1

REPUBLIC OF SOUTH AFRICA



IN THE HIGH COURT OF SOUTH AFRICA
GAUTENG DIVISION, JOHANNESBURG


Case Number: 2025 -072038








In the matter between:


NORTHBOUND PROCESSING (PTY) LTD Applicant

and

THE SOUTH AFRICAN DIAMOND AND
PRECIOUS METALS REGULATOR First Respondent

RAPPA RESOURCES (PTY) LTD Second Respondent

RAPPA HOLDINGS (PTY) LTD Third Respondent

TRUSTEES FOR THE TIME BEING OF THE Fourth Respondent
RAPPA EMPOWERMENT TRUST

THREE PALMS TRADING (PTY) LTD Fifth Respondent



JUDGMENT


(1) REPORTABLE : YES
(2) OF INTEREST TO OTHER JUDGES: YES
(3) REVISED: NO
______________ ______ _____________
DATE SIGNATURE
30-06-2025

2

DJ Smit, AJ


Introduction
[1] As it has evolved, this is an application for urgent interim relief , met by a counter -
application aimed at undoing a sale of business.
[2] The applicant, Northbound Processing, seeks interim relief in the form of a
mandamus compelling the first respondent, the South African Diamond and
Precious Metals Regulator (“the Regulator”) to release a refining licence to
Northbound.
[3] The Regulator issued the refining licence to Northbound on 10 January 2025, but
it made the release of the refining licence to Northbound conditional on inter alia
the return of a refining licence held by the second respondent, Rappa Resources.
The Regulator does not oppose the relief sought, but requires a court order to
release the licence given the dispute that has arisen about ( inter alia ) the return
of the licence of Rappa Resources .
[4] Prior to 1 October 2024, Rappa Resources carried on business as a processor
of precious metals. For this purpose, it was required to hold – and actually held
– a refining licence issued by the Regulator in terms of the Precious Metals Act ,
37 of 2005 (“the Precious Metals Act”) . A refining licence (among other matters)
permits the holder thereof to acquire, possess or dispose of any unwrought
precious metal (as defined in the Precious Metals Act).
[5] For reasons that are unexplained on the papers, Rappa Resources, its majority
shareholder – the third respondent (“Rappa Holdings”) – and the holding
company of Rappa Holdings which is the fifth respondent (“Three Palms”) ran
into trouble that caused them, among other things, to become “ unbanked ”.1
Three Palms was placed under a preservation order at the instance of the South
African Revenue Service (“SARS”) and is thus manage d by a curator.

1 It is a matter of public record that South African (and foreign) banks from time to time withdraw
their services from entities that develop reputational and/or legal trouble which leads them to
become “ unbanked ”. This often has the effect that they are, in essence, forced to stop trading.
3

[6] Apparently in an attempt to ensure that the processing business could continue,2
Rappa Resources concluded a Sale of Business Agreement with Northbound in
September 2024. In terms of the sale, Northbound acquired the plant and
equipment used for the processing business and the lease of the premises on
which the processing business was carried on .3 The approximately 100
employees involved in the processing business were transferred to Northbound’s
employ.
[7] After the signing of the sale agree ment and until about mid-May 2025 , the
processing business apparently continued under a “ transitional arrangement ”
with the Regulator until the conditions for the release of Northbound’s licence
were fulfilled (about which, more below) .4
[8] According to Northbound, t hese conditions have now be en fulfilled , which means
that it needs its own refining licence: without its own licence it can no longer carry
on the processing business and cannot obtain a vendor number from Harmony
Gold Mining Company Ltd (“Harmony”), which is its only customer. Thus, the
refusal of the Regulator to release Northbound’s new licence (under
circumstances discussed below) gave rise to this urgent application . Without the
licence, the processing business has to be idle with what Northbound describes
as devastating commercial consequences.
[9] Northbound says that the processing business was worth approximately
R18 million at the time of the sale , and that sum was the purchase price it paid
to Rappa Resources. It says that this was less than 1% of the value of the assets
of Rappa Resources, which also include s – or included at the time – a value -
added tax (“VAT”) refund claim of R1.974 billion against SARS.5

2 This is, at least, Northbound’s version. There is contestation on the papers as to the motives
for the sale but it is unnecessary to decide this.
3 In terms of the Sale of Business Agreement, the “ Business ” acquired was “ the processing
business comprising the acquisition of low -grade gold -bearing by -products from the major gold
mines to produce gold -bearing concentrates for export. ”
4 The legality of this arrangement was challenged in correspondence, but there is little on the
papers on exactly what the “transitional arrangement ” entailed .
5 The VAT claim has apparently since been compromised.
4

