IN THE HIGH COURT OF SOUTH AFRICA
(WESTERN CAPE DIVISION, CAPE TOWN)
Case No.: 12223/2024
In the matter between:
BARLOWORLD MOTOR RETAIL SOUTH AFRICA
A DIVISION OF BARLOWORLD SOUTH AFRICA (PTY) LTD Plaintiff
and
BADGER HOLDINGS SOUTH AFRICA (PTY) LTD
(PREVIOUSLY KNOWN AS
AFRICAN INDEPENDENT BROKERS (PTY) LTD First Defendant
DOTSURE LIMITED Second Defendant
JUDGMENT DELIVERED ELECTRONICALLY ON 25 JUNE 2025
MANGCU-LOCKWOOD, J
A. INTRODUCTION
[1] The plaintiff (“Barloworld”) has raised five exceptions against the special pleas
and plea of the second defendant (“Dotsure”), on the grounds that they are vague and
embarrassing and that they lack the averments necessary to sustain a cause of action.
[2] Barloworld had instituted action proceedings against the first defendant (“AIB”)
and Dotsure, seeking contractual relief on the following three alternative bases:
a. A written agreement concluded between Barloworld and Dotsure on 24
January 2011, which was subsequently ceded by Dotsure to AIB by means of
a written cession agreement dated 4 April 2012;
b. Alternatively, a tacit agreement concluded between Barloworld and AIB on 4
April 2012, effectively on the same terms as the written agreement;
c. In the f urther alternative, the appointment of AIB by Dotsure as its agent to
perform its obligations arising from the written agreement.
[3] Dotsure delivered six special pleas and a plea on the merits . Before turning to
the five exceptions, it is well to set out the applicable legal principles.
B. APPLICABLE LAW
[4] In terms of Uniform Rule 18(4) “[e]very pleading shall contain a clear and concise
statement of the material facts upon which the pleader relies for its claim, defence or
answer to any pleading, as the case may be, with sufficient particularity to enable the
opposite party to reply thereto.”
[5] Uniform Rule 23(1) provides that an exception may be taken against a pleading
on the grounds that it is vague and embarrassing or lacks averments which are
necessary to sustain an action.
[6] Pleadings must be read as a whole, and an exception cannot be taken to a
paragraph or a part of a pleading that is not self-contained.1
[7] An over -technical approach should be avoided because it destroys the
usefulness of the exception procedure, which is to weed out cases without legal merit.
[8] Minor blemishes and un radical embarrassments caused by a pleading can and
should be cured by further particulars. If the alleged excipiability is merely arguable or
can be cured by the furnishing of particulars then it is appropriate to dismiss the
exception.
[9] An exception to a legally unsustainable cause of action is designed to dispose of
the case in whole or in part by obtaining a decision on a point of law and thereby avoid
the leading of unnecessary evidence at the trial.2
[10] An excipient must persuade the court that upon every interpretation of the
pleading in question, together with any document upon which it is based, the pleading is
excipiable.3 The particulars of claim or plea must be taken as a whole 4 and read
benevolently.5
[11] Our courts are generally loath to decide on exception questions concerning an
interpretation of a contract6, or disputes concerning the terms of agreements which are
disputed, ambiguous or uncertain.7
1 Living Hands (Pty) Ltd v Ditz 2013 (2) SA 368 (GSJ).
2 Marais v Steyn and Another 1974 (3) SA 479 (T) at 486H -487G. Barclays National Bank Ltd v
Thompson 1989 (1) SA 547 (A) at 553F-I.
3 First National Bank of Southern Africa Ltd v Perry NO 2001 (3) SA 960 (SCA) para 6; Lewis v
Oneanate (Pty) Ltd and Another 1992 (4) SA 811 (A) at 817F; Theunissen v Transvaalse
Lewendehawe Koöp Bpk 1988 (2) SA 493 (A) at 500D; South African National Parks v Ras 2002 (2)
SA 537 (C) at 542B-E; YB v SB and Others NNO 2016 (1) SA 47 (WCC) para 12.
