SAFLII Note: Certain personal/private details of parties or witnesses have been redacted from this document
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IN THE HIGH COURT OF SOUTH AFRICA
FREE STATE DIVISION, BLOEMFONTEIN
Not reportable
Case no: 2542/2021
In the matter between :
MOKGEBE ANDREAS MBAMBO PLAINTIFF
And
THE ROAD ACCIDENT FUND DEFENDANT
Neutral citation: Mbambo v RAF (2542/2021) [2025] ZAFSHC 178 ( 13 June 2025)
Coram: Ntanga AJ
Heard: 31 March 2025
Delivered: 13 June 2025
Summary: Civil procedure – motor vehicle accident claim – quantum of general
damages and loss of earnings – defendant liable to compensat e plaintiff for general
damages and loss of earnings .
ORDER
1 T he defendant shall pay to the plaintiff the sum of R9 86 502.80 within 180 (one
hundred and eighty) days hereof, in respect of the p laintiff's claim against the
defendant for the following heads of damages:
1.1 Past and f uture loss of e arnings/ earning capacity R386 502.80.
2
1.2 General damages R600 000.00.
2 In the event of the aforesaid amount not being paid on 180 days from date of this order, the Defendant shall be liable for interest on the amount at the prevailing interest rate, calculated from the 15th calendar day after the date of this Order to date of payment in line with prevailing legislation.
3 The defendant shall furnish the p laintiff with an u ndertaking in terms of s 17(4) (a)
of the Road Accident Fund Act 56 of 1996 for payment of 100% of the costs of
future accommodation of the patient in a hospital or nursing home or treatment of or rendering of a service or supplying of goods to the patient resulting from a motor vehicle accident on 5 January 2020, to compensate the patient in respect of
the said costs after the costs have been incurred and upon proof thereof.
4 The defendant shall pay the p laintiff’s taxed or agreed party and party costs on the
High Court scale including costs of counsel on scale B in respect of quantum, up to and including 25 & 26 March 2025, and notwithstanding, and over and above the costs referred to in paragraph 5.2.1 below, subject thereto that:
4.1 In the event that the costs are not agreed:
4.1.1 The plaintiff shall serve a n otice of t axation on the defendant’s attorney of record;
4.1.2 The plaintiff shall allow the d efendant 180 (one hundred and eighty) days from
date of allocatur to make payment of the taxed costs; and
4.1.3 Should payment not be effected on 180 (one hundred and eighty) days from date
of allocatur, the plaintiff will be entitled to recover interest at the prevailing
interest rate on the taxed or agreed costs from 15 (fifteen) days from date of
allocatur to date of final payment.
4.2 Such costs shall include, as allowed by the t axing master:
4.2.1 The costs of and consequent to the appointment of counsel, on scale B,
including, but not limited to the following: for trial, including, but not limited to counsel’s full fee for 25 & 26 March 2025, and the preparation and reasonable
attendance fee of counsel for attending:
3
4.2.1.1 to the drafting of the p laintiff’s application in terms of r ule 38(2), which was
granted on 26 of March 2025;
4.2.1.2 to the drafting of the p laintiff’s heads of argument and reply to d efendant’s
heads of argument.
4.2.2 The reasonable and taxable preparation, qualifying and reservation fees, if any,
in such amount as allowed by the Taxing Master, of the below experts:
4.2.2.1 Dr D Hoffmann (Plastic, Reconstructive and Cosmetic Surgeon) .
4.2.2.2 Dr LA Oelofse (Orthopaedic Surgeon) .
4.2.2.3 Scholtz & Partners Diagnostic Radiologists Inc (Radiologists) .
4.2.2.4 Drs Verster & Vennote Inc (Radiologists) .
4.2.2.5 Dr R Kahn (Medical Examiner) .
4.2.2.6 Ms Hope Magubane (Clinical Psychologist) .
4.2.2.7 Lucindy van Zyl (Occupational Therapist) .
4.2.2.8 Ms Susan van Jaarsveld (Industrial Psychologist) .
4.2.2.9 Mr Ryan Immermann (Actuary) .
5 The amounts referred to in paragraphs 2 and 5 will be paid to the p laintiff’s
attorneys, A Wolmarans Incorporated, by direct transfer into their trust
account, details of which are the following:
Name of account holder : A Wolmarans Inc
Name of bank & branch: ABSA BANK, Northcliff
Account number : 4[…]
Branch code: 632 005
Type of account : Cheque (Trust)
Reference: Ms Van Rooyen/MAT15206
6 The plaintiff’s claim for past hospital and medical expenses is separated in terms
of rule 33(4) and is postponed sine die .