[10] For this reason, Northbound says that the sale was not required to be approved
by a special resolution of the shareholders of Rappa Holdings pursuant to section
115(2)(b) of the Companies Act, 71 of 2008 (“the Companies Act”).
[11] Rappa Holdings and Three Palms – to which I will refer as the opposing
respondents – contend, however, that the sale was required to be approved
pursuant to a special resolution by Three Palms which, it is common cause, did
not occur. For this reason, they brought a counter -application in which they seek
to have the sale declared to be unlawful and set aside and to have its
consequences reversed (among other and ancillary relief).
[12] Given the opposing respondents ’ answering affidavit and counter -application ,
Northbound abandoned its bid for final relief before me and only persisted with
interim relief (in the form of the mandamus ), pending the institution of
proceedings by Northbound to confirm the validity of the sale of business.
[13] I deal first with the facts around the issuance of the refining licence to
Northbound, the statutory framework and the legal underpinnings for the
mandamus (including whether the requirements for the grant of an interim
interdict have been met and whether it is urgent). I then deal with the counter -
application and its urgency. Finally, I deal with an unfortunate feature of the
proceedings before me: the use in Northbound’s heads of argument of non -
existing case citations “ hallucinated ” by generative artific ial intelligence.
The issuance of the refining licence
[14] The papers do not show when Northbound applied for the refining licence. This
presumably occurred shortly after the signing of the sale agreement. On 13
February 2025, the Regulator directed correspondence to Northbound, copying
Mr Gary Bickerton who is one of two directors of Rappa Resources. The letter
stated as follows:
“The [Regulator] is satisfied that Northbound complies in all respects
with the requirements for the issuance of a Refining Licence, which
licence has been issued on 10 January 2025 under licence number
AP21847. However, the Refining Licence in question has been
5

retained by the [Regulator] pending the completion of the transfer of
the Processing Business from Rappa to Northbound. …. Northbound
is not permitted to undertake refining activities until its Refining
Licence is released, which will only happen upon the following
conditions being satisfied:
a. the transfer of the Processing Business from Rappa to Northbound
is completed and written confirmation and proof by Rappa to that
effect is submitted to the [Regulator ]; and
b. Rappa ’s Refining Licence is returned to the [Regulator ].6
(Emphasis added.)
[15] Northbound contends that the first condition has been satisfied as of mid -May
2025 . On 9 May 2025, Mr Bickerton wrote to the Regulator on behalf of Rappa
Resources confirming that the business transfer has been concluded (thus
satisfying the first condition). I do not understand this to be meaningfully
contested.
[16] The completion of the transfer of the business meant that the transitional
arrangement with the Regulator ended and that Northbound needed (as of
9 May 2025) its own refining licence in order to carry on the processing of
precious metals.
[17] Northbound also contends that it is in a position to satisfy the second condition .
Mr Bickerton’s letter of 9 May 2025 recorded that Rappa Resources authorises
a representative of Northbound to return the Rappa Resources licence to the
Regulator, in exchange for the collection of the Northbound licence.
[18] The Regulator , however, refused to accept the return of the Rappa Resources
licence and consequently to release the new licence to Northbound . The refusal
during or about the first half of May 2025 triggered this urgent application by
Northbound, launched on 20 May 2025.

6 The Regulator issued a refining licence to Rappa Resources in 2013 for 30 years under licence
number AP09136.
6

[19] The Regulator’s refusal flowed from correspondence addressed by
Mr Bickerton’s co-director of Rappa Resources (Mr Pieter Conradie) to the
Regulator on or about 30 April 2025 .
[20] Mr Conradie flagged to the Regulator that the majority shareholder of Rappa
Resources – the third respondent (Rappa Holdings) – contends that a sale of
business from Rappa Resources to Northbound was effected “ without obtaining
the necessary shareholder approval ”. Mr Conradie stated to the Regulator that
the matter “ is presently under internal review and may be subject to formal legal
proceedings ”. Accordingly, Mr Conradie advised the Regulator that Rappa
Resources “ does not intend to release, surrender or transfer its refining licence” .
[21] Mr Conradie’s letter followed a letter dated 30 April 2025 directed by a director
of the third respondent, Rappa Holdings, to him in which Rappa Holdings
objected to the sale of business by Rappa Resources to Northbound. Rappa
Holdings claimed that the tra nsaction was concluded “ without obtaining the
necessary shareholder approach as contemplated in section 112 read with
section 115 ” of the Companies Act.
[22] The correspondence from Mr Conradie and Rappa Holdings led to a flurry of
activity .
[23] On 12 May 2025, Northbound recorded in a letter to the Regulator that, on
9 May 2025 , the representative of Northbound attended at the office of the
Regulator to tender the Rappa Resources licence and to take delivery of the new
Northbound licence. The Regulator informed the representative, however, that a
dispute had been filed by a shareholder of Rappa Resources and that the
Regulator would therefore not accept the return of the Rappa Resources licence.
As a consequence, Northbound demanded immediate rescission of the Rappa
Resources licence (based upon the fact that Rappa Resources was no longer
able to utilise it) and delivery of the new Northbound licence.
[24] On 14 May 2025, the Regulator directed a letter to Messrs Conradie and
Bickerton as well as to Northbound. The letter recorded that it was common
cause that the Regulator has approved a refining licence for Northbound. The
licence was retained by the Regul ator “ on the basis that it would render the
7