4 Nel and Others NNO v McArthur 2003 (4) SA 142 (T) at 149F.
5 First National Bank of Southern Africa Ltd v Perry NO supra at 972I; Nel and Others NNO v McArthur
2003 (4) SA 142 (T) at 149F
2003 (4) SA 142 (T) at 149F
6 Francis v Sharp and Others 2004 (3) SA 230 (C) at 237F; Picbel Groep Voorsorgfonds (in
liquidation) v Somerville, and related matters 2013 (5) SA 496 (SCA) at paras 26-27.
[12] An excipient alleging that a pleading is vague and embarrassing must make out a
very clear, strong case before (s)he should be allowed to succeed , 8 including serious
prejudice9, which may include that the opposing party is unable to plead in response
thereto.10
[13] In Trope11 the following was stated:
“An exception to a pleading on the ground that it is vague and
embarrassing involves a two -fold consideration. The first is whether the
pleading lacks particularity to the extent that it is vague. The second is
whether the vagueness causes embarrassment of such a nature that the
excipient is prejudiced. As to whether there is prejudice, the ability of the
excipient to produce an exception proof plea is not the only, or indeed the
most important, test. If that were the only test the object of pleadings to
enable parties to come to trial, prepare to meet other’s case and not be
taken by surprise may well be defeated… .”12
[14] In Jowell v Bramwell-Jones and Others the court noted as follows:
“. . . (T)he plaintiff is required to furnish an outline of its case. This does
not mean that the defendant is entitled to a framework like a crossword
puzzle in which every gap can be filled by logical deduction. The outline
may be asymmetrical and possess ro ugh edges not obvious until actually
explored by evidence. Provided the defendant is given a clear idea of the
7 Sun Packaging (Pty) Ltd v Vreulink [1996] ZASCA 73 ; 1996 (4) SA 176 (A) at 186J ; Francis v
Sharpe & Others 2004 (3) SA 230 (C) at 237F.
8 Francis v Sharp and Others 2004 (3) SA 230 (C) at 237D -I; Levitan v Newhaven Holiday Enterprises
CC 1991 (2) SA 297 (C) at 298A-C.
9 Gallagher Group Ltd and Another v IO Tech Manufacturing (Pty) Ltd 2014 (2) SA 157 (GNP) para
54; Francis v Sharp supra at 240E.
10 Lockhat and Others v Minister of the Interior 1960 (3) SA 765 (D) at 777D-E.
11 Trope v South African Reserve Bank 1992 (3) SA 208 (T).
12 At 221A-E.
material facts which are necessary to make the cause of action intelligible,
the plaintiff will have satisfied the requirements.”
[15] The alleged vagueness must furthermore go to the “root of the matter ” or “the
whole cause of action ”.13 It is not enough that a particular paragraph is purportedly
unclear, or is capable of more than one meaning.
[16] Particulars of claim are “ embarrassing” if it is impossible for the reader to
determine what the actual meaning (if any) is conveyed by the pleading 14 (i.e., if "it
cannot be gathered from it what ground is relied on" by the pleader).15
C. THE EXCEPTIONS
[17] In the first ground of exception Barloworld states that the second special plea,
headed “Unlawful Contract is Unenforceable” , is vague and embarrassing and that it is
prejudiced in that it does not know what case it must present to meet the second special
plea.
[18] The complaint is that, whereas paragraph 2.1 of the second special plea opens
with: “To the extent that Barloworld seeks to enforce a new or revived agreement with
effect from 1 June 2021” , paragraph 2.10 thereof starts with: “Accordingly, if the Court
finds that the agreement or its provisions remained valid and enforceable after
termination on 31 May 2021, the agreement or the relevant provisions are unlawful,
invalid and unenforceable” . Barloworld states that the two stateme nts are contradictory
and it is not clear whether Dotsure is referring to a new or revived agreement with effect
from 1 June 2021, or the original agreement which remained valid and enforceable after
31 May 2021. Barloworld states that it neither relies on the provisions of the agreement
which Dotsure claims are unlawful; nor upon a new agreement which was revived with
13 Jowell v Bramwell -Jones and Others 1998 (1) SA 836 (W) at 899F; General Commercial and
Industrial Finance Corporation Ltd v Pretoria Portland Cement Co. Ltd 1944 AD 444 at 454.