7 The plaintiff is granted leave to enrol the claim for past hospital and medical
expenses, for a judicial case management conference/pre- trial, in due course.
4
_____________________________________________________________________
JUDGMENT
_____________________________________________________________________
Ntanga AJ
Introduction [1] The plaintiff instituted an action against the Road Accident Fund (the d efendant)
for damages suffered as a result of injuries to which he sustained in a motor vehicle accident which occurred on 5 January 2020, at or near Bothaville , Free State Province
involving a motor vehicle with registration number DSY[ …], driven by MI Mohlabe, the
first insured vehicle, and another motor vehicle with registration number FBJ […], driven
by A Moloi , the second insured driver . The p laintiff avers that he was a passenger in the
second insured vehicle.
[2] At commencement of trial, parties indicated that merits have been settled, and the
court was called upon to determine quantum . Parties requested that the issue of past
hospital and medical expenses be postponed sine die . An order separating merits from
quantum was already granted on 9 September 2021 . The plaintiff moved for an order in
terms of rule 38(2) as set out in the notice of motion. There was no objection from the
defendant. After due consideration of what is stated above, I then issued an order as
follows:
(a) An order granted in terms of r ule 38(2) in respect of pr ayers 1, 2, and 3 of the notice
of motion.
(b) Determination of past hospital and medical expenses is postponed sine die.
Issues for determination
[3] This court is called upon to determine quantum on: (a ) general damages ; and (b)
loss of earnings and contingencies to be applied.
Background
5
[4] In his particulars of claim, the plaintiff a vers that as a result of the collision he
suffered inter alia the following injuries :
(a) left distal humerus fracture with resultant damage to his radial nerve;
(b) laceration of the left fingers; and
(c) emotional shock and trauma resulting in Post Traumatic Stress Disorder.
[5] The plaintiff further averred that , as a result of the injuries , he suffers , inter alia ,
the following sequelae :
(a) pain and discomfort;
(b) loss of amenities of life;
(c) he had to undergo medical treatment and will in the future have to undergo medical
treatment; and
(d) he suffered a loss of earnings /earning capacity in the future.
The plaintiff’s case
[6] The plaintiff argued that determination of an award for general damages inv olves
appropriate award for damages involves a consideration of the p laintiff’s pain and
suffering, loss of amenities of life and applicable disabilities . This should have regard to
all relevant facts and circumstances relevant to the p laintiff and the nature and extent of
his injuries. It was argued that the permanency, severety and impact of the injury
sustained on the lifestyle of the p laintiff form part of the consideration.
[7] The plaintiff referred to expert reports submitted to support his case and argued
that the court has not been placed in possession of reports that counter his case. It was
argued that these reports should be considered by the court . Dr Khan , who compiled a
medico- legal report stated that:
6
‘Plaintiff had no injuries prior the accident. He suffered a radial nerve compression injury after
the surgery . Plaintiff suffered a left distal humerus fr acture that required surgery and damage to
his radical nerve upper unnamed part, weakness of hand extensionand that he has to wear a
wrist support on his left wrist. He has a loss of 35 degrees of left shoulder abduction and 40
degrees loss of external rotation as well as 75 degrees loss of elbow flexion & extension. He
has 10 degrees loss of elbow supination, 20 degrees loss of left wrist dorsiflexion, 10 degrees
loss of left wrist palmarflexion, 10 degrees loss of wrist ulna deviation, 10 degrees loss of left
wrist radial deviation, 10 degrees loss of wrist supination. Plaintiff cannot now lift heavy things
which is part of his job as a sheriff when he re- psseses furniture. Plaintiff has a life changing
event with a permanent serious impairment of the left upper limb.’
[8] The plaintiff further argued that , according to the orthopaedic surgeon report of Dr
Oelofse, he suffered loss of amenities as a result of the injuries sustained in the
accident and that , post-accident , he required assistance with some activitie s. Examples
given by Dr Oelofse were performance of home maintenance duties, bathing, carrying
and lifting of heavy items like shopping bags. These changes are said to be likely to
change his mood and lead to the development of other mental health conditions such
as depression. The plaintiff acknowledged that he claimed for an amount of R 850 000
for general damages but , upon consulting case law, it was submitted that an amount of
R600 000 will be reasonable.
[9] Regarding loss of earnings, no claim was submitted for past loss of earnings , the
claim is only for future loss of earnings . The plaintiff argued that he works on a
commission basis and that his salary differs from that of a normal working person. The
plaintiff submited that he would have been in a position to work until he turns 65- 68
years of age. Post-accident, the p laintiff could not return to work immediately , he came
back 15 days days after the accident . There is a decline in his activi ties as he cannot
perform duties like he did prior to the accident. He has a limitation in productivity and
experiences difficulties in per forming his duties. It was argued that a higher contingency
must be applied as there is a possibility of him going on early retirement. The plaintiff
argued for a higher contingency to be applied as a fair deduction and proposed 35%
contingency.
