IN THE HIGH COURT -OF SOUTH AFRICA
(WESTERN CAPE DIVISION, CAPE TOWN)
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Case No : A248 /2025
Blue Downs Magistrates' Court Case No: BO1 /173/2025
In the appeal between:
SISA TSHANGA TSHANGA
and
THE STATE
Hearing: 19 November 2025
Judgment: 19 November 2025
Appellant
Respondent
Summary: Bail appeal. When section 60(11) evidential burden applies.
ORDER
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1. The appellant's appeal against the refusal of bail is dismissed.
JUDGMENT
Handed down by email to the parties on 19 November 2025
KANTOR, AJ:
1. The appellant is charged with murder, unlawful possession of a firearm and unlawful
possession of ammunition.
2. He applied for bail in the Blue Downs Magistrates' Court. The application was
dismissed on 24 April 2025.
3. He appeals against that decision to this court.
4. The murder charge is what is material to this bail appeal.
Whether section 60(11) js implicated
5. Much of the argument centred on whether the charge of murder resulted in the
evidentiary burden on the appellant provided for in section 60(11) of the Criminal
Procedure Act 51 of 1977 (the CPA).
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6. Mr Van der Berg, who appeared for the appellant, argued that it did not. Mr Snyman,
who appeared for the State, argued that it did.
7. In my view the answer to this issue is very simple.
8. The charge sheet in respect of the murder charge reads as follows:
"AND THAT the provision of Section 51(1) of the Criminal Law Amendment Act, Act 105
of 1997, are applicable to the aforesaid charge in that the charge of Murder is listed in
Part I of Schedule 2, more particularly in paragraph (d) under Murder, to wit that the
Murder wa s committed by a person, group of persons or syndicate acting in the
execution or furtherance of a common purpose or conspiracy."
[emphasis in the charge sheet)
9. The reference to section 51(1) of the Criminal Law Amendment Act 105 of 1997 (the
CLAA} is to a sub-section of the statutory provision in respect of "Discretionary
minimum sentences for certain serious offences". Section 51(1} reads as
follows:
"Notwithstanding any other law, but subject to subsections (3) and (6), a regional court
or a High Court shall sentence a person it has convicted of an offence referred to in Part
1 of Schedule 2 to imprisonment for life."
10. Part I of Schedule 2 includes the following:
"Murder, when - ...
(d) the offence was committed by a person, group of persons or syndicate acting in the
execution or furtherance of a common purpose or conspiracy."
11 . This is what was referred to in the extract from the charge sheet quoted above.
12. The same wording from Part I of Schedule 2 quoted above also appears in Schedule
6 of the CPA , which sets out the offences which attract the evidentiary burden in
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section 60(11) of the CPA, the applicable portion of which provides in identical
terms:
"Murder, when- ...
(d) the offence was committed by a person, group of persons or syndicate acting in the
execution or furtherance of a common purpose or conspiracy."
13. Mr Van de~_ ~erg ~ rgued that sec~ic>n __ ~q( 11) did not apply be~use of the w_o.rd ing_ln
the charge sheet, relying on S v Botha 2002 ( 1) SACR 222 (DCA } at paragraph 16,
quoted as follows in his heads of argument with his translation and emphasis:
"[subsection 60(11)] is worded clearly and unambiguously and is susceptible to only one
interpretation. That is that the formulation of the charge in the indictment, if necessary
supplemented by a written confirmation [by the DPP] in terms of s 60(11)(A), is decisive
of the question whether an accused must discharge the onus ... in order to attain his
release on bail."
14. Mr Van der Berg's argument, further, was that:
" ... save for an oblique reference to common purpose in the context of advising appellant
of applicable minimum sentencing provisions, there were no allegations in the charge
sheet which pointed to the application of Schedule 6."
15. The 'oblique reference' to which Mr Van der Berg referred is the following wording
in the charge sheet quoted above: "the Murder was committed by a person, group of persons
or syndicate acting in the execution or furtherance of a common purpose or conspiracy."
16. It is correct that this was mentioned in the charge sheet with specific reference to
section 51 ( 1) and Part 1 of Schedule 2 of the CLAA.