14 See Trope v South African Reserve Bank (TPD) supra at 211E.
14 See Trope v South African Reserve Bank (TPD) supra at 211E.
15 Venter and Others NNO v Barritt; Venter and Others NNO v Wolfsberg Arch Investments 2 (Pty) Ltd
2008 (4) SA 639 (C) para 12.
effect from 1 June 2021; nor does it contend that those provisions survived termination,
save for those mentioned at paragraph 5.9.4 of the particulars of claim.
[19] As Dotsure correctly points out, if Barloworld relies on none of the versions that it
says are contradictory, there can be no prejudice to it. If anything, it is an indication that
the exception is academic.
[20] The issue, in my view turns on the basis upon which Barloworld’s claim as a
whole is based. From its particulars of claim, it is clear that Barloworld relies on at least
a partially revived agreement. That is apparent from paragraph 21 of the particulars
where Barloworld pleads that certain provisions of the agreement or tacit agreement
survived termination. This is what is expressly reflected in both paragraphs 2.1 and 2.10
of the special plea, where they refer to a revived agreement, as well as provisions which
allegedly remained valid and enforceable after termination. In other words, the wording
of paragraphs 2.1 and 2.10 arises as a n interpretation of the particulars , and
accordingly, the alleged contradiction does not exist. If the interpretation is said to be
incorrect or is contested, that is matter for argument in due course. If the interpretati on
is unclear, that is an issue which may be clarified by means of a request for further
particulars.
[21] Dotsure points to yet another possible interpretation of the particulars of claim,
namely that on the day of termination of the agreement, the parties reached a further
agreement to the effect that certain terms would survive the cessation of the agreement
or tac it agreement. This interpretation is based mainly on paragraph 12.2 of the
particulars where the following is stated:
“The parties, represented as aforesaid, orally agreed that following the
termination of the Agreement alternatively the Tacit Agreement, each parties (sic)
obligations in terms of the Agreement alternatively the Tacit Agreement would
obligations in terms of the Agreement alternatively the Tacit Agreement would
cease, save for any obligations that the Agreement alternatively the Tacit
Agreement contemplated would survive termination.”
[22] It is indeed possible to interpr et paragraph 12.2 as providing for a new, oral
agreement, as contended by Dotsure . Whilst Barloworld may not agree with either
interpretation put forward by Dots ure, I also observe that the particulars do not
themselves specify what the legal basis is for the claim that is said to exist beyond the
termination of the agreement or tacit agreement. In either event, the issue resolves itself
into one of interpreting the agreement relied upon by Barloworld , and whichever
interpretation is correct is not for determination at this stage. As the case law indicates ,
it is not desirable to decide such an issue on exception.
[23] The parties’ arguments also illustrate that the exception is a matter for argument.
That this is so is illustrated by the opening words of both paragraphs 2.1 and 2.10 of the
special pleas, where the following is stated: “To the extent that [the plaintiff] seeks to...”,
and “…if the Court finds that the agreement or its provisions rem ained valid…” As
Dotsure points out, it is open to Barloworld to request further particulars in order to
obtain clarity or particularity as to the meaning of the alleged contradictory paragraphs .
The exception is accordingly not upheld.
[24] Similar observations may be made in respect of the second ground of exception
which relates to the same special plea . The exception takes issue with Dotsure’s
paragraph 2.6, which states as follows:
“Unless Barloworld was an insurer under the Insurance Act the joint venture
pleaded in paragraphs 5.2 and 5.4 to 5.7 and the business arrangement pleaded
in paragraph 5.9 of the particulars of claim would require Dotsure to conduct an
insurance business on behalf of Barloworld and therefore unlawful in terms of
section 5(4) of the Insurance Act.”
[25] Similar to the first exception, Barloworld the emphasises that the second special
plea is premised either on a new or revived agreement with effect from 1 June 2021, or
plea is premised either on a new or revived agreement with effect from 1 June 2021, or
the original agreement which remained valid after 31 May 2021, and that it relies on
neither. Nor, according to Barloworld, does Dotsure plead that the paragraphs specified
in the second special plea above survived termination of the agreement. As a result, it
states that it cannot a scertain, and Dotsure does not plead , why the alleged
unlawfulness of the clauses specified in the second special plea renders unlawful an
agreement which does not incorporate those clauses. It states that the special plea is
vague and embarrassing and it would be prejudiced in that it does not know what case it
must present in order to meet it.