[Regulator] unable to perform its regulatory functions and hold two different
licenses accountable for two separate licences operating in the same premise,
utilizing the same refining infrastructure” . The Regulator indicated that it was
“ready to make its decision and therefore requires a discussion with all parties ”.
For that reason, it convened a meeting on 16 May 2025.
[25] Northbound immediately responded that the meeting served no purpose,
because the Regulator’s conditions had been met and that all that remained was
for the one licence to be returned and the other handed over.
[26] On 16 May 2025, the Regulator responded to Northbound as follows:
“After carefully considering allegations and counter allegations from
all parties involved in the ongoing saga regarding the legal validity or
otherwise, of the sale of Rappa Resources … business to Northbound
Processing … the [Regulator] has decided to ad opt a cautionary
approach by not acting in a manner that may potentially render it
partisan or complicit. ….
“[At] the time when we wrote our letter dated 13 February 2025, the
[Regulator] was blissfully unaware that the sale of Rappa [Resources]
to Northbound was mired in allegations of illegality. It is our contention
that the [Regulator] will gladly, at the re quest of any party involved in
the saga, oblige to an y court order directing it to act in particular
manner.”
[27] Thus, the Regulator informed Northbound that it would cancel a meeting with
Northbound set up on 19 May 2025 for the exchange of the old (Rappa
Resources) licence for the new (Northbound) licence.
[28] As a result of this sequence of events, Northbound instituted the urgent
application on 20 May 2025, contend ing that the Regulator’s failure to release its
new licence is irrational, arbitrary and ultra vires. The Regulator, as noted above,
filed a notice to abide.

8

Discussion of Northbound’s prima facie right to the licence
[29] When a mandatory interdict is sought against a public authority, as in this case,
it is known as a mandamus .7 A mandamus can operate finally or pending other
proceedings, typically but not necessarily review proceedings. Depending on
whether it is framed as a final or interim interdict, an applicant is required to
satisfy the normal requirements for an interdict, save that the “ clear right ” or
“prima facie right open to some doubt ” consists of a right sourced in public law,
typically a statute. The right is not –
“merely the right to approach a court in order to review an
administrative decision. It is a right to which, if not protected by an
interdict, irreparable harm would ensue.”8
[30] Prior to the promulgation of the interim and final Constitutions, the Court’s power
to afford interim relief while a party followed processes (whether judicial or extra -
judicial) to establish or confirm its statutory rights was sourced in the inherent or
common -law powers of the Supreme Court.9 It is now sourced in the Constitution,
1996 , its principle of legality and the Promotion of Administrative Justice Act, 3
of 2000 (“PAJA”).10
[31] In this case, the right in question is not Northbound’s right to be issued with a
refining licence if it complied with the statutory prerequisites for such issuance .
On the word of the Regulator, in its letter of 13 February 2025, the licence has
been issued because Northbound complied with the statutory requirements .
[32] The right in question is rather Northbound’s right to physical possession of the
licence which, it is common cause, is required for it to engage with suppliers and
carry on the processing business.

7 Hoexter & Penfold Administrative Law in South Africa 3rd Ed. (Juta, 2021) (“ Hoexter ”) p 801.
8 National Treasury v Opposition to Urban Tolling Alliance 2012 (6) SA 223 (CC) para 50.
9 Airoadexpress (Pty) Ltd v Chairman, Local Road Transportation Board, Durban 1986 (2) SA
663 (A) at 673A, 673E -H, 674B -676D (per Kotzé JA , Joubert JA concurring ), 677 F-678G (per
Grosskopf JA) ; Van Heerden JA and Miller JA dissented.
10 Compare Eskom Holdings SOC Ltd v Vaal River Development Association (Pty) Ltd 2023 (4)
SA 325 (CC) paras 197, 204 -206 (per Madlanga J for the majority) .
9

[33] It is this right which the Regulator made conditional on confirmation of the
completion of the transfer of business (which is common cause) and the return
of the licence (which, it is common cause, is within Northbound’s power to effect).
[34] In my view, once the Regulator has decided to issue the licence, which it did on
10 January 2025, Northbound has a right to receive the licence. I embark on a
brief excursion through the statutory framework of the Precious Metals Act and
its Regulations to show that, once the Regulator has exercised its power to issue
the licence, it has no discretion nevertheless not to hand it over to Northbound.
[35] Section 4(1) of the Precious Metals Act provides inter alia that, “ no person may
acquire, possess or dispose of … any unwrought precious metal, unless … he
or she is the holder of a refining licence and acts in accordance with the terms
and conditions of his or her licence ”. (The Act also permits certain other classes
of persons to deal in unwrought precious metal, but this is irrelevant for purposes
of this judgment.)
[36] Section 6(2) of the Precious Metals provides that “ [a]ny administrative process
conducted or decision taken in terms of this Act must be conducted or taken in
accordance with the Promotion of Administrative Justice Act, 2000 (Act 3 of
2000), unless otherwise provided for in this Act ”.
[37] Section 7 of the Precious Metals provides for the issuance and renewal of refining
licences. The section does not describe any criteria according to which the
Regulator must decide whether to issue such a licence or not; simply that the
Regulator must firs t consult with the National Treasury (in the case of gold) and
in all cases with the National Commissioner of the South African Police Service.
[38] It is the Regulations made under the Precious Metals Act (“Regulations”)11 that
specify the manner of lodging an application for a refining licence (in Regulation
2) and the details to be contained in such an application (in Regulation 3). These
suggest that an applicant must be able to indicate at least a legitimate source for
the pr ecious metal to be processed ; technical ability and expertise; sufficient
financial resources and a viable business plan; a market to dispose of the refined

