REPUBLIC OF SOUTH AFRICA
IN THE HIGH COURT OF SOUTH AFRICA
(LIMPOPO DIVISION, POLOKWANE)
REPORTABLE : :afilNO CASE NO: HCA 39/2023
(1)
(2)
(3}
OF INTEREST TO THE JUDGES: /NO
REVISED: NO
In the m atter between:
MANDLA MATHEBULA
and
TRYPH INA BOSHIWE SIMANGO
JUOGMENT
NAUDE-ODENDAAL J:
APPELLANT
RESPONDENT
2
[1] The Respondent launched an application in the court a quo for an interdict against
the Appellant and the Nkuna Traditional Authority in the following terms:-
1.1 That the Appellant (1 st Respondent in the court a quo) or any other person
acting under his direct or indirect instruction be interdicted from entering,
occupying and erecting buildings or structures on the Respondent's
(Applicant in the court a quo) site or land known as Simango Farm situated
along the Mariveni to Nkowankowa Road , within the Mohlaba's location
576L T, Nkwowankowa , Limpopo Province.
1.2 That the Nkuna Traditional Authority (2nd Respondent in the court a quo) or
any other person acting under the 2nd Respondent's direct, or indirect
instruction be interdicted from demarcating the Respondent's (Applicant in the
court a quo) site or allocating any land rights to the Appellant or any other
person on the Respondent's site or land known as Simango Farm situated
along Mariveni to Nkowankowa Road, within farm Mohlaba's location 567L T,
Nkowankowa , L_impopo province (herein after referred to as "the property")
1.3 That the Appellant (1111 Respondent in the court a quo} be directed to remove
the building material or structure or rubble which he placed or erected on the
Respondent's (Applicant in the court a quo) site, on the property, w ithin 7
days from date of a final order.
[2] The court a quo granted an order as prayed for in the notice of motion by the
Respondent. It is against this order that the appeal lies. T he Appellant's grounds of
appeal are as per the Notice of Appeal, which will not be quoted at length herein, but
in summary are briefly as follows:-
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2.1 The court a quo erred in finding that the mere occupation of the property by
the Respondent and her late husband since 1998 satisfies the clear right
element of a final interdict, whereas the court a quo ought to have found that
the remedy against the disturbance of possession or illicit deprivation of
possession is Mandamenl van Spolie and accordingly the application should
have been dismissed. It was contended that the Respondent failed to
establish a clear right.
2.2 The court a quo erred in allowing new evidence to be introduced by the
Respondent in her replying affidavit and to admit a document, identified as a
"Perm ission to Occupy in terms of Proclamation R188 of 1969 and 45 of
1990".
2.3 The court a quo erred in relying on Annexure 'TS2 " and "TS4" to the
Respondent's founding affidavit when prima facie, Annexure 'TS2" appears to
be spurious.
2.4 The court a quo erred in granting the interdict and incidental relief sought in
the Respondent's notice of motion, instead of finding that the Respondent did
not establish the requirements for a final interdict.
2.5 The court a quo erred in deciding the application on papers when a slew of
disputes of facts were palpable ex facie the pleadings before court.
RESPONDENT 'S SUBMISSIONS IN THE COURT A QUO :
[3] The Respondent submitted that the property, four hectares (4ha) in extent, was
allocated to her late husband, William Nyimpimuni Simango in 1998 by the Nkuna
Traditional Authority for the purpose of conducting dry farming. She referred the
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court a quo to a permission to occupy issued to her late husband in terms of Article
6(1) of Proclamation 188 of 1969 on 2 February 1998, and which was attached to
her founding affidavit as an annexure. The property is commonly known as Simango
Farm.
[4] After the permission to occupy was obtained, she and her late husband approached
the Northern Province Department of Agriculture and applied that the site be
demarcated. The property was indeed demarcated by the Northern Province
Department of Agriculture, together with the Greater Tzaneen Municipality's land
committee, which included representatives of the Nkuna Traditional Authority.