17. However, section 60( 11) of the CPA provides as follows:
"Notwithstanding any provision of this Act, where an accused is charged with an offence
(a) referred to in Schedule 6, the court shall order that the accused be detained in
custody until he or she is dealt w ith in accordance with the law, unless the accused,
having been given a reasonable opportunity to do so, adduces evidence which satisfies
the court that exceptional circumstances exist which in the interests of justice permit his
or her release; [my underlining]
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18. This means that what is required for the implication of section 60(11) is for the
accused -to be charged with an offence 'referred to in Schedule for 6' .. It does not.
require a reference to Schedule 6 itself.
19. I have already shown that:
19.1. The applicable wording of Part I of Schedule 2 of the CLAA and Schedule 6
of the CPA is in identical terms, namely "Murder, when- ... (d) the offence was
committed by a person, group of persons or syndicate acting in the execution or
furtherance of a comm on purpose or conspiracy."; and that
19.2. This wording appears in the charge sheet: "the Murder was comm itted by a
person, group of persons or syndicate acting in the execution or furtherance of a common
purpose or conspiracy.
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20. Accordingly, the accused was charged with an offence 'referred to in Schedule for
6' as required by section 60(11 ).
21. I am therefore of the view that section 60(11) is implicated and the bail appeal is to
be considered in that paradigm.
22. I might add that the wording of the charge sheet left all concerned - the Magistrate,
the Prosecutor and the appellant's counsel - under no illusion that a Schedule 6
offence was involved and that section 60(11) was implicated.
The statutory provisions in respect of bail relevant to this appeal
23. Section 35( 1 )( 1 )(f) of the Constitution Act of 1996 provides as follows:
"Everyone who is arrested for allegedly committing an offence has the right ... (f) to be
released from detention if the interests of justice permit, subject to reasonable
conditions."
24. As mentioned, section 60( 11) of the CPA provides as .follows:-
"Notwithstanding any provision of this Act, where an accused is charged with an offence
(a) referred to in Schedule 6, the court shall order that the accused be detained in
custody until he or she is dealt with in accordance with the law, unless the accused,
having been given a reasonable opportunity to do so, adduces evidence which satisfies
the court that exceptional circumstances exist which in the interests of justice permit his
or her release;
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25. In S v Dlamini & Others 1999 (2) SACR 51 {CC) the Constitutional Court held as
follows at paragraph 79 in regard to the above statutory provisions:
"Section 60{11)(a) therefore does not create an onus where nothing of the kind existed
before. It describes how it is to be discharged, and adds to its weight. As in the case of
reliance on any other right in the Bill of Rights, if accused persons wish to rely on the
provisions of s 35{1)(f), they must bring themselves w ithin its ambit ... The court must be
satisfied that 'the interests of justice permit' the release from detention ... "
26. In my view, this means that bail is only to be granted if the appellant satisfies the
court that it is in the interests of justice for bail to be granted.
27. Section 60(4) and (5) of the CPA provide as follows:
"{4) The interests of justice do not permit the release from detention of an accused
where one or more of the following grounds are established-
(a) where there is the likelihood that the accused, if he or she were released on
bail, will endanger the safety of the public, any person against whom the
bail, will endanger the safety of the public, any person against whom the
offence in question was allegedly committed, or any other particular person
or will commit a Schedule 1 pffence;
(b) where there is the likelihood that the accused, if he or she were released on
bail, will attempt to evade his or her trial; or
(c) where there is the likelihood that the accused, if he or she were released on
bail, will attempt to influence or intimidate witnesses or to conceal or destroy
evidence; or
(d) where there is the likelihood that the accused, if he or she were released on
bail, will undermine or jeopardise the objectives or the proper functioning of
the criminal justice system, including the bail system.