11 Published under GN R570 in GG 30061 of 9 July 2007 and amended by GN R387 in GG 30942
of 4 April 2008 and by GN R737 in GG 38014 of 22 September 2014 .
10

metal; a (lack of) a criminal record; empowerment credentials; and an
environmental authorisation under the applicable legislation.
[39] Regulation 5 elaborates on these criteria in that it specifies that the Regulator
“may … issue ” a refining licence, within 60 days of the lodgement of an
application, if certain conditions are met. These include that the applicant must
not be in contravention of the Precious Metals Act; must have access to financial
resources and appropriate techni cal expertise to conduct the proposed refining
operation; and that its business plan must be compatible with the intended
refining operations and the duration the reof. Further, the issuance of the licence
must not result in an “ exclusionary act ” or “ prevent fair competition ”.
[40] I quote these provisions at some length, because the opposing respondents
contend that the Regulator is not obliged to hand over the refining licence to
Northbound and Northbound is not entitled to be furnished with the licence.
Hence, they contend that the Regulator is acting lawfully in withholding the
licence.
[41] I deal below with what the opposing respondents contend are the reasons why
the Regulator is entitled to refused to release the licence. First, however, I turn
to the issue whether the licence can be said to have been “ issued ” to Northbound
in the absence of physical delivery thereof.
[42] The Precious Metals Act and its Regulations do not distinguish between the
“grant ” of a refining licence and the “ issuance ” or “ handing over ” of the licence
as some statutes do.12 Section 7(1) and Regulation 5 simply refer to the “ issue ”
of a refining licence which, in this case, the Regulator said it did on 10 January
2025.
[43] Counsel for the opposing respondents in comprehensive supplementary heads
of arguments argued that “ issue ” must mean physical issuance, given that the
Precious Metals Act refers in many instances to the “ holder ” of a licence. In

12 A prime example is the various rights (e.g. prospecting or mining rights) conferred under the
Mineral and Petroleum Resources Development Act , 28 of 2002 which are “ granted ” through a
unilateral administrative act, but which may not be exercised before they are notarially executed:
see Minister of Mineral Resources v Mawetse (SA) Mining Corporation (Pty) Ltd 2016 (1) SA 306
(SCA) paras 19 -28.
11

support of this contention, he referred to several cases which held, in the context
of different statutory schemes, that “ holding ” a licence implies physical
possession thereof and “ issuance ” implies physical delivery.13
[44] What these submissions show, however, is that statutes sometimes distinguish
between a grant decision in relation to a licence and a handing over of the licence
and, in such cases, a person becomes “ holder ” of a licence only upon handing
over of a licence. The Precious Metals Act does not contain this distinction.
[45] I will, however, assume in favour of the opposing respondents that “ issuance ” of
the refining licence to Northbound would only be complete upon physical delivery
of the licence to Northbound.
[46] In my view, once the Regulator has found that Northbound has met all the
requirements to be issued a refining licence – as it did – Northbound has a right
to be issued such licence , which right includes the physical delivery of the
licence. This right does not depend on whether issuance was complete as at 10
January 2025 or has yet to be completed. Neither the Precious Metals Act nor its
Regulations contain any residual power for the Regulator to withhold physical
delivery of a licence pending satisfaction of prerequisites other those stipulated
in section 7 as read with Regulations 2, 3 and 5 – which the Regulator has stated
was satisfied .
[47] Put differently, the administrative action that is reviewable at the instance of the
opposing respondents to issue the refining licence to Northbound was complete
upon the communication of such issuance to Northbound on 13 February 2025.14
The Regulator was functus officio , having communicated its decision. T he
subsequent physical handing over of the licence was a purely mechanical act
that was not regulated by statute and thus cannot constitute administrative
action, as defined in section 1 of PAJA.

13 Compare R v Theron 1959 (3) SA 102 (T) at 103H -105D; Orlando Fine Foods (Pty) Ltd v Sun
International (Bophuthatswana) Ltd 1994 (2) SA 249 (BG) at 256G -257F; Desert Palace Hotel
Resort (Pty) Ltd v Northern Cape Gambling Board 2007 (3) SA 187 (SCA) paras 10 -15.
14 Compare Mawetse (supra) para 28 .
12

[48] It follows that, in my view, Northbound has a t least a prima facie right – for
purposes of the law of interdicts – to the immediate release of the licence. This
does not mean that the issuance of its refining licence cannot be set aside in
appropriate proceedings; or that circumstances cannot arise in which the
Regulator may cancel the licence. It merely means that, on the papers before
me, the opposing resp ondents have no t raised sufficient doubt that, given the
prior decision of the Regulator to issue the licence, it should not release that
licence to Northbound.
[49] I discuss below two counter -arguments by the opposing respondents, but I note
at this stage that Northbound abandoned any final relief and only claimed an
interim interdict pending proceedings to confirm the validity of the sale of
business. In my view, i ts case passes the threshold of a prima facie right even
though open to some doubt.
The counter -arguments by the opposing respondents in relation to the prima facie right
[50] The opposing respondents relied on two lines of attack against Northbound’s
right to release of the licence:
a. First, they say that Northbound did not meet various statutory criteria for the
issuance of the right.
b. Second, they say that the sale of business was unlawful and invalid for non -
compliance with section 115(2)(b) of the Companies Act as read with
section 112 in that Three Palms did not adopt a resolution authorising the
sale of the business of Rappa Resources.
[51] As will be seen, these submissions are interrelated .
[52] As I record above, the opposing respondents contended that the Regulator was
acting lawfully by not releasing Northbound’s new licence. They say this on the
following basis:
a. During the interim period, Northbound has acquired and possessed
unwrought precious metal despite not being in possession of a refining
licence, which is a contravention of section 4 of the Precious Metals Act.
13