Thereafter, the Respondent and her husband approached the local Magistrate
wherein the Permission to Occupy was signed by Magistrate SWT Machumela and
stamped on the 3rd of November 1998.
[5] Her husband passed away on 6 January 2006 whereafter she applied on 26 July
2006, for the transfer of the land rights to her in respect of the property. The
application wa~ approved by the Nkuna Traditional Authority and consequently she
was allocated the site. She then approached the Magistrate's Office at Ritavi to
endorse the transfer and same was done by the former head of office Magistrate Mr.
SWT Machumela . The transfer of land rights was also endorsed by the Land Use
Board of the Greater Tzaneen Municipality, as well as the Nkuna Traditional
Authority.
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[6] During 2018, the Respondent applied for a rezoning of 2 (two) hectares of the
property after consultations with the Greater Tzaneen Municipality and the Nkuna
Traditional Authority. The application for rezoning was also lodged with the Greater
Tzaneen Municipality and the Nkuna Traditional Authority on 14 May 2018. The
Nkuna Traditional Authority approved the application on 6 June 2018, whereafter the
Respondent proceeded to apply for the official rezoning of the two hectares and
appointed town planners Jaques Du Toit & Associates to do the rezoning. The
necessary adverts were done on 27 July 2018 and all authorities were notified. No
objection was received against the application to rezone.
[7] The Nkuna Traditional Authority has however for reasons unknown to her unlawfully
demarcated and allocated a portion of her property to the Appellant. As a result, the
Appellant unlawfully enters her site by cutting the fence, damag ing the mango
orchards by amongst others removing some with a TLB and constructing illegal
structures on her property.
[8] During July 2020, the Respondent discovered an unkown person cutting her fence
and damaging her mango plantations. She approached the SAPS without any
success. The fence was repaired. On 21 May 2021, she discovered a person on her
• property busy bulldozing her mango orchards with a TLB. The person informed her
that he was hired by the Appellant.
[9] The Respondent immediately confronted the Appellant and also went to the Ritavi
SAPS to report the matter. The Appellant was summoned to the Ritavi Police
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Station. Members of the SAPS then took the Respondent and the Appellant to the
Nkuna Traditional Authority's offices to resolve the matter. Some representatives of
the Nkuna Traditional Authority informed the Respondent that they have decided to
demarcate and give her property to the Appellant because he had paid them.
[1 0] The Appellant then proceeded to build a two roomed building on site. The
Respondent went to the officials of the Department of Cooperative Governance and
Traditional Affairs in Polokwane to lay a complaint. The Appellant stopped with all
building activities on the property.
[11] The Appellant returned to the property on 19 January 2021 and once again
damaged the Respondent's fence and removed some more mango trees. The
Respondent immediately, once again, approached the SAPS at Ritavi and a case
was opened.
[12] The Appellant then again returned to the Respondents property on 26 February
2022 and once again cut the Respondent's fence whereafter the Respondent
proceed to instruct attorneys to bring an application to interdict the Appellant and
Nkuna Traditional Authority.
[13) The .Respondent submitted that the Nkuna Traditional Authority's conduct of
allocating her site to the Appellant was unlawful, illegal, arbitrary and was motivated
by greed and disdain. The Respondent further submitted that the Appellant's
unlawful conduct is causing her unbearable harm in that her property is be3ing taken
7
away from her unlawfully and her rights are being violated. It was submitted by the
Respondent that she has spent a considerable amount of money and time with her
late husband to erect and develop the property and mango orchards.
[14] The Respondent submitted that the harm and prejudice she suffers will not be
repaired in any manner if this illegal conduct by the Appellant and Nkuna Traditional
Authority is allowed to continue. She has attempted to resolve the matter amicably
with the Appellant and Nkuna Traditional Authority, without any success. She has
approached the SAPS and the Greater Tzaneen Municipality as well, without the
matter being resolved and in the result she has no other remedy than to bring an
application for an interdict.