The defendant’s case
7
[10] Regarding general damages, the defendant argued that an amount of R350 000
will be fair and reasonable, taking into account case law that awarded smaller amounts
than the amount claimed by the p laintiff.
[11] On contingency, the defendant argued that p laintiff is 60 years old, is still
employed and that the remainder of his work career is very short . The longer the work
period, the higher is the contingecy and submitted that 4% contingency should be
considered instead of 35% as proposed by the plaintiff. The defendant argued that the
purpose of contingency is to account for the uncertainty and that a higher contingency
shoud not be applied. It was argued that , in terms of the sliding scale that is normally
followed, 10% is for the child, 20% for the youth and 20% percent for the middle aged
persons and that there is no reason to depart from this normally applied sliding scale. It
was argued that a fair and reasonable amount for future loss of earnings will be R96 625.70.
Legal framework and e valuation of evidence
[12] The Road Accident Fund has a statutory duty in terms of the Road Accident Fund
Act No 56 of 1996 to compensate a person who suffered injury caused by the negligent
driving of the driver, owner or employee of a motor vehicle. In relevant parts, s 17(1) of
the Road Accident Fund Act (RAF Act) provides that:
‘Liability of Fund and agents. – (1) The Fund or an agent shall –
…
be obliged to compensate any person (the third party) for any loss or damage which the third
party has suffered as a result of any bodily injury to himself or herself or the death of or any
bodily injury to any other person, caused by or arising from the driving of a motor vehicle by any
person at any place within the Republic, if the injury or death is due to the negligence or other
wrongful act of the driver or of the owner of the motor vehicle or of his or her employee in the
performance of the employee’ s duties as employee: Provided that the obligation of the Fund to
compensate a third party for non-pecuniary loss shall be limited to compensation for a serious
injury as contemplated in subsection (1A) and shall be paid by way of a lump sum.’
[13] When legislation was enacted to establish a compensation regime for the injured
parties, it was never an intention to impose punishment for the fund. The Road Accident
8
Fund’s liability is to compensate the claimant for bodily injuries sustained from a motor
vehicle collision. When making a decision, the court has a duty to determine a fair and
reasonable amount for compensation. In Wells and Another v Shield Insurance Co. Ltd
(Wells ),1 the court enunciated the test for liability of an insurance company towards the
injured third party by stating that:
‘Two pre-requisites of liability upon the part of the registered insurance company for loss or
damage suffered by a third party as a result of bodily injury are thus laid down. They are (i) that
the bodily injury was caused by or arose out of the driving of the insured motor vehicle; and (ii)
that the bodily injury was due to the negligence or other unlaw ful act of the driver of the insured
vehicle or the owner thereof or his servant.’
[14] It is common cause that p laintiff suffered injuries in a motor vehicle collision and
these injuries have impaired the quality of his life , his earning capacity and his ability to
execute his household duties , as well as employment responsibilities. He is not the
same person since he suf ffered injuries from a motor vehicle colision. There is merit for
the plaintiff to be com pensated for general damages and loss of earnings. This court
has to determine what is fair and reasonable compensation for the p laintiff. This should
involve calulation of the amounts payable to the p laintiff for both general damages and
loss of earnings. [15] In Dlamini v The Road Accident Fund,
2 the Court stated that :
‘As a matter of substantive law, therefore, a Plaintiff must prove his or her damages and the
quantum thereof on a balance of probabilities . In particular, there must be evidence that the
disability giving rise to the damages impacts detrimentally upon the work or occupation that a
Plaintiff would probably have pursued, had it not been for the accident.’
[16] As pointed out, there is no dispute that the p laintiff suffered injuries as a result of
the motor vehicle colision, he therefore meets the test for proving damages . This was
supported by expert medical reports which are undisputed. I am satisfied that the
1 Wells and Another v Shield Insurance Co. Ltd 1965 (2) SA 865 (C) at 868G -869A ; see also Makola v
Road Accident Fund [2024] ZAMPMBHC 75 and Maatla v Road Accident Fund [2015] ZAGPPHC 129.
2 Dlamini v The Road Accident Fund [2022] ZAGPJHC 657; [2022] 4 All SA 360 (GJ) at para 74 .
9
plaintiff ’s injuries merit compensation for general damages and loss of earnings. What
then fol lows is determination of quantum as compensation for injuries he sustained.
