THE LABOUR COURT OF SOUTH AFRICA
AT CAPE TOWN

Of interest to other judges/ Not Reportable
Case no: C 332/2019

In the matter between:

CLUB MYKNONOS LANGEBAAN
HOME OWNERS ASSOCIATION Applicant

And

ANTHONY RUGGIERO (N.O.)
First Respondent

THE COMMISSION FOR
CONCILAITION, MEDIATION AND
ARBITRATION
Second Respondent

AFADAWU obo CHARMAINE
WILLIAMS
Third Respondent

Heard: 26 February 2025
Delivered: 05 June 2025
Summary: (Review – misconduct – breach of policy that all repair and
maintenance work had to be referred to householder’s association and that
private work on householder’s units was not permitted – policy overlapping with
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contractual requirement prohibiting work in competition with the employer –
employee guilty of breaching policy of referring maintenance requests to the
company – Arbitrator’s finding that dismissal was substantively unfair and
substituting it with a final written warning not one that no arbitrator could have arrived at – principles governing pleading of review cases reiterated)


JUDGMENT


LAGRANGE, J
Introduction
[1] This is an opposed application to review and set aside an arbitration
award in which the arbitrator found that the fourth respondent Ms C Williams
(‘Williams ’) was guilty of certain misconduct but decided that it would be unfair
to uphold the dismissal. The arbitrator found that Williams's dismissal was procedurally fair following an inquiry and that she had an opportunity to obtain a
representative if she wished.
[2] At the arbitration, Williams had been represented by the third
respondent, a union (‘AFADWU’) . The union had also assisted her in launching
an application to make the award an order of court and in opposing the review application, but by the time the matter was enrolled, no heads of argument were filed and neither the union nor Williams appeared at court.
[3] Owing to unsupported submissions made in argument as to why it was
argued that the arbitrator failed to consider the evidence that the trust relationship between Williams and the applicant employer (‘Mykonos’) had
broken down, the employer’s representative was required to provide the
relevant references to the record after the hearing. Had an opponent attended
the hearing, I would have been disinclined to allow such a glaring omission to
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be rectified this way . In any event, these references did not relate to facts
pleaded in the applicant’s founding papers.

[4] Arising from this, it must be mentioned that legal representatives do not
always comply with the requirements of Rule 48 of the Labour Court Rules , in
particular , by failing to provide proper references to the record of evidence.
This makes the court’s work unnecessary burdensome and is equally unfair to
the opposing party. It is not for the court or the opponent to have to trawl
through a transcript to try and identify which evidence a party is referring to. In this case, which involved a transcript of more than 350 pages, the applicant’s heads contained not a single reference to the transcript.
Background
[5] Mykonos is a homeowner’s association which services the residential
properties of owners in a leisure housing complex, known as Club Mykonos.
Williams was a supervisor of cleaning staff . She had worked more or less
continuously at the site since 11 August 1990, employed by various labou r
brokers. From 2008, she was permanently employed by the applicant. She was
dismissed on 29 N ovember 2018.
[6] Williams was charged with a breach of fiduciary duty, competing with her
employer and failing to act within the best interests of the company , all of which
arose from the same series of events . The employer claimed this amounted to
gross m isconduct which irreparably damaged the trust relationship. The factual
basis of the charge lay in Williams allegedly asking an employee who performed
maintenance work on the properties of homeowners as part of Mykonos ’s
services to them, to perform maintenance work for an owner of a unit in a leisure resort on a private basis .

[7] The company practice is that no repair or maintenance work can be done
privately by owners of units and that all such work must be channel led through
Mykonos . Such work provides a stream of income for Mykonos. Mykonos
arranges for one of its staff to do the work and the unit owner will pay Mykonos.
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It is a rule that employees had to refer any requests for such work to Mykonos
and was confirmed by Mr A Le Fleur (‘Le Fleur’), a witness of Williams, namely
that the procedure was that the housekeeping department would refer requests
for such work to the operations office which would assign a handyman to attend to this issue.
[8] Further, Williams ’s contract of employment also contained a provision
which prohibited an employee from, directly or indirectly, being employed or involved in any other business or venture, for gain or otherwise, which might interfere with their responsibility or duties owed to Mykonos. There was much made in the cross -examination of Mykonos witnesses about whether this
provision had been explained to Williams when she was employed. She claimed
that there had not been a proper opportunity to read through the contract when it was issued to her, and described the non- compete provision as “groot, groot
woorde” (big, big words).
[9] Sometime in April 2018, Williams had been approached by one of the
house unit owners , a Mrs Goodman, who wanted someone to do some work at
her unit. Williams contacted Mr A Le Fleur another employee of Mykonos who
worked in its maintenance unit . In terms of the policy, s he should have reported
the request to Mykonos.
[10] According to Le Fleur ’s testimony, he encountered the unit owner while
he was shopping on his day off and she asked him to fix a cupboard and do some painting work in her unit. He claimed he refused to accept money from
her, but she persisted by giving R 150 to Williams to pass on to him, because
Williams lived near to him. He understood that the rule was that maintenance
work requests had to be made using the procedure but believed this did not
apply if he was working in his own time when he was off duty. Le Fleur did the
work and Goodman then paid Williams R150 for the work done. Le Fleur was
also dismissed on similar charges relating to his role in the incident.
[11] There was no evidence that Williams had advised the unit owner that she
had approached Le Fleur to do the work , after she had conveyed Goodman’s
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enquiry to him . There was also nothing to gainsay her evidence that she only
learnt afterwards that Le Fleur had done the work for the owner, when the
owner gave her R 150 to pass on to Le Fleur . There was no suggestion that
Williams herself had obtained any personal benefit from the arrangement .

