1 SAFLII Note: Certain personal/private details of parties or witnesses have been redacted from this document
in compliance with the law and SAFLII Policy
IN THE HIGH COURT OF SOUTH AFRICA,
GAUTENG DIVISION, PRETORIA
Case No: 60003/21
Reportable: No
Of interest to other Judges: No Revised: No
Date: 24 June 2025
In the matter between:
K J L[…] Plaintiff
and THE ROAD ACCIDENT FUND Defendant
JUDGEMENT
Mooki J
1 The plaintiff was injured in a car accident on 25 August 2018. He pleaded the
following injuries: a head injury with swollen forehead, an injury to the right knee, and
“upper back pains”. The plaintiff was a passenger at the time of the incident. He
was 14 years and 7 months old and in grade 8 at school.
2 The Court (Lenyai AJ) found the defendant liable for 100% of the damages
agreed by the parties or as proven by the plaintiff. The present proceedings are for
the determination of the plaintiff’s claim for the loss of future earnings.
3 The RAF did not participate in the trial. The Court granted the plaintiff leave to
2 present evidence in terms of Rule 38(2). The plaintiff relied on evidence by the
following experts: an orthopaedic surgeon, a neurosurgeon, a clinical psychologist,
an educational psychologist, an occupational therapist, an industrial psychologist, and actuaries.
4 Dr L D Ramushu, an orthopaedic surgeon, assessed the plaintiff on 5 August
2022. He found the plaintiff to have a normal gait, with no deformity to the right knee, but with mild tenderness over tubercle of the knee. He diagnosed the plaintiff as
presenting with a soft tissue injury to the right knee and that the plaintiff had reached
maximum medical improvement.
5 Dr A B Mazwi, a neurosurgeon, assessed the plaintiff on 18 January 2022,
when the plaintiff was 17 years old. The plaintiff told Dr Mazwi that the plaintiff lost awareness and woke up in the ambulance. Dr Mazwi considered that the plaintiff
was observed on admission, was given medication as prescribed by the treating
doctors and was discharged from hospital on the same day. The plaintiff informed Dr Mazwi that the plaintiff had normal scholastic performance before the accident. The
plaintiff raised various complaints which he said were the result of the accident,
including poor school performance, difficulty with concentration and memory disturbances. Dr Mazwi concluded that the plaintiff sustained the following injuries:
mild head injury, right knee injury, right elbow injury, and poor hearing post the injury.
6 Ms N M Mqhayi, a clinical psychologist, assessed the plaintiff on 25 March
2020. The plaintiff informed Ms Mqhayi that the plaintiff’s academic performance deteriorated since the accident. The plaintiff self -reported that he lost
consciousness, which he regained in the ambulance. The plaintiff was subjected to various tests. Ms Mqhayi concluded that there were no significant occupational or psychiatric difficulties before the accident and that the plaintiff was fully functional. This changed following the accident, with the plaintiff, among others, complaining of headaches, short -temperedness, and a deterioration in academic performance.
7 Ms Mqhayi found that the plaintiff demonstrated areas of difficulty on various
domains of neurocognitive functioning, including impaired sustained attention and inadequate auditory divided attention, impaired mental speed with impaired
3 psychomotor speed, and impaired short -term verbal memory. Ms Mqhayi opined that
the plaintiff was probably of average intellectual functioning before the accident
“considering his scholastic and family background”, and that the accident negatively
affected his life and academic functioning. The plaintiff was found to have severe
emotional disturbances, which interfered with his social and scholastic functioning.
8 Dr L T Kenana, an educational psychologist, gave evidence in person. This
was in addition to his report. The plaintiff’s mother told Dr Kekana that the plaintiff had the following problems following the accident: short term memory problems, he
did not concentrate and give sufficient attention, and complained about fatigue. Dr
Kekana subjected the plaintiff to various tests, including a diagnostic arithmetic test.
The result of this test showed the plaintiff to score at the age level of 10 years for
addition, at the level of 9 years for subtraction, at the level of 7 years for multiplication, and at the level of 7 years for division. The plaintiff was 18 years at
the time of the assessment. He was repeating grade 10.