[17] In RAF v Kerridge,3 the Supreme Court of Appeal followed the decision of
Hersman v Shapiro & Co ,4 and stated that:
‘Indeed, a physical disability which impacts on the capacity to earn an income does not, on its
own, reduce the patrimony of an injuredperson. There must be proof that the reduction in the
income earning earning capacity will result in actual loss of income. However, where loss of
income has been established but proof of the quantum thereof cannot be produced in the usual
manner, the courts have shunned the non-suiting of a claimant and have preferred to make the
best of the evidence rendered to give effect to the finding of proved reduction in loss of income-
earning capacity . As long as almost a century ago in Hersman v Shapiro the court said the
following:
“Monetary damage having been suffered, it is necessary for the Court to assess the amount
and make the best use it can of the evidence before it. There are cases where the assessment
by the Court is very little more than an estimate; but even so, if it is certain that pecuniary
damage has been suffered, the Court is bound to award damages .”.’
[18] I now consider the claim for general damages suffered by the plaintiff. The court
must consider factors and circumstances relevant when making assessment for
determination of damages. Upon consideration of relevant factors and circumstances,
the court must consider what would be a just compensation for pain and suffering,
disfigurement, permanent disability and loss of amenities.5 In Pitt v Economic Insurance
Co. Ltd,6 the Court stated that:
‘The Court’s task in estimating damages is always a difficult one. Basically, one has evidence
as to the Plaintiff’s affairs, but when, in addition, the future has to be scanned, the Court is
virtually called upon to ponder the imponderable . . . the Court must take care to see that its
3 RAF v Kerridge [2018] ZASCA 151; [2019] 1 All SA 92 (SCA); 2019 (2) SA 233 (SCA) para 25; see also
Rudman v Road Accident Fund [2002] ZASCA 129; [2002] 4 All SA 422 (SCA); 2003 (2) SA 234 (SCA).
4 Hersman v Shapiro & Co 1926 TPD 367.
5 See Protea Assurance Company Ltd v Lamb [1971] 2 All SA 100 (A).
6 Pitt v Economic Insurance Co. Ltd 1957 (3) SA 284 (N) at 287D -E; see also Yani and Others v Minister
of Police and Others [2003] ZAGPJHC 968.
10
award is fair to both sides – it must give just compensation to the plaintiff, but must not pour our
largesse from the horn of plenty at the defendant’s expense.’
[19] I have considered the medico -legal report by Dr Khan and the orthopaedic
surgeon report of Dr Oelofse. In addition, I also considered submissions made by the
plaintiff and d efendant. It is trite that the court exercises a discretionary function when
making assessment for general damages. In Road Accident Fund v Marunga
(Marunga),7 the Court stated that:
‘Even though the courts have a wide discretion to determine general damages and even though
it cannot be described as an exercise in exactitude, or be arrived at according to known
formulae, a trial court should at the very least state the factors and circumstances it considers
important in the assessment of damages . It should provide a reasoned basis for arriving at its
conclusions .’
[20] In Marunga, the claimant had suffered a fracture of the left femur, a soft tissue
injury in the chest area and bruises on the forehead, left arm and left knee. On appeal,
the awarded amount was reduced to R175 000. The current value of this amount is
approximately R609 000.
[21] In Ngomane v Road Accident Fund,
8 the claimant had severe fracture of right
humerus and right radius and ulna. The c laimant was left with a dysfunctional left arm.
He had a weak grip on the right side and he cannot lift and carry heavy things and
experienced headaches at times. The court awarded R450 000 in general damages ,
the current value of which is approximately R600 000.
[22] In Dlamini v Road Accident Fund,
9 which was heard by the Gauteng Division of
the High Court, Johannesburg, the court stated:
‘The Court’s inherent jurisdiction is derived from section 173 of the Constitution. It is a power
afforded to the Court to regulate its own process and develop the common law, taking into
account the interests of justice. But, there is nothing within that power that permits a court to
7 Road Accident Fund v Marunga [2003] ZASCA 19; [2003] 2 All SA 148 (SCA); 2003 (5) SA 164 (SCA)
para 33.
8 Ngomane v Road Accident Fund [2017] ZAGP PHC 401.
9 Dlamini v Road Accident Fund [2022] ZAGPJHC 657; [2022] 4 All SA 360 (GJ) para 58.
11
deviate from established precedent, save in very limited circumstances . The limited power gives
effect to the stare decisi s doctrine, a cornerstone of our law that serves to avoid uncertainty,
confusion, protect vested rights and legitimate expectations .’