THE APPELLANT 'S SUBMISSIONS IN THE COURT A QUO:
[15] The Appellant submitted that the property was lawfully allocated to him by the Nkuna
Traditional Authority. He approached the Nkuna Traditional Authority during
November 2012 and was informed by Headman Risenga that the land was not
allocated to anyone.
[16] The Appellant made an application to the Nkuna Traditional Authority on 21
November 2012 for a business site to be allocated to him. His application was
accompanied by an original letter of recommendation by Headman Risenga.
[17] The Appellant submitted that the Nkuna Traditional Authority acted within the scope
of its authority when allocating the disputed piece of land to him. When the property
8
was allocated to him, the Nkuna Traditional Authority was exercising public powers
or performing a public function in terms of the Koi-San and Traditional Leadership
Act, 3 of 2019, customary law and Section 18 of the Limpopo Traditional Leadership
and Institutions Act, 6 of 2005. The Appellant submitted that the appropriate relief
was for the Respondent to bring a review application against the Nkuna Traditional
Authority as provided for in the Promotion of Administrative Justice Act, 3 of 2000.
(18] The Appellant further submitted that his occupation of the piece of land under
dispute is pursuant to a right bestowed to him by the Nkuna Traditional Authority. It
was submitted that the Respondent, on her own version, stated that she was
informed by the Nkuna Traditional Authority that they have decided to demarcate
and give her site to the Appellant. The Appellant submitted that until the allocation
by the Nkuna Traditio_nal Authority is set aside, he is lawfully entitled to occupy the
property and the application ought to be dismissed.
THE LAW AND APPLICATION OF THE LAW:
[19] In order for the Respondent to have succeeded in obtaining a final interdict, the
Respondent had to prove the following requirements for a final interdict:-
(a) a clear right;
(b) an injury actually committed or reasonably apprehended; and
(c) the lack of an adequate alte rnative re m e dy. (See Setlogelo v Setlogelo
1914 AD 221 at 227)
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[20] The clear right to be proved is a right to which, if not protected by an interdict,
irreparable harm would ensue. Quite apart from the right to an interdict the
Respondent had to demonstrate a right that is threatened by an impending or
imminent irreparable harm. It is a right to w hich, if not protected by an interdict,
irreparable harm would ensue. An interdict is meant to prevent future conduct and
not past. The second requirement depends on the first, and an evaluation_. of the
third requirement follows after the first two requirements have been established.
{21] The principles applicable to the determination of the relevant facts when final relief is
sought on motion were set out in Plascon-Evans Ltd v Van Riebeeck Paints (Pty)
Ltd 1984 (3) SA 623 (A) and Stellenbosth Farmers' Wine ry Ltd v Stellenvale
Winery (Pty) Ltd 1957(4) SA 234 (C) at 235-G as follows:-
n_ • • where there is a dispute as to the facts a final interdict should only be granted in
notice of motion proceedings if the facts as stated by the respondent together with
the admitted facts in the applicant's affidavits justify such an order ...
Where it is clear that the facts, though not formally admitted, cannot be denied, they
must be regarded as admitted."
[22) Jn certain instances the denial by a Respondent of a fact alleged by the Applicant
rnay not be such as to raise a real, genuine or bona fide dispute of fact. It is
necessary to make a robust, common-sense approach to a dispute on motion as
otherwise the effective functioning of the Court can be hamstrung and circumven ted
by the most simple and blatant stratagem.
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(23] Having carefully perused the papers and after having considered the nature and
extent of the factual disputes between the Appellant and the Respondent arising
from the affidavits, this court has come to the conclusion that it was appropriate for
the court a quo to decide the dispute without referring it to oral evidence.
[24] This court is further of the view that the court a quo has not misdirected itself in
granting the final interdict against the Appellant in respect of prayers 1, 2, 3, 5, 6 and
8 of the Notice of Motion. The Respondent managed to successfully allege and
prove that she has a clear right in that she is the registered occupier of the property,
there was an injury actually committed and a reasonable apprehension exists that an
injury will be committed in future in that it is not in dispute that the Appellant entered
the property and started clearing the area and construct structures on the property.