9 Dr L T Kenana made the following diagnosis in relation to the plaintiff. He
determined that the plaintiff has a borderline intellectual ability in relation to cognitive
functioning. Dr L T Kenana stated that “The only reliable information is the
performance of [the plaintiff’s] parents and siblings at school.” Dr Kekana opined that, pre -accident, the plaintiff “could probably pass Grade 12 and obtain admission
to a diploma study.” This was the case “If the performance of his parents and older
sibling at school is taken into account and looking at various factors that might determine the learner’s educational potential, including family members […], environment, pedagogic neglect, socio- economic factors of the family, […].” Dr L T
Kenana opined that the plaintiff would have obtained an NQF Level 6 qualification
pre-accident.
10 Dr L T Kenana also opined that the plaintiff’s scholastic performance following
the accident was unsatisfactory; including that the plaintiff repeated grades 9 and 10. The accident, according to Dr L T Kenana, exacerbated the plaintiff’s learning difficulties. The prognosis of the plaintiff passing grade 10 in a mainstream school
was bleak. He determined that the plaintiff was “a Learner with Special Educational
Needs (LSEN) and should be referred to a pre- vocational school where he will
4 probably pass Grade 10 Special Education. His highest level of education is Grade
10 Special Education (NQF Level 2) post -accident.”
11 Ms Sarah Marule, an occupational therapist, assessed the plaintiff on 18
January 2022. The plaintiff presented with pain in the right knee, had poor physical endurance “due to the experience of pain”. Ms Marule opined that the plaintiff had
various shortcomings, including that the test for manual dexterity showed pain in the right knee, which was aggravated by lifting and carrying a heavy object. The plaintiff also had poor balance and poor physical endurance.
12 The plaintiff was found that he would struggle to cope in the open labour
market for being a candidate for the LSEN. This is because “One needs to be
physically, emotionally, mentally and cognitively well and stable to compete fairly in
the open labour market.” Being an LSEN candidate excluded the plaintiff from the
open labour market. The plaintiff was found to be more suited for employment in
a sheltered environment, where people with special needs are offered work under
special working conditions.
13 The occupational therapist opined that the injuries sustained in the accident
had negatively affected the plaintiff’s occupational prospects and that the plaintiff
would struggle to attain and maintain suitable employment.
14 The industrial psychologist, Ms T Maitin, assessed the plaintiff on 5 October
2022, 4 years and 2 months after the incident. Ms Maitin stated the following
regarding the plaintiff’s pre- morbid potential. She referred to Dr Kekana’s opinion
that the plaintiff could pass Grade 12 and obtain a diploma, pursuing a course of study at NQF level 6. She also had regard to the qualifications of the plaintiff’s parents and the fact that the plaintiff’s sister was a student at a tertiary institution.
15 Ms Maitin posited the following pre- morbid employment scenario. She opined
that, but for the accident, the plaintiff would have probably completed grade 12 with a diploma endorsement and would have enrolled at a tertiary institution, studying towards a three- year diploma of his choice. The plaintiff is then said to have entered
the workforce at Paterson Level B4, progressing to Paterson Level C3/C4 by age 45.
5 He would then have earned inflationary increases until retirement at age 65. Ms
Maitin premised her opinion on a view that “children tend to outperform their parents and significant others in both scholastic and occupational attainment, regardless of their socio- economic status.”
16 Ms Maitin noted observations by other experts when considering the plaintiff’s
post-morbid employment potential. She opined that the accident had a negative
impact on the plaintiff’s pre- accident learning and earning potential; with the plaintiff
presenting with limitations that interfered with his ability to benefit optimally from
learning which will interfere with his pre- accident earning potential. Ms Maitin
indicated that the plaintiff would probably be unable to secure employment in the
open labour market given his severe cognitive deficits. She concluded that the plaintiff did not suffer a loss of past earnings because he was a student at the time of
the accident, but “will probably suffer a total loss of future earnings”.
17 The actuary computed their estimation on the following bases . They assumed
that the plaintiff was unemployable in the future, and took his future injured income
as nil. The past and future uninjured incomes were computed on the basis that the
plaintiff would have completed a grade 12 and a diploma in 2022 and 2025,
respectively; with the plaintiff obtaining employment in July 2028 earning in line with
Paterson B4. His income was assumed to have increased to Paterson C3/C4 by age 45, and that his income would then increase with inflation to retirement at age 65. The actuaries computed that the present value of the loss in income amounted to R9 279 131.00.