[23] In Dlamini v Road Accident Fund,10 which was heard by Kwazulu -Natal Division
of the High Court, Pietermaritzburg, the claimant suffered a fracture of the right
humerus at the junction of the middle and distal thirds. After hospitalisation h is arm was
immobilised with a U- slab. He had an isolated injury to his right humerus with no distal
neurovascular deficit. He was noted to have a right radial nerve palsy post -operatively
and was fitted with a cock -up splint. Regarding permanent disability, it was reported
that he suffered from : (a) pain in the right elbow with strenuous physical activity; ( b)
stiffness in the elbow, which precludes him from doing certain physical activities; and ( c)
permanent loss of range of movement in the right elbow joint.11 The c laimant was
awarded R550 000 in damages .
[24] In Mahlangu v Road Accident Fund,
12 the Court stated that:
‘1. The award for general damages remains a compensation, it ameliorates the damage (pain
and suffering) resulting from injuries sustained in an accident. It is not intended to be full
compensation, if that is possible, and it is not intended to wipe out, if that is possible, the
damage.
2. The statutory compensation scheme is in essence compensation by the public at large
through the state therefore it cannot have a punitive element in it.
3. The statutory compensation scheme is meant to benefit a broad spectrum of the public.
Money in a country like South Africa remains a scarce resource with huge demands on the
fiscus. Compensation awards must be considered carefully in a responsible manner .’
[25] I have considered the following factors in determining the amount to be awarded
to the p laintiff for general damages:
10 Dlamini v Road Accident Fund [2023] ZAKZ PHC 29.
11 See note 5 supra at para 5 and 8.
12 Mahlangu v Road Accident Fund [2015] ZAGPJHC 342 para 23.
12
(a) The plaintiff is currently 60 years old and was 56 years old at the time of the
accident.
(b) The plaintiff suffered a radial nerve compression injury after the surgery, a left distal
humerus fracture that required surgery and damage to his radical nerve upper unnamed
part, weakness of hand extensionand that he has to wear a wrist support on his left wrist.
(c) The plaintiff has a loss of 35 degrees of left shoulder abduction and 40 degrees loss
of external rotation as well as 75 degrees loss of elbow flexion & extension. He has 10 degrees loss of elbow supination, 20 degrees loss of left wrist dorsiflexion, 10 degrees loss of left wrist palmarflexion, 10 degrees loss of wrist ulna deviation, 10 degrees loss of left wrist radial deviation, 10 degrees loss of wrist supination.
(d) The plaintiff cannot now lift heavy things which is part of his job as a sheriff when he
re-posseses furniture.
(e) The plaintiff has a life changing event with a permanent serious impairment of the
left upper limb.
(f) As a re sult of the injuries, the plaintiff will experience and suffer from pain in future
and will experience difficulties in performing daily duties as he did prior to the accident.
[26] Case law that I considered has provided guidence in determining a fair and
reasonable compensation to the plaintiff. I have taken into consideration variation of
injuries in cases considered. Having considered the injuries sustained by p laintiff and
comparative case law, I find that an amount of R600 000 will be reasonable and fair.
[27] I now consider the claim for loss of earnings and earning capacity . The trite
principle is that a c ourt has a discretion to determine contingencies applicable after
having considered relevant factors and circumstances of the p laintiff. Compensation for
future loss of earnings is assessed based on percentage of the value of the loss.
13 The
13 RJ Koch Damages for Lost Income (1984) at 31.
13
purpose of this compensat ion regime is to consider what the claimant would have
earned before sustaining injuries and what the injured person will earn after sustaining
injuries. Whilst past loss of earnings represent what the injured person lost from
accident to date of finalisation of the matter. Actuaries then make calculations to assist
the court in determining the monetary value of what should be awarded for loss of
earnings or earning capacity .14 In Southern Insurance Associaion v Bailey NO
(Southern Insurance Association) ,15 the court stated that:
‘Where the method of actuarial computation is adopted, it does not mean that the trial Judge is
“tied down by inexorable actuarial calculations ”. He has “a large discretion to award what he
considers right” . . . One of the elements in exercising that discretion is the making of a discount
for “contingencies ” or the “vicissities of life”. These include such matters as the possibility that
the plaintiff may in the result have less than “normal ” expectation of life: and that he may
experience periods periods of unemployment by reason of incapacity due to illness or accident,
or to labour unrest or general economic conditions. The am ount of any discount may vary,
depending upon circumstances . . . The rate of the discount cannot of course be assessed on
any logical basis: the assessment must be largely arbitrary and must depend upon the trial
Judge’s impression of the case.’
[28] Robert Koch provides the following guidelines regarding contingencies:
Sliding scale: 0.5 % per year to retirement age, 25% for a child, 20% for youth, 10% for
middle aged. Normal contingencies are usually deducted at 5% for past loss and 15%
for future loss and this depends on the facts of the case .