Thus, the Regulator is precluded from issuing a refin ing licence to
Northbound in terms of regulation 5(1)(b) of the Regulations, which requires
an applicant not to be in contravention of any provisions of the Precious
Metals Act. This seems to be, in essence, a challenge to the legality of the
“transitional arrangement ” the Regulator made with Northbound.
b. Given that the sale of business was unlawful, Northbound does not have a
viable business or business plan as required by Regulations 3(2)(d) and (e)
as read with R egulation s 5(1)(c) and (d) .
c. The issuance of a refining licence to Northbound results in an “exclusionary
act” 15, because then Rappa Resources would be unfairly prevented from
being able to remain in the precious metals sector, or at the very least,
severely impeded from being able to re -enter the precious metals sector at
a later stage. Thus, Regulation 5(2)(a)(i) appli es.
[53] I do not make any pronouncement on the merits of these contentions. They suffer
from a fundamental and common flaw that is independent from their merits. They
are all directed at whether or not Northbound met the requirements for the
issuance of a refining licence.
[54] But the Regulator has already decided that Northbound did meet the
requirements and consequently it issued the licence. Even if the two conditions
the Regulator imposed on 13 February 2025 for the release of the licence can
be construed as demonstrative of meeting the statutory requirements, it is
common cause that they were met or could be met by Northbound.
[55] Accordingly, to the extent that the first argument is aimed at providing reasons
why the issuance of a licence to Northbound would be unlawful, it is precluded
by the so -called Oudekraal doctrine.16 For purposes of the interim relief sought
by Northbound, it is irrelevant whether the Regulator was correct or not in

15 Defined in the Regulations as: “ an act or practice which unfairly impedes or prevents any
person from entering or remaining in the precious metals industry, or from entering or remaining
in a market connected to that industry ”.
16 See e.g. Oudekraal Estates (Pty) Ltd v City of Cape Town 2004 (6) SA 222 (SCA) ; MEC for
Health, Eastern Cape v Kirland Investments (Pty) Ltd t/a Eye and Lazer Institute 2016 (1) SA 481
(CC) .
14

deciding that Northbound met the criteria for the issuance of the refining licence.
It did so, as a matter of fact, and thus its decision stands until it is reviewed by
the right litigant in the rights proceedings. (In this case, the right proceedings
would of necessity have to be review proceedings to set aside the decision of the
Regulator.)
[56] The second argument, that the sale of business was invalid and unlawful, is
intertwined with the first and fails on much the same basis.
[57] Although Northbound’s application to the Regulator and the accompanying
business plan was not before the Court, it may well be that the sale of business
forms the substratum of its application and thus the issuance of the refining
licence. But once the Regulator decided that N orthbound met the requirements
for the issuance of a refining licence – whether based upon the sale or not – the
validity of the sale logically cannot determine whether Northbound has a right to
the release of the licence.
[58] There was a sale of business (valid or not) at the time the licence was issued,
which had the practical effect that Northbound took over the business and the
employees. The Regulator could not be expected to inquire into whether the
requirements of an enti rely different statutory framework had been met, before
issuing the licence. And even if it could, it did not, and it issued the licence as a
matter of fact – which again activates the Oudekraal doctrine.
[59] Accordingly, it is unnecessary to decide for purposes of the mandamus whether
the sale of business was valid or not. It makes no difference to the statutory
consequences of the Regulator’s decision to issue the licence to Northbound.
Urgency and a well-grounded apprehension of irreparable harm if interim relief is not
granted and final relief is ultimately granted
[60] It seems clear that Northbound would suffer irreparable harm if the refining
licence is not released to it. The opposing responded did not conte st that, w ithout
physical possession of its issued licence, Northbound is precluded from
conducting its operations, rendering it commercially inoperative.
15

[61] The consequence of that is that Northbound cannot receive material from
Harmony Gold (its sole supplier), generate revenue and pay staff. Over
100 employees face immediate retrenchment .
[62] It would be cold comfort to Northbound if interim relief is not granted and , in due
course, its right to the licence is confirmed in review proceedings. By that time,
the processing plant would have been idle for years and Harmony and its
employees would have moved on.
[63] For the same reasons, I find that Northbound’s application is urgent. The
opposing respondents did not contest the urgency of Northbound’s application,
although they asserted that their counter -application to set aside the sale was
equally urgent. (I deal with the counter -application below.)
The balance of convenience
[64] Consideration of the balance of convenience entails a weighing up of the
prejudice to the opposing respondent s of granting the mandamus against the
prejudice to Northbound if it is not granted.
[65] I explain above the very considerable commercial difficulties which Northbound
would face if the licence is not released to it. These were not contested. Against
this needs to be weighed the consequences to the opposing respondents if the
licence is released to Northbound.
[66] The parties argued the matter on the common assumption that, if the licence is
released, Northbound would be able to carry on the processing business unless
and until proceedings to determine the validity of the sale of business is complete
– and that the opposing respondents’ subsidiary Rappa Resources would be
divested of the business for at least that period. To that I would add a rider: there
is als o the possibility of successful review proceedings against the Regulator in
relation to the issuance of th e licence.
[67] It seems clear that the balance of convenience favours Northbound. It is common
cause that Rappa Resources has not operated the refining business since
1 October 2024. All employees, operational responsibilities, commercial
16