(e) where in exceptional circumstances there is the likelihood that the release of
the accused will disturb the public order or undermine the public peace or
security; or
(S) In considering whether the ground in subsection (4)(a) has been established, the
court may, where applicable, take into account the following factors, namely-
(a) the degree of violence towards others implicit in the charge against the
accused;
(b) any threat of violence which the accused may have made to a person against
whom the offence in question was allegedly committed or any other person;
(c) any resentment the accused is alleged to harbour against a person against
whom the offence in question was allegedly committed or any other person;
(d) any disposition to violence on the part of the accused, as is evident from his
or her past conduct;
(e) any disposition of the accused to commit-
(i) offences referred to in Schedule 1;
(ii) an offence against any person in a domestic relationship, as defined in
section 1 of the Domestic Violence Act, 1998; or
(iii) an offence referred to in-
(aa) section 17 (1) (a) of the Domestic Violence Act, 1998;
(bb) section 18 (1) {a) of the Protection from Harassment Act,
201l;or
{cc) any law that criminalises a contravention of any prohibition,
condition, obligation or order, which was issued by a court to
protect the person against whom the offence in question was
allegedly committed, from the accused,
as is evident from his or her past conduct;
allegedly committed, from the accused,
as is evident from his or her past conduct;
(f) the prevalence of a particular type of offence;
{h) any other factor which in the opinion of the court should be taken into
account."
The statutory provisions in respect of an appeal against the refusal of bail
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28. Insofar as an appeal against the decision to refuse bail is concerned:
28.1. Section 65( 4) of the CPA provides as follows:
"The Court or Judge hearing the appeal shall not set aside the decision against
which the appeal is brought, unless such Court or Judge is satisfied that the
decision was wrong, in which event the Court or Judge shall give the decision
which in its or his opinion the lower court should have given;"
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28.2. In order for an appeal court to interfere with the court a quo's decision in a
bail application, it must be satisfied that the value judgment and discretion
to grant or refuse bail was exercised wrongly. In S v Barber 1979 (4) SA 218
ill} it was held as follows at 220 (see also Panayiotou v S (CA&R 06/2015)
(2015] ZAECGHC 73 (28 July 2015) at paragraph 27):
"It is well known that the powers of this Court are largely limited where the matter
comes before it on appeal and not as a substantive application for bail. This Court
has to be persuaded that the magistrate exercised the discretion which he has
wrongfully. Accordingly, although this Court may have a different view, it should
not substitute its own view for that of the magistrate because that would be an
unfair interference with the magistrate's exercise of his discretion. I think that it
should be stressed that, no matter what this Court's own views are, the real
question is whether it can be said that the magistrate who had the discretion to
grant bail exercised that discretion wrongly."
The material before the court a guo and evaluation
29. The following was amongst the material before the court a quo:
29.1. The appellant had previously been convicted of murder in 2016.
29.2. He has a pending Schedule 6 charge of Robbery Aggravating and
Possession of Firearm originating from Franschhoek.
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29.3. The incident in relation to the charge in the instant matter, on the State's
version, concerns a murder co-ordinated between the appellant and others.
In my view, such conduct indicates a person who would have no compunction
against intimidating (or even killing) witnesses.
29.4. In his affidavit opposing bail, the investigating officer recorded that "The fire
arm, motor vehicle and other suspects is still outstanding in this matter which
is crucial to the successful investigation in this criminal matter. Being granted
bail, the [appellant] is most likely to communicate with the outstanding
suspects to conceal and or destroy crucial evidence."
29.5. In his affidavit opposing bail, the investigating officer also recorded that "The
[appellant] was pointed out on the scene by a crucial witness, thus the identity
of the witness is known to the [appellant], placing the life of the witness in
danger if the [appellant} is granted bail."
30. The charge of an orchestrated brazen murder in daylight outside a police station
could not be more at odds with, and is an anathema to, the safety of the public,
public order and public peace, as contemplated in section 60(4)(a) and (e) of the
CPA .
31 . There is no obligation on the part of an applicant for bail to challenge the strength
of the State's case. However, if he/she choose to do so, then the burden of proof is
on the applicant for bail to show that there is a real likelihood of acquittal at trial,
which requires 'convincing evidence' (Panaviotou v S (CA&R 06/2015) [2015)
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ZAECGHC 73 (28 July 2015) at paragraph 56 and 57). In my view, this burden of
proof has not been satisfied in this matter taking into account the following:
31.1. The appellant was on the scene at all material times when the murder was
committed.