[29] In Goodall v President Insurance Co (Goodall ),
16 the Court stated that:
‘In the assessment of a proper allowance for contingencies, arbitrary considerations must
inevitably play a part, for the art or science of foretelling the future, so confidently practised by
ancient prophets and sooth-sayers, and by modern authors of a certain type of almanack, is not
numbered among the qualifications for judicial officer .’
[30] In De Jongh v Gunther and Another ,17 the court stated that:
14 See Ubisi v Road Accident Fund [2023] ZAMPMBHC 33 para 57.
15 Southern Insurance Associaion v Bailey NO 1984 (1) SA 98 (A) at 116G -117.
16 Goodall v President Insurance Co. 1978 (1) SA 389 (W) at 392 H-393.
14
‘In a case where a plaintiff sues for his own future loss of earnings, it is only contingencies
which affect him personally which have to be considered. In his judgment in Van Rensburg v
President Versekerringsmaats kappy (W.L.D. 21.11.68 quoted in Cobertt and Buchanan, The
Quantum of Damages , vol II, p. 62 at p.65), Ludorf, J., referred to the fact that it has become
almost customary, at any rate in this Division of the Supreme Court, for the Court to make the
deduction, for unforseen circumstances of life, of one-fifth. That is, it is true, a rough and ready
approach, but the nature of the problem is such that one can do no better than adopt a rule of thumb of this kind.’
[31] In De Jong h v Dupisane,18 the plaintiff was 35 years old at the time of colission.
The court found that contingency deductions are discretionary and confirmed 10%
contingency deduction applied by the trial court.
[32] In Van der Plaats v South African Mutual Fire and General ,
19 the plaintiff was 35
years old at the time of the collission and the court applied 10% contingency deduction.
[33] In Goodall , the plaintiff was 46 years old at the time of the col lision . After
consideration of relerant factors and circumstances of the p laintiff, the court found that
contingenc ies ought to be substantially less than 20% and applied 10% contingency .
[34] The defendant referred this court to the decision of Duma v Road Accident Fund
(Duma ),
20 where the court , in following the decision of Goodall , stated that:
‘In Goodall, a 10% deduction was applied to a 46 year old plaintiff. If one applies the approach
adopted in Goodall to a 54 year old, at the trial stage, 7 per cent would be appropriate, fair and
reasonable.’
[35] In Mahlo v Road Accident Fund (Mahlo) ,21 plaintiff was 65 years old at the time of
judgment and she received government old age pension grant from the age of 60 years.
17 De Jongh v Gunther and Another 1975 (4) SA 78 (W ) at 80F-H.
18 De Jongh v Dupisane [2004] ZASCA 43; [2004] 2 All SA 565 (SCA); 2005 (5) SA 457 (SCA) .
19 Van der Plaats v South African Mutual Fire and General 1980 (3) SA 105 (A) .
20 Duma v Road Accident Fund [2019 ] ZAKZPHC 17 para 49.
21 Mahlo v Road Accident Fund [2022] ZAFSHC 194 .
15
The court was satified that she will be able to work until the age of 70 years. The court
ultimately applied a contingency deduction of 25% .
[36] As already pointed out , in this case , the plaintiff is currently 60 old and was fifty
six years old at the time of the accident. The Industrial Psychologist, Ms Susan Van
Jaarsveld conducted provided report on assessment of the impact on the plaintiff’s
present and future emplayability and type of work that he is able to perform. According
to Ms V an Jaarsfield she conducted an analy sis of the plaintiff’s current level of
functioning, his pre -and post -accident income potential, and possible loss of earnings.
Ms Van Jaarsfield reported that:
(a) Upon al nalysis of the plaintiff’s pre -accident income potential, the fact that he was
employed as a d eputy sheriff, it can be assumed that he would, in all probability , have
been employed as a deputy sheriff for the entirety of his working career until the age of
retirement . There is no definite retirement age of a d eputy sheriff and, as each d eputy
sheriff will determine his own retirement age, depending on his health and financial situation, it is dificult to provide an indication of the expected retirement age, but it can
be assumed that the plaintiff would have been able to continue with his work until the
age of 65- 68 years.
(b) Regarding the plaintiff’s post-accident income potential, he was not able to return to
his work as a d eputy sheriff immediately after the accident due to the injuries sustained
in the accident . He was on sick leave for 15 days and feorfeited his income during his
recuperation period as he works on a commission basis.
(c) The plaintiff resumed with his work as a deputy sheriff, he experiences difficulties to
perform his duties and responsibilities as he is no longer able to drive a manual motor vehicle as he experiences difficulties to change gears and as he cannot lift and carry heavy objects. After the accident , he appointed a driver to drive him to various
destinations to deliver summons. He pays the driver R2 000 per month, but no proof
was provided.
