franchising there is no apparent reason why this is
contingent upon the merger.
4.7.2 Employment
Undertakings were made to the employees and we are satisfied that the
merger raises no concerns on this ground
4.7.3 Other Public Interest Grounds
merger raises no concerns on this ground
4.7.3 Other Public Interest Grounds
None of the other public interest issues were raised by either the merging
parties or the Commission and so we do not need to consider them.
4.8 The Proposed Conditional Acceptance
The Commission initially recommended prohibition of the transaction. However,
it subsequently reconsidered its position and has recommended that the
transaction be approved subject to a number of conditions. Although the parties
do not admit that their transaction will substantially reduce competition and,
33
accordingly, that the imposition of conditions is warranted, it has agreed to accept
the conditions in order to secure approval of the transaction.
The panel is empowered to approve the transaction conditionally. We will,
accordingly, examine the proposed conditions.
The core condition is that, within 9 months of the date of approval of the transaction (or,
with the Commission’s agreement, a further 3 months), the merged entity will divest
itself of 150 stores in the LSM 35 category. The stores selected for divestiture must be
acceptable to the Commission. The purchaser shall preferably be a Black Economic
Empowerment Group approved by the Commission, or, failing that, another buyer
approved by the Commission. Furthermore, once the stores are selected for divestiture,
the merged entity undertakes to manage the chosen stores efficiently ‘so as to ensure that
the new purchaser shall become a viable competitor of the JD Group after the sale by the
JD Group’. The statement of conditions submitted by the Commission specifically
records that, in determining the identity of the purchaser, ‘its ongoing viability must be
paramount’. The Standard Bank will be appointed at JD’s expense to monitor
compliance with the conditions.
Finally, it is noted that, ‘Section 14(5) shall be applicable to all the aforesaid conditions’.
Section 14(5) allows the Commission to revoke its decision to approve or conditionally
approve an intermediate merger, in the event of, inter alia, a breach of any obligation
attached to the decision.
A number of other conditions relating to employment and the parties’ involvement in
financial services are proposed. However, important though they may be, they do not
impact on the competition concerns that have led us to prohibit the transaction.
Accordingly, the imposition of these conditions would not cause us to reverse our
finding. However the conditions relating to the divestiture of certain of the stores in the
finding. However the conditions relating to the divestiture of certain of the stores in the
portfolio of the merged entity are manifestly intended to address the competition
concerns arising from the merger. We will accordingly confine our decision to these
conditions.
Turning to the substantive conditions proposed, we note that it is not uncommon
for the competition authorities or the courts in other jurisdictions to impose
divestiture as a condition for the approval of a merger. Under the previous
competition law regime in South Africa divestiture agreements were struck in the
context of merger investigations. There are many examples of successful
divestiture arrangements, that is, divestiture arrangements that have permitted a
revised transaction, one that meets the requirements of both the parties and the
competition regulators, to go ahead. Merger regulation must recognize that many
mergers are efficiency enhancing and, in general, part of the legitimate conduct of
business. Accordingly, if an anticompetitive merger can be ‘rescued’ by excising
those aspects that generate concern, then the Commission and the parties are
34
encouraged to seek out these solutions. Furthermore, a structural solution such as
divestiture, is generally to be preferred to a behavioural condition that requires
constant monitoring by the competiton authorities or, expressed otherwise,
ongoing regulatory intervention in the affairs of the merged entity.
However, not every anticompetitive merger can be cured by a divestiture order.
Or, conversely, it is not simply any divestiture order that will cure an anti
competitive merger. The finer details – the precise assets to be divested, the
identity of the purchaser, the price, the length of time taken to effect the
divestiture, the postdivestiture relationship between the merged and divested
entities – are all important. However, the conditions proposed here contain only
the barest of detail. On the other hand there is persuasive evidence that suggests
that a divestment has only a slim prospect of overcoming the anticompetitive
consequences of this transaction.
The litmus test of the effectiveness of divestiture is whether it maintains
competition in the postmerger relevant market, or, in the language of the Act,
whether or not it permits of a transaction that does not ‘substantially prevent or
lessen competition’. The Federal Trade Commission holds that
“The order, the divestiture contract, the buyer and the buyer’s business
plan should be evaluated in terms of whether the divestiture will restore
competition in the complaint market. This means that the divested entity
must have the same potential and incentives to expand and innovate as the
firm that disappeared. It should not be a firm that has continuing
dependency on the respondent or that is frozen in a static product or
locked in a narrow competitive niche.” 30
In other words, the practical measure of the effectiveness of a procompetitive
divestiture is whether or not the divested assets constitute the basis for introducing
divestiture is whether or not the divested assets constitute the basis for introducing
a new competitor into the market, or for strengthening the competitiveness of an
established participant. This test imposes a conflicting set of incentives on the
merging parties – on the one hand, they are eager to proceed with the transaction
and are, therefore, encouraged to find a buyer who meets these criteria; on the
other hand, they would not wish, in the process, to create a powerful new
opposing competitive force, to sow, as it were, the potential seeds of its own
future destruction.