contracts, and physical infrastructure were transferred to and have been
managed by Northbound for the past nine months.
[68] On the other hand, Rappa Resources appears to be currently unbanked and
“commercially dormant ”. Even if the opposing respondents succeed in a claim
for restitution of the business to Rappa Resources, it may experience difficulties
in carrying on the business – leaving alone any potential difficulties with its own
refining licence.
[69] If the mandamus is not granted, there are considerable legal and practical
difficulties with a potential damages claim against the Regulator or the opposing
respondents.17 If it is granted, but the opposing respondents are successful in
subsequent proceedings for restitution of the business, they are likely to receive
an operational business and have a potential damages claim that could
potentially be quantified on the basis of Northbound’s profit.
[70] There is also no consideration of separation of powers in this particular case that
stands in the way of an interdict, because the Regulator has not only already
decided to issue the licence but it has also abided the relief sought .18
No other satisfactory remedy
[71] For reasons already articulated under the rubrics of irreparable harm and
balance of convenience, there does not seem to be another satisfactory remedy
for Northbound than a mandamus ; and its was not contended otherwise.
[72] I therefore conclude that Northbound is entitled to an interim interdict essentially
in the terms prayed for, although I have excised some of its provisions which
appear unnecessary to me to achieve its purpose.
The counter -application and its urgency
[73] As I record above, Northbound instituted its urgent application on Tuesday
20 May 2025 and set it down for Tuesday 3 June . In turn, the opposing

17 See e.g. Steenkamp NO v Provincial Tender Board, Eastern Cape 2007 (3) SA 121 (CC) .
18 Compare National Treasury v Opposition to Urban Tolling Alliance 2012 (6) SA 223 (CC) paras
44-47.
17

respondents filed their answering affidavit on Thursday 29 May. The answering
affidavit stood as the founding affidavit in the counter -application .
[74] The essence of the counter -application is to set aside the sale of business and
to effect restitution of the business; to interdict Rappa Resources and
Mr Bickerton from surrendering the old refining licence; to remove Mr Bickerton
as director of Rappa Res ources ; and to declare the lease of the promises on
which Northbound operates, to be terminated. The relief is based upon the
court’s wide powers arising from section 163 of the Companies Act.
[75] The answering papers and the counter -application were also accompanied by
applications for:
a. The intervention of 8 Mile Investments 337 (Pty) Ltd, which is the lessor of
the premises from which Northbound operates and which made common
cause with the opposing respondents in the counter -application.
b. The joinder of Rappa Resources and the fourth respondent as respondents
to the counter -application .
c. The joinder of Mr Bickerton as a respondent in the main application and the
counter -application. (As a result, Mr Bickerton’s attorney appeared at the
hearing of this matter.)
[76] I refer to the intervention application and the various joind er applications as the
“opposing respondents’ interlocutory applications ”.19
[77] Northbound contended that the counter -application and the opposing
respondents’ interlocutory applications were not urgent, primarily because the
opposing respondents had known, for many months, of the implementation of
the sale of business and had raise a dispute on its validity since March 2025.
Northbound also contended that these applications were not ripe to be heard,

19 I appreciate that 8 Mile Investments 337 (Pty) Ltd is not, absent a successful intervention, an
“opposing respondent ” but it is clear on the papers that its interests are co -extensive with those
of the opposing respondents and it was represented by the same attorneys and counsel.
18

given the short time -frame between their launch and the hearing of the urgent
application, which led to the curtailment of the customary exchange of affidavits.
[78] I agree that the counter -application and the opposing respondents’ interlocutory
applications are not urgent.
[79] Leaving aside whether the opposing respondents had been aware of the sale of
business since 1 October 2024 , it is clear from paragraph 64 of the answering
affidavit that they started harbouring and raising concerns about its
implementation at least as early as 5 March 2025 , on the very basis on which
they now instituted the counter -application . Three Palms approached its current
attorneys shortly after that, on 13 March 2025.
[80] Yet, i t took the opposing respondents almost three months to launch the counter -
application, and then only in response to Northbound’s application. The urgency
is manifestly self -created.
[81] Counsel for the opposing respondents argued that this was not so, because the
position and conduct of Mr Bickerton as a director of Rappa Resources and
Rappa Holdings stood in the way of effective action.
[82] The reality is, however, that Mr Bickerton remains a director of Rappa Resources
– which is why the counter -application sought his removal. He was already
removed as a director of Rappa Holdings on 3 April 2025, yet no legal action
followed until 29 May 2025.
[83] I therefore strike the counter -application and the opposing respondents’
interlocutory applications from the roll for lack of urgency.
Costs
[84] Northbound has been substantially successful in this application. It asked, in the
event of success, that the costs of its application should be reserved for
determination in the proceedings to be instituted to confirm the validity of the
sale. I will so order.
19

