Ceramic Industries Ltd and Vitro Punched Tile Business of Anglo Operations Ltd (18/LM/Feb00) [2000] ZACT 19 (12 May 2000)

60 Reportability
Competition Law

Brief Summary

Competition Law — Merger Approval — Competition Tribunal's approval of merger between Ceramic Industries Ltd and Vitro Punched Tile Business — Merger aimed at enhancing product range and production capacity — Tribunal defined relevant market narrowly as wall and floor tiles — Post-merger market share of CIL at 50%, with adequate import competition to discipline pricing — No evidence of adverse effects on competition or public interest concerns — Merger approved without conditions.

COMPETITION TRIBUNAL
REPUBLIC OF SOUTH AFRICA
Case Number: 18/LM/Feb00
In the large merger between:
Ceramic Industries Ltd
and
The Vitro Punched Tile Business of Anglo Operations Ltd
Reasons for the Competition Tribunal’s Decision
Approval
The Competition Tribunal issued a Merger Clearance Certificate on 3 May 2000  
approving the merger between Ceramic Industries Ltd (CIL) and the Vitro  
Punched Tile Business of Anglo Operations Ltd without conditions. The reasons  
for our decision to approve the merger are set out below.
The merger transaction
The merger took effect on 19 May 1999. The transaction is part of Anglo  
American Corporation’s restructuring and the target division was considered a  
non­core activity. Anglo’s decision to sell Vitro was partly based on concerns that  
it could not compete against low priced tiles manufactured by Indonesian  
producers.
Prior to the merger CIL manufactured pressed and split glazed floor and wall

tiles. Vitro, a considerably smaller firm, manufactured mainly extruded punched  
unglazed ceramic floor tiles, which are much cheaper than glazed tiles. The price  
range of tiles varies considerably from R28.50 to R80.30 for first grade tiles.  
By acquiring Vitro, CIL increased its product range to include punched tiles, a  
product which was not previously manufactured by them. The merger also  
increased CIL’s production capacity. 
Evaluating the merger
The   parties,   as   well   as   the   Competition   Commission,   initially   indicated   to   the  
Tribunal that the relevant market included other floor coverings such as carpets,  
wood and vinyl.
However, the Tribunal does not agree with this view and is of the opinion that the  
relevant market should be defined more narrowly, as the market for wall and floor  
tiles. We base this view on two facts namely 1) that the parties conceded at the  
hearing that they only take into account the prices of other tile products when  
pricing their own tiles and 2) product characteristics and consumer preference  
show that in certain instances, such as in shopping malls and bathrooms,  
substitute products will not be considered at all. 
In considering this merger, the Tribunal was not only concerned about the  
horizontal effects in view of CIL’s already dominant position in the domestic tile  
manufacturing market, but also the vertical effects because of the relationship  
between CIL and its downstream associated company Italtile. 
Horizontal impact
The market shares in the tile market, before and after the merger, are as follows:
PRODUCER MARKET SHARE  
BEFORE MERGER
MARKET SHARE AFTER  
MERGER
CIL 47% 50%
Johnson Tiles 15% 15%
Vitro Punched Tiles 3% ­
Imports 35% 35%
CIL’s post­merger market share in the relevant market for tiles is 50% and  
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its main competitor, Johnson tiles’ market share is 15%.   Several other  
domestic   manufacturers   have   either   closed   operation   or   have   been  
acquired in  recent  years.  CIL attributes the decline  in  manufacturers to  
their   outdated   production   methods   and   operational   inefficiencies,   which  
meant that these manufacturers were unable to remain competitive in the  
face of increasing foreign competition.
Although concentration in this market is extremely high, the Tribunal is satisfied  
that   imports,   which   account   for   35%   of   the   market   share,   are   adequate   to  
discipline   the   pricing   strategies   of   the   domestic   producers.   The   demand   for  
imported tiles has increased despite the 20% tariff currently operative. 
CIL,   moreover,   submitted   evidence   to   show   that   the   price   of   Vitro’s   main  
punched   tile   product,   the   Ibumba   Rouge,   has   decreased   by   15%   since   the  
merger,   from   R36   per   square   meter   to   R28.50   per   square   meter.   This   they  
attribute to production efficiencies introduced at the Vitro plant in Lekoa Vaal.
Vertical Impact
Although the links between Italtile and CIL are complicated we have assumed,  
for the purposes of our assessment, that CIL and Italtile are controlled by the  
same ultimate shareholders and can be said to form part of the same group.
 
Within   this   group   CIL   is   the   manufacturing   operation   and   Italtile   the   retailing  
operation.   Italtile,   which   is    the   largest   tile  retailer  in  South   Africa,   represents  
approximately 50%, of CIL’s customer base. Italtile is also a significant importer  
of tiles. CIL, however, says an agreement exists between the two companies,  
which require them to conduct their business on an arms­length basis.  
Despite   the   vertical   integration   of   CIL   and   Italtile,   Tile   Africa   Italtile’s   major

competitor, has grown considerably over the past few years by selling imported  
tiles
Some of the tile retailers, who the Commission had interviewed, alleged that CIL  
applied   certain   restrictive   practices   in   conducting   its   business.   The   Tribunal  
adjourned   its   first   hearing   to   allow   these   firms   and   competitors   of   CIL   an  
opportunity   to   make   submissions   to   it   on   the   merger.   None   of   them   did,   and  
accordingly the Tribunal has no evidence before it that the merger will have any  
adverse effects on either competitors of CIL or Italtile.
In light of the above the Tribunal is satisfied that the merger does not  
substantially prevent or lessen competition in the relevant horizontal or vertical 
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markets. The merger also does not raise any public interest concerns listed in  
section 16(3). 
N.M. Manoim 12 May 2000
Concurring: D.H. Lewis and S. Zilwa
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