The Competition Commission is clearly cognizant of these considerations, of
these conflicting incentives. This is presumably why the Commission makes
much of the requirement that the purchaser of the divested assets be ‘viable’, why
the merged entity is specifically enjoined to facilitate the viability of the
purchasers, and why a merchant bank is employed to ensure that these conditions
30 Federal Trade Commission (1999) – A Study of the Commission’s Divestiture Process (p.37)
35
are respected.
However we are not persuaded that these conditions reverse the dangers to
competition that have caused us to prohibit the transaction.
Firstly, precious little detail has been provided. Indeed there is as yet simply no
detail to provide. With respect to the assets divested it is clear that the value that
attaches to the stores is to be found in the brand or brands, the staff and the
management systems, the debtors book, and, to a varying extent, the store leases.
On the face of it, there is nothing to suggest that a chain of this size and this
structure will be viable. Certainly there is no successful role model. The other
national chains, against whom the new entity will compete, all have LSM 35
interests larger than that represented by the 150 stores and, possibly more
important, all have major interests in other segments of the market. It is
suggested by the parties themselves that even Ellerine’s Holdings, with its
powerful LSM 35 stake, suffered in consequence of its limited presence in the
other market segments. It will lack the purchasing power that brings its
competitors critical advantages on the supply side and it will lack the diversity
that allows the other chains to view its LSM 35 brand as its entry level clients
ultimately to be ‘migrated’ into the lower risk, cashoriented segments of the
market. In our view the stake offered is at once too small and too undiversified to
compete successfully against the established retail groups.
However, it is simultaneously too large to be managed by interests with no
experience of this highly specialized and risky trade. A strong conclusion of the
Federal Trade Commission’s review of its experience of divestiture conditions is
that ‘the most successful buyers are the most knowledgeable. Buyers who are
making geographic extension mergers of ongoing businesses are the most
successful’.31 In this instance nothing is known of the prospective purchaser
successful’.31 In this instance nothing is known of the prospective purchaser
except that a Black empowerment group is preferred. The only significant Black
ownership in the furniture retail trade is to be found among the few large
independents and a sale to these interests may be the only way of ensuring that
these assets remain competitive. We have, however, been given no indication that
any of these parties may be interested, nor do we envisage that the new JD Group
will respond enthusiastically to the prospect of selling to one of these companies.
A certain level of experience will be available to the new owners if the current
management of those stores and the brands that are sold is retained. However,
there are solid grounds for skepticism here. The key managers of the sold assets
clearly enjoyed substantial career prospects when their stores and brands were
under the umbrella of one of the large, expanding chains. This prospect is now
eliminated and even if the merged JD/Ellerines Group behaved in good faith and
31 op cit p38
36
resisted the temptation to poach the best of the staff, there is no reason to expect
the competitor chains to play by these rules. We note that the parties have assured
us that they will put in place an ownership incentive scheme aimed at retaining
key personnel but the success of this scheme will depend crucially on the staff’s
assessment of the potential of the new group.
Moreover, and possibly more important, the skill, experience and
entrepreneurship of the group leadership clearly makes a powerful contribution to
the competitiveness of each of the brands. Mr Sussman, himself, observes that his
branch and regional managers are not entrepreneurs and that it is partly for this
reason that key decisions over pricing and credit are made in head office,
frequently in the group head office. Other key aspect of the infrastructure of
management – some, like JD’s sophisticated IT system, very costly and skill
intensive – are centralized in the group. It is unlikely that these will be available
to the new entity postdivestiture and, from a competition perspective, nor is it
desirable for two competitors to be sharing these critical competitive resources.
A purchaser that may successfully overcome all of these problems could come
from one of the existing national furniture chains, although this is unlikely to meet
the test of maintaining competition at premerger levels. A retail chain not
currently involved in the relevant market would be well placed to manage the
chains. However, there is no indication of any interest from this quarter and it is
unlikely that the assets on offer are of sufficient size to attract interest from one of
the large retail chains. For a Pick ‘n Pay or Shoprite or Massmart intent upon
entering the furniture retail trade, Ellerines Holdings itself may constitute an
attractive purchase. However, there is no reason to expect that the assets on offer
will attract interest from this quarter.
will attract interest from this quarter.