[25] Furthermore, the Respondent managed to allege and prove that she does not have
an adequate alternative remedy and has exhausted all her alternatives and
attempted to resolve the issue at hand through other means - the court was
approached as a last resort.
{26] This court is however of the view that the court a quo misdirected itself from granting
prayer 4 of the Notice of Motion where it relates to the 1st Respondent, which reads
as follows:-
«That the 2'1d Respondent or any other person acting under the 2"d Respondent's
direct, or indirect instruction be interdicted from demarcating the Applicant's site or
a/locating any land rights to the 1st Respondent or any other person on the
11
Applicant's site or land known as Simango Farm situated along Mariveni to
Nkowankowa Road, within farm Mohlaba's Location 567LT, Nkowankowa, Limpopo
Pronvince."
[27] It is common cause between the parties that the Nkuna Traditional Authority has
already granted and allocated rights of occupation to the Appellant during, or. about
the year 2012. Although this court is of the view that the Nkuna Traditional Authority
acted wrongfully in doing so, the action has already been taken. As stated here
above, an interdict is meant to prevent future conduct and not past conduct. The
Nkuna Traditional Authority's future conduct of allocating rights to occupy on the
Respondent's property could have been interdicted, but not the allocation that was
already made to the Appellant as the rights have already been allocated and is
therefore a past action or conduct
[28] This court is in agreement with the Appellant insofar as Prayer 4 relates to him only,
that the correct remedy would have been for the Respondent to have the decision of
the Nkuna Traditional Authority to allocate rights of occupation to the Appellant,
reviewed and set aside.
(29) In. the result the appeal stands to be dismissed on all other grounds, except for
prayer 4 of the Notice of Motion. The appeal succeeds partially in respect of Prayer
4 of the Notice of Motion, only.
COSTS:
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[30] The only issue remaining is the issue of costs. In this court's view, both parties were
equally successful in that the appeal only succeeded partially in respect of prayer 4
only. Therefore, it would be just for each party to pay his or her own costs.
ORDER:-
[31] In the result, the following order is made:-
1. The appear in respect of the final Orders (prayers of the Notice of Motion) 1, 2, 3,
5, 6 and 8, made, is dismissed.
2. The appeal in respect of the final order 4 (prayer 4 of the Notice of Motion) is
upheld and is substituted with the following order:-
" 4. The 2"d Respondent (Nkuna Traditional Authority) or any other person acting
under the 2'1d Respondent's direct, or indirect instruction is interdicted from
demarcating the Applicant's site or allocating any land rights to any person, on
the Applicant's site or land known as Simango Farm situated along Mariveni to
Nkowankowa Road , within farm Mohlaba's Location 567 LT, Nkowankowa ,
Limpopo Province."
3. Each party to pay his/her own legal costs.
I AGREE:
HEARD ON
JUOGMENT DELIVERED ON
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JUDG
OENDAAL
E HIGH COURT,
LIMPOPO DIVISION,
POLOKWANE
DEANE AJ
ACTlNG JUDGE OF THE HIGH COURT,
LIMPOPO DIVISION.
POLOKWANE
APPEARANCES :
8 MARCH 2024
~ JULY 2024.
This judgment was handed down
electronically by circulation to the
parties' representatives by email. The date
and time for hand-down of the judgmen t is
deemed to be )__:t JULY 2024 at 1 0hOO
FOR THE APPELLANT
INSTRUCTED BY
FOR THE RESPONDENT
INSTRUCTED BY
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Mr. D.D. Mtebule
Mohlaba & Moshoane Inc.
C /O TM Mongwe Attorneys Inc.
Polokwane
mohlaba1@mweb.co . za
Adv. R.L. Mashele
Sh iviri Manzini Masetla Inc.
Polokwane
cankuna@smm inc.co.za