[85] In relation to the counter -application , and the opposing respondents’ interlocutory
applications, I agree with Northbound that the normal order attendant upon a
striking -off should be made and the opposing respondents should pay
Northbound’s costs in relation thereto.
The citation of incorrect authority in Northbound’s heads of argument
[86] While drafting this judgment, it came to my attention that two cases cited in
Northbound’s heads of argument for key propositions on the mandamus, that
could have been dispositive of this matter if they applied, do not exist.20
[87] I invited the parties to clarify the position in relation to these non -existent
authorities. In his first response, junior counsel for Northbound Mr Giles Barclay -
Beuthin stated that an incorrect version of the heads was filed; that “ confusion
arose from short -form citations used during drafting ” and that different citations
were “ initially intended for inclusion in support of the relevant legal
propositions ”.21 He sent a version of the heads that substituted the two offending
paragraphs I identified.
[88] The attorney acting for the opposing respondents drew my attention to the fact
that Northbound’s heads, even the “ correct ” version, still contained two other
incorrect citations.22 He also raised concerns about whether certain other
authority, which does exist, bore out the propositions for which they were cited.

20 The propositions were framed as follows in Northbound’s heads of argument:
“24. The facts in De Beer NO v The North Gauteng High Court [2011] ZASCA 117 are
apposite, where the SCA confirmed that even contested rights, if established with
sufficient factual foundation, warrant interim protection when regulatory action is being
obstructed.
“25. Similarly, in SABC Ltd v Mninwa Johannes Mahlangu [2014] ZAGPPHC 861 , the
Court held that where statutory processes have been completed and rights conferred,
a third party's dispute over the underlying process does not disentitle the beneficiary to
interim protection. The Court does not have to be satisfied that the right exists in the
absence of doubt, only that the applicant has shown a right ‘open to some doubt ’ which
must be protected pendente lite .”
21 Being De Beer and Another v Director -General of Home Affairs and Another [2023] ZAGPJHC
711 at para 11; and SABC (SOC) Ltd v SABC Pension Fund, Motsoeneng and Others Case No.
17/29163 (Gauteng Division, Johannesburg) at paras 77 and 96 .
22 Being Khumalo v Director -General of Co -Operative Governance and Traditional Affairs 2021
(2) SA 72 (CC) and N & Z Instrumentation & Control (Pty) Ltd v Groenewald and Another 1976
(3) SA 565 (T).
20

[89] I gave counsel for Northbound further opportunity to respond to these issues. In
response to a direct question from the court whether the incorrect citations
constituted so -called artificial intelligence “ hallucinations ”, Mr Barclay -Beuthin
confirmed that they appeared to be so . He explained that, aside from the time -
pressure caused by various factors – including the urgency of this application ,
severe time -pressure to complete the heads and the indisposition of Mr Nowitz
(who initially acted as Northbound’ s junior counsel but fell out of the matter after
doing an initial draft of the heads without the incorrect citations ) – he used an
online subscription tool called “Legal Genius” which claimed that it was
“exclusively trained on South African legal judgments and legislation. ”
[90] I then invited counsel to clarify whether the matter was on all fours with the
recently reported judgment of the KwaZulu -Natal Division, Pietermaritzburg in
Mavundla in which counsel in oral argument quoted several non -existent cases
based upon research performed by a candidate attorney.23 Mr Barclay -Beuthin
submitted that it was not, because inter alia Mr Subel SC did not rely on the non -
existent cases in oral argument, and he submitted no one was prejudiced due to
the errors in Northbound’s heads of argument. He also accepted full
responsibility for the mistakes but emphasise d that there was no intent to mislead
the court.
[91] Mr Subel SC also apologised unreservedly for the oversight on behalf of
Northbound’s legal team. He stated that it was inconceivable to him that the
authorities had been identified in the manner that Mr Barclay -Beuthin explain ed.
He also explained that he relied upon an experienced legal team (which included
two competent junior counsel) upon whom he believed he could (and indeed did)
rely. He only did a “ sense -check ” on Northbound’s heads before they were filed
and did not have sufficient opportunity to ch eck the accuracy of the citations but
considered that the propositions to which they related were trite and did not even
require case law references . Finally, he emphasised that he independently
prepared his oral argument, which made no reference to the heads as filed.

