COMPETITION TRIBUNAL
REPUBLIC OF SOUTH AFRICA
Case Number: 11/LM/Nov99
In the large merger between
Quadrant Container Lines Limited
and
Tiger Foods Industries Limited
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Reasons for Competition Tribunal’s Decision
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(a) Approval
The Competition Tribunal issued a Merger Clearance Certificate on 14 January
2000 approving without conditions the merger between Quadrant Container
Lines Ltd (“Quadrant”) and Tiger Foods Industries Ltd (“Tiger Foods”). The
reasons for our decision to approve the merger are set out below.
(b) The Merger transaction
The transaction entails Quadrant purchasing –
(c) the business of Island View Shipping (“IVS”) as a going concern
from Tiger Foods;
(d) the shares in IVS (Australia) Ltd from Tiger Oats (Maritius) Limited;
(e) the shares in Comshipco Schiffahrtsagentur GmbH (“Compshipco”)
from Weesperkarspel Exploitatiemaatskappij B.V. Haarlem.
The three target firms referred to above are all involved in operations relating to
the transportation of cargo worldwide. The operations of IVS and Compshipco
relate to drybulk cargo and entail chartering vessels and finding cargo to be
carried by these vessels, or alternatively contracting for the transportation of
cargo and then finding a vessel to carry the cargo.
IVS Australia is a marketing agent for IVS and Comshipco.
The acquiring firm (Quadrant) also provides services relating to the worldwide
transportation of cargoes, but its operations exclude drybulk cargo.
(f) Evaluating the merger
In assessing a merger in terms of section 16 of the Competition Act, the Tribunal
must consider –
(g) whether or not the merger is likely to substantially prevent or lessen
competition; and
(h) whether the merger can or cannot be justified on substantial public
interest grounds by considering the effect of the merger on each of
the following: a particular industrial sector or region; employment;
the ability of small businesses or firms controlled by historically
disadvantaged persons, to become competitive; and the ability of
national industries to compete in international markets.
To answer the question whether the merger is likely to substantially prevent or
lessen competition, the Tribunal must, in terms of Section 16(2), assess the
strength of competition in the relevant market and the probability that the firms
in the market after the merger will behave competitively or cooperatively.
The Relevant Market
As the acquiring firm, Quadrant, is not at all involved in drybulk cargo
transportation, there is no direct product overlap between it and the target firms.
There are, however, two subsidiaries within the Grincor Group, of which
Quadrant is a part, which do participate in the drybulk cargo market. They are
Unicorn Lines (Pty) Ltd (the Unicorn Tankers Division) and Griffin Shipping
Unicorn Lines (Pty) Ltd (the Unicorn Tankers Division) and Griffin Shipping
Holdings Ltd. The former charters dry bulk vessels to transport salt from Walvis
Bay to Durban, while the latter owns two drybulk vessels, which it tramps on the
world market.
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Taking this indirect overlap as the starting point in defining the relevant product
market in this case, it appears that the relevant product market is the provision of
transportation services in respect of drybulk cargo. The target firms and,
indirectly and to a limited extent, the acquiring firm participate in this market by
mixing and matching chartered drybulk vessel capacities and cargo, which they
contract to transport for third parties. The market for the service that they provide
appears to be highly ‘contestable’ and susceptible to supplyside substitution; not
only can vessel owners themselves contract with third parties directly, but
capacity is easily transferred into this market by firms operating in other markets.
For instance, firms that provide similar services in respect of other types of cargo
could easily switch to drybulk cargo.
However, the main source of substitution in respect of this service is
geographical. Firms providing services on particular routes can easily, and
without significant delay, switch to other routes. We, therefore, conclude that the
relevant geographic market is very wide – it is probably a worldwide market.
Impact on competition
Given our conclusion regarding the ambit of the relevant geographic market, the
impact of this merger on competition is miniscule. The merged entity a tiny player
in this large geographic market and barriers to entry into the market are rather
low. We accordingly found that the merged firm would not have any market
power and would therefore not be in a position to behave anticompetitively.
Public interest considerations
None of the public interest considerations listed in section 16(3) appear to be
relevant to this merger.
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D.H. Lewis Date
Presiding Member
Concurring: D.R. Terblanche and N.M. Manoim
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