18 The plaintiff initially claimed R5 600 000.00 from the defendant. This amount
was the total of claims under several heads: past hospital and medical expenses, an estimate of future medical expenses, loss of earning capacity/reduced/loss of
productivity/loss of employability, and general damages. The plaintiff amended his
claim and now seeks R10 379 131.00, of which the amount of R9 279 131.00 is for
“loss of earning capacity/reduced/loss of productivity/loss of employability”.
19 The Court put to counsel for the plaintiff that the plaintiff, in contending for “a
total loss of future earnings”, was saying that there was absolutely no work that the
6 plaintiff could possibly do, meaning that the plaintiff has no work capacity at all. The
occupational therapist did not opine that the plaintiff had no work capacity. Counsel submitted that the Court can adjust the claim by way of contingencies. The Court then put to counsel that contingencies that are applied off unfounded bases amount to a claimant being put in funds without a proper basis.
20 The plaintiff’s claim for a loss of future earnings is premised on the incident
having so affected the plaintiff’s education, with the result that he would no longer be able to attain an NQF level 6 qualification but had become reduced to attaining an
NQF level 2 qualification. Counsel submitted that the plaintiff was a moderate
achiever at school before the accident. The educational psychologist opined that the
incident severely affected the plaintiff’s ability to learn, with the result that the plaintiff was a candidate for special education. The evidence does not support a finding that the accident so impaired the plaintiff, leading to the plaintiff becoming a candidate for
special education.
21 The evidence shows that the plaintiff was a candidate for special education at
the very beginning of his schooling. His school reports consistently show the plaintiff
to be underperforming, to a large extent. He is shown to have consistently
performed below the class average. He repeated grade 4. The results of the repeated grade 4 were not made available. He was in grade 8 at the time of the incident. His results for this grade were not made available. He was promoted to grade 9. He repeated the grade. The results of the repeated grade 9 were not
made available. He also repeated grade 10. The results of the repeated grade were
also not made available. Counsel submitted during the hearing that the plaintiff had
dropped out of school at the time of the hearing of this matter.
22 The actuary made computations on the loss of earnings premised on the
plaintiff having completed grade 12 in 2022. The plaintiff did not provide supplementary reports when the matter was heard.
23 The industrial psychologist would have the court accept that the plaintiff would
have attained an NQF level 6 qualification based on the qualification of the plaintiff’s parents and because the plaintiff’s sister was a student at a tertiary institution, on the
7 supposition that “children outperform their parents.” These findings by the industrial
psychologist ignore the facts.
24 The industrial psychologist gave the impression that the plaintiff’s poor school
performance was attributable to the incident. The industrial psychologist does not mention the fact that the plaintiff consistently performed poorly since starting school. The evidence by the industrial psychologist was designed with an outcome in mind. This is illustrated by the following highly self -serving extract by the industrial
psychologist of the evidence of the educational psychologist: t is likely that before
the accident, Kamogelo, despite one repeat in Grade 4, could probably pass Grade
12 and obtain admission to a diploma study. He could probably pursue the study
course of his choice and obtain an NQF Level 6 qualification. (11.1)…..The prognosis of him passing Grade 10 in mainstream education seems bleak…..His highest level of education in (sic) Grade 10 Special Education (NQF 2) post -
accident”. (11.2.2).
25 The industrial psychologist, in the above extract, failed to consider all the facts.
The industrial psychologist did not, for example, consider the actual school reports in
relation to the plaintiff’s performance since grade R, or the plaintiff’s results when
repeating grades. The industrial psychologist ignored evidence and made
conclusions based on a generalised assertion that children tend to outperform their
parents.
26 It has not been shown that the accident or its sequalae so fundamentally
affected the plaintiff that the plaintiff had been rendered wholly unemployable. Counsel submitted that the Court should apply a higher than normal contingency to
the plaintiff’s claim. This would be a misapplication of contingencies. A proper basis must have been laid for the court to apply contingencies.
27 I determine that there is no evidence upon which the court can made a finding
in relation to the plaintiff’s contended loss of future earnings.
28 I make the following order:
8 The court grants absolution from the instance in relation to the plaintiff’s claim
for future loss of earnings.
O Mooki
Judge of the High Court Gauteng Division, Pretoria
Counsel for the plaintiff: P Makhubela
Instructed by: Mashabela Attorneys Inc.
Date heard: 13 June 2025
Date of judgement: 24 June 2025