23 Mavundla v Member of the Executive Council, Department of Co -operative Government and
Traditional Affairs, KwaZulu -Natal 2025 (3) SA 534 (KZP) .
21

[92] In Mavundla, the court emphasised th e trite duty of legal practitioners not to
mislead the court, whether through negligence or intent. This in cludes the duty
to present an honest account of the law , which means ( inter alia ) not presenting
fictitious or non -existent cases.24 In my view, it matters not that such cases were
not presented orally , but were contained in written heads of argument. Written
heads are as important a memorial of counsel’s argument as oral argument and,
for purely practical reasons, are often more heavily relied upon by judges .
[93] I endorse the reasoning in Mavundla , which is consistent with a judgment of the
English High Court handed down less than a month ago . In the case of Ayinde ,
the President of the King’s Bench Division made the following important
observations that are apposite to this case :25
a. In the context of legal research, the risks of using artificial intelligence are
now well known . Such tools can produce apparently coherent and plausible
responses to prompts, but those coherent and plausible responses may
turn out to be entirely incorrect. The responses may make confident
assertions that are simply untrue. They may cite sources that do not exist.
They may purport to quote passages from a genuine source that do not
appear in that source.26
b. Those who use artificial intelligence to conduct legal research
notwithstanding these risks have a professional duty to check the accuracy
of such research by reference to authoritative sources, before using it in the
course of their professional work (to advise clients or before a court, for
example).27
c. There are serious implications for the administration of justice and public
confidence in the justice system if artificial intelligence is misused. In those
circumstances, practical and effective measures must be taken by those
within the legal profession with individual leadership responsibilities and by

24 Id, paras 37 -41 and paras 45 -47.
25 Ayinde v The London Borough of Haringey; Al -Haroun v Qatar National Bank QPSC [2025]
EWHC 1383 (Admin) .
26 Id para 6.
27 Id para 7.
22

those with the responsibility for regulating the provision of legal services.
Those measures must ensure that every individual currently providing legal
services understands and complies with their professional and ethical
obligations and their duties to t he court if using artificial intelligence .28
d. The court has a range of powers to ensure that lawyers comply with their
duties to the court. Where those duties are not complied with, the court’s
powers include public admonition of the lawyer, the imposition of a costs
order, the imposition of a wasted costs order, striking out a case, referral to
a regulator, the initiation of contempt proceedings, and referral to the police .
The course of action followed will depend on the circumstances of the
case.29
e. Where a lawyer places false citations before the court (whether because of
the use of artificial intelligence without proper checks being made, or
otherwise) that is likely to involve a breach of ethical and regulatory
requirements, and it is likely to be appropriate for the court to make a
reference to the appropriate regulator .30
f. The risks posed to the administration of justice if fake material is placed
before a court are such that, save in exceptional circumstances,
admonishment alone is unlikely to be a sufficient response.31
[94] These principles apply in my view with equal force in South Africa . In South
Africa, courts must also bear in mind the provisions of Article 16(1) of the Code
of Judicial Conduct .32 This provision obliges a judge with clear and reliable
evidence of serious professional misconduct or gross incompetence on the part
of a legal practitioner to inform the relevant professional body of such
misconduct.33

28 Id para 8.
29 Id paras 23 -24.
30 Id para 29.
31 Id para 31.
32 Code of Judicial Conduct adopted in terms of Section 12 of the Judicial Service Commission
Act, 9 of 1994 (GNR865 published in Government Gazette 35802 of 18 October 2012) .
33 Compare Do It All Renovators CC v Kapp [2023] ZAGPJHC 548 (23 May 2023) para 40.
23

[95] In this case, counsel’s explanations bear out their submission that there was no
deliberate attempt to mislead the court in relation to the use of incorrect case
citations in the heads of argument . Their apologies are acknowledged . As is clear
from Mavundla , however, even negligen ce in this context may have grave
repercussions particularly to the administration of justice and, in appropriate
circumstances, could constitute serious professional misconduct.
[96] As a consequence, it is appropriate to make the same order as in Mavundla ,
namely that the conduct of the applicant ’s legal practitioners is referred to the
Legal Practice Council for investigation.
Order
[97] I make the following order:
1. The applicant’s application is heard as one of urgency.
2. The first respondent is directed immediately to release refining licence
number AP21847 to the applicant.
3. The applicant shall return refining licence number AP21847 to the first
respondent in the event that it fails to institute proceedings within thirty (30)
days from the date of this order, or is substantially unsuccessful with such
proceedings (including any appeals) , which proceedings shall ask for relief
including a declarator that the Sale of Business Agreement entered into
between the applicant and the second respondent on or about
30 September 2024 is valid, together with any ancillary relief that may b e
necessary to give effect thereto.
4. The costs of the applicant’s application are reserved for determination in
the proceedings mentioned in paragraph 3 above. Should the applicant fail
to institute such proceedings, the parties shall each pay their own costs in
relation to the applicant’s application.
5. The counter -application and interlocutory applications launched by the third
and fifth respondents are struck from the roll for lack of urgency, with costs
which include the costs of two counsel.
24

6. The issues described in paragraphs 86 to 96 above are referred to the Legal
Practice Council for investigation and the registrar of this court is directed
to bring this judgment to the attention of the Gauteng Provincial Office of
the LPC for that purpose .
_________ ___________
DJ SMIT
ACTING JUDGE OF THE HIGH COURT
JOHANNESBURG

25


Date of hearing: 6 June 2025
Date of judgment: 30 June 2025

1

For the applicant:




For the third and fifth r espondent s and
for 8 Mile Investments 337 (Pty) Ltd :

For Mr G Bickerton :
A Subel SC with G Barclay -Beuthin
instructed by Nochumsohn Pretorius (A
Subel SC and M Nowitz having signed
the heads of argument)

L Holla nder instructed by APA
Attorneys

S Zindel (attorney)