COMPETITION TRIBUNAL
REPUBLIC OF SOUTH AFRICA
Case Number: 18/LM/Feb00
In the large merger between:
Ceramic Industries Ltd
and
The Vitro Punched Tile Business of Anglo Operations Ltd
Reasons for the Competition Tribunal’s Decision
Approval
The Competition Tribunal issued a Merger Clearance Certificate on 3 May 2000
approving the merger between Ceramic Industries Ltd (CIL) and the Vitro
Punched Tile Business of Anglo Operations Ltd without conditions. The reasons
for our decision to approve the merger are set out below.
The merger transaction
The merger took effect on 19 May 1999. The transaction is part of Anglo
American Corporation’s restructuring and the target division was considered a
noncore activity. Anglo’s decision to sell Vitro was partly based on concerns that
it could not compete against low priced tiles manufactured by Indonesian
producers.
Prior to the merger CIL manufactured pressed and split glazed floor and wall
tiles. Vitro, a considerably smaller firm, manufactured mainly extruded punched
unglazed ceramic floor tiles, which are much cheaper than glazed tiles. The price
range of tiles varies considerably from R28.50 to R80.30 for first grade tiles.
By acquiring Vitro, CIL increased its product range to include punched tiles, a
product which was not previously manufactured by them. The merger also
increased CIL’s production capacity.
Evaluating the merger
The parties, as well as the Competition Commission, initially indicated to the
Tribunal that the relevant market included other floor coverings such as carpets,
wood and vinyl.
However, the Tribunal does not agree with this view and is of the opinion that the
relevant market should be defined more narrowly, as the market for wall and floor
tiles. We base this view on two facts namely 1) that the parties conceded at the
hearing that they only take into account the prices of other tile products when
pricing their own tiles and 2) product characteristics and consumer preference
show that in certain instances, such as in shopping malls and bathrooms,
substitute products will not be considered at all.
In considering this merger, the Tribunal was not only concerned about the
horizontal effects in view of CIL’s already dominant position in the domestic tile
manufacturing market, but also the vertical effects because of the relationship
between CIL and its downstream associated company Italtile.
Horizontal impact
The market shares in the tile market, before and after the merger, are as follows:
PRODUCER MARKET SHARE
BEFORE MERGER
MARKET SHARE AFTER
MERGER
CIL 47% 50%
Johnson Tiles 15% 15%
Vitro Punched Tiles 3%
Imports 35% 35%
CIL’s postmerger market share in the relevant market for tiles is 50% and
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its main competitor, Johnson tiles’ market share is 15%. Several other
domestic manufacturers have either closed operation or have been
acquired in recent years. CIL attributes the decline in manufacturers to
their outdated production methods and operational inefficiencies, which
meant that these manufacturers were unable to remain competitive in the
face of increasing foreign competition.
Although concentration in this market is extremely high, the Tribunal is satisfied
that imports, which account for 35% of the market share, are adequate to
discipline the pricing strategies of the domestic producers. The demand for
imported tiles has increased despite the 20% tariff currently operative.
CIL, moreover, submitted evidence to show that the price of Vitro’s main
punched tile product, the Ibumba Rouge, has decreased by 15% since the
merger, from R36 per square meter to R28.50 per square meter. This they
attribute to production efficiencies introduced at the Vitro plant in Lekoa Vaal.
Vertical Impact
Although the links between Italtile and CIL are complicated we have assumed,
for the purposes of our assessment, that CIL and Italtile are controlled by the
same ultimate shareholders and can be said to form part of the same group.
Within this group CIL is the manufacturing operation and Italtile the retailing
operation. Italtile, which is the largest tile retailer in South Africa, represents
approximately 50%, of CIL’s customer base. Italtile is also a significant importer
of tiles. CIL, however, says an agreement exists between the two companies,
which require them to conduct their business on an armslength basis.
Despite the vertical integration of CIL and Italtile, Tile Africa Italtile’s major
competitor, has grown considerably over the past few years by selling imported
tiles
Some of the tile retailers, who the Commission had interviewed, alleged that CIL
applied certain restrictive practices in conducting its business. The Tribunal
adjourned its first hearing to allow these firms and competitors of CIL an
opportunity to make submissions to it on the merger. None of them did, and
accordingly the Tribunal has no evidence before it that the merger will have any
adverse effects on either competitors of CIL or Italtile.
In light of the above the Tribunal is satisfied that the merger does not
substantially prevent or lessen competition in the relevant horizontal or vertical
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markets. The merger also does not raise any public interest concerns listed in
section 16(3).
N.M. Manoim 12 May 2000
Concurring: D.H. Lewis and S. Zilwa
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