16
[37] I have already referred to the report of Dr K ahn, who is an o ccupational medical
practitioner , when dealing with general damages. I make the same con sideration of the
report for purposes of dealing with the claim for loss of earnings.
[38] The actuar ial report from G W Jacobson Actuaries state that , based on Ms Van
Jaarsveld’s opinion, it is assumed that but for the accident , the plaintiff would have
continued earning at the indicated level and that annual inflationary increases would have been applicable until retirement. The actuary state d that they had been instructed
to assume that the plaintiff would have continued working until retirement age of 68
years. Having regard to Ms Van Jaarsveld’s recommendation that the plaintiff’s future
loss of earnings , as a result of the residual accident , related difficulties should be
established by means of a higher post -morbid contingency deduction, to account for the
factors as set out and discussed in her report, including possibility of earlier retirement.
In their report, the a ctuaries stated that they were instructed to apply 5% deduction for
future loss regarding value but for the accident and 35% regarding value having regard
to the accident.
[39] The plaintiff argued that the appropriate determination by this court should be a
contingency of 5% pre morbid and 35% post morbid loss of income. This was disputed
by the defendant who argued that the plaintiff is currently 60 years of age, with an
estimated five to eight years left to age of retirement. The defendant argued that , when
applying the sliding scale of 0.5% for year to retirement, the appropriate contingency
deduction would be between 2,5% and 4% . It was further argued by the d efendant that
the contingencies applied by the a ctuaries was purely on instruction and that no case
law was presented to the court to substantiate the high post -morbid deduction of 35% ,
considering that the plaintiff is estimated to have five to eight years before retirement.
The defendant argued that high contingency deductions post -morbidly is only applied
where younger p laintiffs were still in the establishment phase of their career, or minor’s
career is an uncertainty. The defendant argued that the plaintiff deviated from the
normal contingencies by not applying pre- morbid contingency deduction or a 10%
contingency deduction but instead applied a 5% contingency deduction. The defendant
argued that a 10% deduction is more than fair , reasonable and jus t.
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[40] I have considered experts reports which were uncontested, particularly
information relating to the plaintiff’s employment and earning capacity. The industrial
psychologist reported that , whilst the plaintiff resumed his duties as a d eputy sheriff, he
experiences difficulties to perform his duties and responsibilities as he is no longer able
to drive a manual motor vehicle as he experiences difficulties to change gears and as he cannot lift and carry heavy objects. From the report , it appears that there is doubt
that the plaintiff will be able to work until normal retirement , given the challenges he
experiences post -accident. Should the challenges persist, the plaintiff will be forced to
go on early retirement .
[41] I have considered the plaintiff’s education history and that his highest level of
education is g rade 12 and has no post -matric qualification. Given his limited work
lifespan and injuries, he sustained, it is unlikely that he will be able to compete in the
labour market should he lose his current employment. I have also considered possibility
that the plaintiff has less than normal life expectancy may experience periods of
unemployment by reason of incapacity due to illness or accident or due to labour unrest
or general economic conditions.
[42] The parties seem to be in agreement that 5% contingency should be applied on
past loss of earnings . The defendant’s counsel argued for 5% contingency on pre -
morbid and 35% contingency on post -morbid. The Defendant’s counsel submitted a
proposed calculation of 5% contingency on pre- morbid and 10% contingency on post
morbid. I am not persuaded that 35% contingency on post -morbid earnings should be
applied.
[43] I considered calculations by the a ctuaries and submissions made by the parties.
It appears to me that the actuarial calculations were based on instructions, this leaves
doubt on whether the contingencies applied were based on independent assessment by the actuaries. The actuaries seem to have deviated from the normal contingencies and
there is no explanation provided. The actuaries acknowledge that the contingency
deductions made are subjective and that it should be the decision of the court to determine contingency deductions.
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[44] Having considered reports of i ndustrial psychologist and a ctuaries, I am of the
view that a lower contingency than the one applied by the a ctuaries should be
applicable. I considered the decisions of Duma and Mahlo supra as providing guidance
on how I should determine applicable contingency taking into account relevant factors
and circumstances of the p laintiff.
[45] In the circumstance and in my view, a fair, just and reasonable contingency of
5% contingency pre-morbid be deducted and that contingency of 25% be deducted
post-morbid. The calculations should be as follows:
(a) Pre-morbid earnings ( had the accident not occurred)
Future loss of e arnings R1 932 514
Less 5% contingency R 96 625.70
Total pre-morbid earnings R 1 835 888.30
(b) Post-morbid earnings ( having regard to the a ccident
Future loss of e arnings R1 932 514
Less 25% contingency earnings R 483 128.50
Total post-morbid earnings R 1449 385.50
Net loss: R386 502.80 .