31 .2. Upon arrival of the deceased at the -police station, he pointed out the
appellant "as someone who should be watched by the driver".
31.3. The investigating officer recorded in his affidavit opposing bail that after the
deceased went into the police station, the appellant" ... moved to the back
of the parking area where the [appellant] is seen communicating with a
White Renault that was parked in the main road, Brackenfe/1 Boulevarcl'.
When the deceased exited the police station he was shot dead and the " ...
unknown gunman is then seen running and jumping into the same vehicle
that the [appellant] was in communication with earlier." After the shooting,
"The "shooter" ran to the adjacent street, Brackenfe/1 Boulevard, got into a
white Renault and sped off."
31 .4. He had been on his cell phone during the incident and "When confronted by
the Traffic officer, the applicant is seen to attempt to damage his phone by
throwing the floor [phone?] on the ground." The two cell-phones which the
appellant had in his possession were confiscated but he only provided the
password to one of them.
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31.5. He claimed that he had spoken with his girlfriend and provided proof of that
in the form of a screenshot from her cell-phone. In my view, it is what was
not provided that is of much more moment, namely a screen-shot from his
cell-phone or some other form of record of cell phone activity to show that
he did not speak to anyone else. I say this because, that he may have
spoken with his girlfriend ·at the time, does not mean that he did not speak
with someone else.
31.6. The appellant's reason for being at the police station is that he wished to
have his CV certified by the police to take it to Shoprite: that begs numerous
questions, such as why the CV was not provided, who he had arranged this
with at Shoprite, why he was speaking with the persons in the white Renault,
the identity of his cousin who was allegedly bringing the CVs, why he did
not phone his cousin if he was not yet there but he phoned his girlfriend.
31.7_ A factual aspect which I consider to be material and in the appellant's favour
is that he did not leave after the shooting and stood and watched until told
to move away_ That aspect, together with what is raised by the appellant
does not, however, in my view, establish that "there is a real likelihood of
acquittal at trial, which requires 'convincing evidence'" (Panaviotou) and
does not displace the various factors against the appellant considered
above.
32. The appellant says he does not have any family outside of South Africa, a passport
and the means or inclination to leave the country. That is in his favour.
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33. The appellant has four dependants. That is also in his favour. However, it is watered
down somewhat by the superficial manner in which this is stated ("/ am not married
and have 4 dependents.") and the paucity (in fact, absence) of information in regard
thereto, such as that none of them are identified, what their ages are, whether they
are family, the quality of his relationship with them, where they live and what he in
fact provides.
34. It was argued that the appellant is self-employed, running a small car-wash business
employing three others. This, however, was not in his affidavit and is therefore not
evidence before this court or the court a quo.
35. There are some red flags when it comes to the appellant's residential address: In
his affidavit in his application for bail, he recorded that he resides at an written out
in handwriting when the affidavit was otherwise typed out. He had provided various
different versions to the police as to where he resides, according to the investigating
officer's affidavit. The appellant's girlfriend deposed to an affidavit in which she
stated that they had been in a relationship for a year, but she did not know his
address.
36. The appellant is not married.
37. On balance, in my view the factors in section 60(4)(a), (c), (d) and (e) have been
established and the appellant has not satisfied " ... the court that exceptional circumstances
exist which in the interests of justice permit his or her release." As required by section 60( 11 ).
Although not considered by the court a quo, I also think that on the facts the risk of
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flight cannot be discounted, but for the purposes of this judgment I need not
comment further thereon.
Conclusion
38. In my view:
38.1. The refusal of bail by the court a quo cannot be regarded as wrong. On the
contrary, I agree with the conclusion of the court a quo.
38.2. There is accordingly no room for interfering with the decision of the court a
quo to refuse bail.
38.3. The appeal against the refusal of bail should be dismissed.
Order
39. The following order is granted in this appeal:
1. The appellant's appeal against the refusal of bail is dismissed.
A Kantor
Acting Judge of the High Court
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Legal representatives:
For the appellant: Adv John van den Berg
Instructed by: Slabber, Levendal & Associates
For the respondent: Adv Leon Snyman