Nor will the lengthy time period allowed for the divestiture enhance the prospect
of a competitive new entrant. Again the Federal Trade Commission’s experience
is apposite:
“In order to eliminate competitive harm, the Commission has greatly
shortened the period by which a required divestiture must be completed in
more recent orders. The working rule now is that the divestiture must be
accomplished within six months after the consent order is signed. Earlier
orders typically gave the respondent 12 months or more from the date the
order became final to divest. To further reduce or eliminate interim harm
by obtaining quicker divestitures, recent orders have required ‘upfront’
divestitures. The upfront divestiture not only reduces the opportunity for
interim competitive harm by expediting the divestiture process, but it
assures at the outset that there will be an acceptable buyer for the tobe
divested assets.” 32
32 op cit p39. In the case of an order requiring an upfront divestiture the merger may not be consummated
37
In this instance concern regarding the 912 month period permitted for the
divestiture to take place also goes to the potential impact on the viability of the
divested assets. We note that the Commission proposes that the conditions to be
imposed require the merged entity ‘to manage these stores efficiently and
according to sound business practices’. We also note that the Commission asks
that a merchant bank be appointed at the merged entity’s expense to monitor
compliance with this and other conditions.
While we note the JD Group’s acceptance of these conditions and do not question
its sincerity in making the undertaking, we do not believe that it is capable of
fulfillment. We have little doubt that those basic, visible factors that influence the
competitiveness of the assets to be divested will be maintained in place – we are
confident that advertising spend will be maintained, that relationships with
suppliers will be kept in place, that the stores will remain price competitive, and
that the debtor’s book will be effectively managed.
However there is much that cannot be observed and it has to do with the way in
which the JD Group manages the stores that it will not be divesting. The new JD
Group will be intimately familiar with the stores to be divested. It is bound to
manage its own assets strategically so as to blunt the competitive impact of the
divestiture on its own performance. We cannot accept that JD, renowned for its
robust competitive presence, would behave any differently. Nor can this be easily
observed. To attempt to monitor JD’s conduct in this regard would require a
degree of intervention in its affairs that we would not wish to impose upon its
management. And, in any event, given the ‘information asymmetry’, the disparity
in the information to which the monitor and monitored would be privy, it would
simply not be possible to vouch for JD’s compliance in this regard.
simply not be possible to vouch for JD’s compliance in this regard.
Accordingly we find that the conditions relating to divestiture that are proposed
by the Commission and that have been accepted by the parties do not reverse the
anticompetitive effects of the transaction.
We considered the possibility of imposing additional conditions but have not been
able to identify any that would reverse the anticompetitive consequences of the
transaction. Acceptable conditions hinge critically on the viability of the divested
assets. In order to assess this, the conditions would have to incorporate a
considerably more developed description of the assets involved and of the
purchaser. The divestiture would also have to be accomplished in a considerably
shorter time frame than that permitted here. The Tribunal is clearly not able to
develop a set of conditions at the required level of detail. This would have to be
negotiated between the parties, the Commission and an identified purchaser. We
until an acceptable buyer is found and the buyer has conducted a due diligence and submitted its business
plan to the competition authority
38
note here that the panel had proposed to the parties and the Commission that we
postpone our decision in order to allow the parties to identify a buyer and develop
a more detailed set of proposals. However, this was not acceptable to the parties.
We note the specific reference to Section 14(5) (more correctly Section 15(3)) of
the Act and the view of Mr. Katz, for the parties, that, any risk arising out of non
compliance (for example, the failure to find a viable purchaser) resides with the
parties given that, in the event of a breach of the conditions, the right to withdraw
the approval is retained by the competition authority. We are however not
persuaded by this argument. It would not be possible to unwind this transaction a
possible full year after its consummation. This path portends massive uncertainty,
an extremely burdensome supervisory task for the competition authorities, likely
litigation and the effective imposition of a shackle on the competitive process.
We emphasise that our conclusion is based on the facts of this case and on the
conditions proposed. It does not, in any sense, suggest a general hostility towards
conditional approvals or the place of divestiture in these conditions.
________________ 30 August 2000
D.H. Lewis Date
Concurring: P. Maponya and N.M. Manoim
39