[26] It bears emphasising that Barloworld pleads at paragraph 21 of the particulars of
claim that certain clauses survived termination of the agreement . One of those
paragraphs is 5.9.4, which is included in Dotsure’s special plea. At least insofar as that
paragraph is concerned, the confusion complained about by Barloworld should not arise.
[27] Secondly, stripped to its core, the second ground of exception amounts to stating
that the clauses referred to in Dotsure’s special plea are irrelevant to Barloworld’s case,
and that Dotsure’s reliance thereon is misconceived. That is a matter for argument , and
possibly means the issues raised in the special plea are academic, in which event, there
can be no prejudice visited upon Barloworld.
[28] Thirdly, at the heart of this exception there is once again an interpretative
disagreement between the parties. Dotsure argues that the specific provisions that
Barloworld states survived termination of the agreement or tacit agreement cannot exist
independently of specifically , the provisions mentioned in its paragraph 2.6 (and its
paragraph 2.8), hence its special plea . As already pointed out, it is not appropriate to
decide uphold an exception based on interpretative contentions.
[29] Finally, to the extent that the exception is based on lack of clarity, an issue which
is raised in the plaintiff's heads of argument, the re medy provided in terms of the
is raised in the plaintiff's heads of argument, the re medy provided in terms of the
uniform rules is to request further particulars . For all these reasons, the second
exception is not upheld.
[30] The third ground of exception is also directed against the second special plea. As
adverted above, Dotsure pleads that “unless [Barloworld] was an insurer under the
Insurance Act the joint venture arrangement required Dotsure to conduct an insurance
business on behalf of Barloworld, and was unlawful”. Barloworld complains that Dotsure
does not plead that it (Barloworld) was not registered in terms of the Insurance Act or in
terms of the Financial Advisory and Intermediary Services Act 37 of 2002 (FAISA), and
as a result the special plea fails to disclose a defence.
[31] To this Dotsure retorts that it is Barloworld which failed to plea d averments
necessary for its continued or revived agreement to be valid, namely that it is registered
in terms of those statutes. It states that it did not have to expressly plead or prove a
negative, and that is implied in its special plea that Barloworld is not so licensed or
registered.
[32] It is correct that Dotsure has not pleaded that Barloworld was not registered in
terms of the Insurance Act or in terms of the FAISA. That is a conclusion that one has to
infer from its special plea. The question is whether that renders the special plea
excipiable. When applying a generous interpretation of the pleading and taking into
account every interpretation thereof as counselled by the case law, it is implicit from the
context and the text that the special plea pleads that Barloworld is not registered in
terms of the statutes. There is no other meaning to be inferred from the special plea. I
am also mindful that Dotsure has pleaded the legal averments necessary to sustain the
special plea. It is the factual averment that is not expressly pleaded, and the averment
lies within the peculiar knowledge of Barloworld. In that context, if the facts d o not
support the special plea, it is open to Barloworld to plead the correct facts in replication,
and the special plea will have been without merit.
and the special plea will have been without merit.
[33] The second part of the third ground of exception is that it is vague and
embarrassing because Barloworld claims it is left to speculate why Dotsure contends
that the payment of proceeds of insurance business or commission derived therefrom
would be unlawful in terms of th e two statutes. In my view, this is a legal issue to be
decided in due course , and, in effect Barloworld wants Dotsure to substantiate its legal
argument. Here too, Barloworld can request further particulars if it so wishes.
[34] In t he fourth ground of exception , Barloworld claims that Dotsure seeks to
simultaneously vitiate and enforce the same agreement because, whilst pleading that
the agreement relied upon by Barloworld was terminated, it also seeks a costs order on
an attorney and client scale “as provided in clause 23.7 of the agreement”. Barloworld
states that these are mutually destructive contentions which render the special p lea
vague and embarrassing , and it would be prejudiced in not knowing the basis upon
which the attorney and client scale costs order is sought.