Costs
[46] Concerning the costs of this matter, I see no reason that costs should not follow
the results. The Defendant should therefore pay the Plaintiff’s costs.
Order
[47] In the circumstances, I make the following order:
1 The defendant shall pay to the plaintiff the sum of R 986 502.80 within 180 (one
hundred and eighty) days hereof, in respect of the plaintiff's claim against the
defendant for the following heads of damages:
1.1 Past and f uture loss of e arnings/ earning capacity R386 502.80.
1.2 General damages R600 000.00.
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2 In the event of the aforesaid amount not being paid on 180 days from date of this
order, the Defendant shall be liable for interest on the amount at the prevailing interest rate, calculated from the 15th calendar day after the date of this Order to date of payment in line with prevailing legislation.
3 The defendant shall furnish the p laintiff with an u ndertaking in terms of s 17(4) (a)
of the Road Accident Fund Act 56 of 1996 for payment of 100% of the costs of
future accommodation of the patient in a hospital or nursing home or treatment of or rendering of a service or supplying of goods to the patient resulting from a motor vehicle accident on 5 January 2020, to compensate the patient in respect of
the said costs after the costs have been incurred and upon proof thereof.
4 The defendant shall pay the p laintiff’s taxed or agreed party and party costs on the
High Court scale including costs of counsel on scale B in respect of quantum, up
to and including 25 & 26 March 2025, and notwithstanding, and over and above the costs referred to in paragraph 5.2.1 below, subject thereto that:
4.1 In the event that the costs are not agreed:
4.1.1 The plaintiff shall serve a n otice of t axation on the defendant’s attorney of record;
4.1.2 The plaintiff shall allow the d efendant 180 (one hundred and eighty) days from
date of allocatur to make payment of the taxed costs; and
4.1.3 Should payment not be effected on 180 (one hundred and eighty) days from date
of allocatur, the plaintiff will be entitled to recover interest at the prevailing
interest rate on the taxed or agreed costs from 15 (fifteen) days from date of
allocatur to date of final payment.
4.2 Such costs shall include, as allowed by the t axing master:
4.2.1 The costs of and consequent to the appointment of counsel, on scale B, including,
but not limited to the following: for trial, including, but not limited to counsel’s full fee for 25 & 26 March 2025, and the preparation and reasonable attendance fee
of counsel for attending:
4.2.1.1 to the drafting of the p laintiff’s application in terms of r ule 38(2), which was
granted on 26 of March 2025;
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4.2.1.2 to the drafting of the p laintiff’s heads of argument and reply to d efendant’s
heads of argument.
4.2.2 The reasonable and taxable preparation, qualifying and reservation fees, if
any, in such amount as allowed by the Taxing Master, of the below experts:
4.2.2.1 Dr D Hoffmann (Plastic, Reconstructive and Cosmetic Surgeon) .
4.2.2.2 Dr LA Oelofse (Orthopaedic Surgeon) .
4.2.2.3 Scholtz & Partners Diagnostic Radiologists Inc (Radiologists) .
4.2.2.4 Drs Verster & Vennote Inc (Radiologists) .
4.2.2.5 Dr R Kahn (Medical Examiner) .
4.2.2.6 Ms Hope Magubane (Clinical Psychologist) .
4.2.2.7 Lucindy van Zyl (Occupational Therapist) .
4.2.2.8 Ms Susan van Jaarsveld (Industrial Psychologist) .
4.2.2.9 Mr Ryan Immermann (Actuary) .
5 The amounts referred to in paragraphs 2 and 5 will be paid to the p laintiff’s
attorneys, A Wolmarans Incorporated, by direct transfer into their trust account,
details of which are the following:
N ame of account holder : A Wolmarans Inc
N ame of bank & branch: ABSA BANK, Northcliff
Account number : 4[…]
B ranch code: 632 005
Type of account : Cheque (Trust)
Reference: Ms Van Rooyen/MAT15206
6 The plaintiff’s claim for past hospital and medical expenses is separated in terms
of rule 33(4) and is postponed sine die .
7 The plaintiff is granted leave to enrol the claim for past hospital and medical
expenses, for a judicial case management conference/pre- trial, in due course.
NTANGA AJ
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Appearances
For the p laintiff : KN Peterson
Instructed by: A Wolmarans I nc., Bloemfontein
For the r espondent: C Bornman
Instructed by: State Attorney , Bloemfontein.