[35] As Dotsure correctly points out, an order of costs lies within the discretion of the
Court, and although it seeks those costs, that may completely change , depending on
the ultimate order of the C ourt. That applies regardless of Barloworld’s view of whether
the costs order is warranted. It is unfathomable how this plea can possibly be ground
for prejudice which prevents Barloworld from pleading. The pleaded costs do not require
Barloworld to plead in a certain way, or to lead evidence unnecessarily. It is open to
Barloworld to simply deny that the costs order is warranted, or to point out that it is not
supported by Dotsure’s other averments.
[36] Furthermore, the complaint raised by Barloworld, that the punitive costs order
sought is contradictory to the contention that the agreement was terminated, is a matter
for argument. That argument includes a determination regarding which clauses of the
agreement, if any, survived the termination of 31 May 2021. It does not amount to a
ground for an exception based vague and embarrassing grounds, given that Dotsure
has identified the clause upon which it relies for seeking the costs order, namely clause
23.7.
[37] The fifth ground of exception concerns paragraphs 9, 10, 11.1 and 11.2 of the
23.7.
[37] The fifth ground of exception concerns paragraphs 9, 10, 11.1 and 11.2 of the
plea on the merits. The complaint is that Dotsure, on the one hand , denies the cession
and on the other , pleads as if there was a cession; and the denial of the agreement of
cession is contrary to the wording of that agreement. As a result, Barloworld pleads that
the plea is vague and embarrassing because the allegations contradict the admitted
wording, and it cannot ascertain the basis upon which Dotsure admits the agreement
but denies it at the same time, and it would be prejudiced in that it does not know what
case it is required to meet regarding the denial of the cession.
[38] In the plea Dotsure expressly states, at paragraphs 10.2 and 11.2 , that it relies
on clause 2.1 of the cession for its denial that all the rights and obligations w ere ceded
to AIB. It explains that clause 2.1 is the key clause which encapsulates the content of
the cession and assignment.
[39] Clause 2.1 of the cession agreement, headed “Cession”, provides as follows:
“Oakhurst [now Dotsure ] hereby grants to AIB , with full power of
substitution, t he power and authority to set up and maintain such Call
centre in its name or in AIB's own name and to service such clients insofar
as their insurance requirements are concerned. For creating and maintain
(sic) such Call centre AIB shall be entitled to earn such commission as is
agreed between the parties in writing from time to time.”
[40] Barloworld does not agree with the interpretation of Dotsure that this clause
embodies the full gamut of the cession, and prefers instead to rely on clauses 1.1 and
1.3, which provide as follows:
“1.1 Oakhurst and AIB have entered into an agreement in terms of which
Oakhurst cedes its rights and obligations in respect of a Joint Venture
Agreement entered into with [Barloworld] and [Oakhurst] to AIB in order to
enable AIB to set up a Call Centre at its principal place of business.
...
1.3 Oakhurst further undertook to attend to the servicing of such Clients in so
far as the sale, underwriting, administration, client care and claims aspect
relative to the aforesaid insurance products are concerned. Oakhurst
hereby cedes, assigns and transfers to and in favour of AIB all of its rights,
title and interests in the aforesaid.”
[41] The issue is self-evidently one relating to different contentions of the
interpretation of the agreement , which is not appropriate for resolution at this stage . I
have not found any contradiction presented by the plea in this regard, and have found
no basis to conclude that it is vague and embarrassing.
[42] For all the above reasons, the exception is not upheld. There is furthermore no
reasons why costs should not follow the result. I have noted that both sides that
participated in these proceedings employed two counsel, al though the plaintiff’s senior
counsel did not appear at the hearing. I am accor dingly of the view that costs of two
counsel are warranted.
D. ORDER
[43] In the circumstances, the following order is made:
(a) The plaintiff’s exception is dismissed with costs, including costs of two two
counsel, taxed on Scale C.
_________________________
N. MANGCU-LOCKWOOD
Judge of the High Court
APPEARANCES
For the plaintiff : Adv J. Hoffman
Instructed by : S. Hamer
Mike Strydom Attorneys
For the defendants : Adv P. Farlam SC
Adv N. Luthuli
Instructed by : H. Hugo
ENS Africa