The award

[12] The arbitrator found that Williams would have been aware of the
procedure regarding arrangements for the performance of maintenance or
repair work on homeowners’ units, namely that requests made by owners for
the performance of such work had to be reported to the employer who would
arrange for it to be done.

[13] The arbitrator also found that Williams would have been a ware of the rule
in her contract that employees could not compete with the employer by soliciting or being involved in the soliciting of private work in competition with the employer. Further, t he arbitrator found that the employer, as far as could be
ascertained, had applied the rule consistently.
[14] On whether Williams had broken the rule prohibiting employees from
competing with the employer the arbitrator reasoned as follows . Williams had
merely mentioned to Le Fleur that Goodman was looking for someone to do
private work at her unit, but that she did not actually solicit private work from
Goodman, nor obtain any benefit from Le Fleur performing the work . He also
found that there was no evidence that she had actually requested Le Fleur to do
the work for Goodman , and there was nothing to contradict Le Fleur ’s evidence
that Goodman had subsequently approached him directly to perform the work, when they encountered each other shopping. Accordingly, the arbitrator concluded that Williams had not broken the rule of engaging in competitive
activity against the employer.

[15] Nevertheless, the arbitrator agreed that Williams had failed to inform the
employer of Goodman's inquiry for private work at the unit and had failed to
report the inquiry to Mykonos . She also should have reported the payment
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made by Goodman to Le Fleur . Consequently, he accepted that Williams had
not acted in the employer’s best interest. It was reasonable to have expected
that, as a supervisor of the cleaning staff, she would have executed Mykonos’s policies and procedures promptly and diligently. However, he noted this was a once- off offence on her part. He substituted the sanction of dismissal with a final
written warning.

[16] On the question whether the dismissal was fair, t he arbitrator first turned
his attention to whether the transaction had been maliciously reported to
management by the cleaning supervisor of Goodman’s unit, Ms U Farmer, after
Goodman had complained about the cleaning of her premises. This occurred some six months after the work done by Le Fleur . The hospitality manager, Mr J
Maree, had testified that when the cleaning complaint was investigated the lack of invoiced maintenance work at the unit was noticed, and Farmer disclosed that Le Fleur had done work in April. The delay in initiating disciplinary action,
had been raised by Williams in the arbitration as evidence of malicious conduct
towards her. The arbitrator found it inexplicable that Farmer did not come
forward with the information in April and agreed with the allegation that Farmer’s
conduct was malicious.
[17] Secondly, the arbitrator found it was relevant that Williams did not
commit the same conduct again between the incident in April and the launch of
the disciplinary proceedings after October 2018. He reasoned that if Williams
had been competing against the employer itself, she probably would have
repeated the misconduct during that period. In this, he appears to have taken
account of the fact that Williams only knew in October that she stood accused or what happened in April. He concluded that this demonstrated that Williams
was not ‘ recalcitrant ’ and therefore continued employment would not be
intolerable.
[18] In addition, the arbitrator took account of the fact that during Williams 's
years of employment, this was the only occasion when she had been found guilty of not informing the employer of a request for an outside party to do maintenance work on a unit and this once -off failure to do so did not make the
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continuation of the trust relationship untenable. Moreover, even though there
would have been an adverse impact on the employer's business , because it
concerned a single incident, the harm was minimal. In passing, it should be
mentioned that no evidence was tendered by Mykonos about what it would
have charged Goodman for the work she paid R 150 for, which concerned fixing a cupboard and some painting.

[19] On the question of remorse, the arbitrator reasoned that in
acknowledging that she had admitted being asked by Goodman if she knew
someone who could do private work and admitting that she received the payment on behalf of Le Fleur, this was indicative of remorse. She had pleaded
guilty in the disciplinary enquiry. If she had she not wanted to show any remorse, she could simply have denied any wrongdoing and placed all the blame on Le Fleur . Williams also had long service with the employer, was a
primary breadwinner, and this was her first offense . The impact of the dismissal
on her would ‘ eclipse’ her misconduct. Accordingly, he found her dismissal was
unfair.
[20] The arbitrator awarded Williams reinstatement subject to being issued
with a final written warning valid for twelve months for failing to implement the employer's policies in respect of private work competing with the employer. Grounds of Review
[21] In its grounds of review set out in the f ounding affidavit, the applicant
makes certain general statements in paragraphs 19 and 20, but none of these were pleaded with any factual particularity .
[22] Mykonos also claims that the arbitrator misconstrued the case by finding
Williams guilty of misconduct but then “ embarking on a frolic of his own” by
finding that dismissal was not an appropriate sanction. How he misconstrued
the case is not explained, nor is it clear what it was the alleged ‘frolic’ he was referring to.

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[23] Further, it attack ed the arbitrator's conclusion that Williams showed
remorse by pleading guilty . Even though she pleaded guilty at the disciplinary
inquiry, Williams insisted she was not guilty of misconduct at the arbitration.
Thirdly, Mykonos argues that the arbitrator failed to properly consider Williams
role as a supervisor in the business and the potential impact her behaviour
could have.

[24] In addition, Mykonos argues that Williams was in a position to facilitate
private work being done and had acted as a “ middleman” in the transaction
involving Le Fleur . It claims s he actively sought out Le Fleur to have the work
done privately and received the money on his behalf from the resident. All of
this indicated she had time to reflect on what she was doing but still actively
pursued the transaction. The arbitrator failed to consider this aspect of the case.
[25] The abovementioned grounds were set out in the Founding affidavit and
were not supplemented.
[26] Nevertheless, i n its heads of argument, Mykonos did advance other
grounds which had not been pleaded in the founding affidavit :
26.1 It now claim ed that the arbitrator ought to have found that Williams
had broken the rule prohibiting employees from engaging in competitive
activities with the firm and that she was involved in the initial discussion about private maintenance work. 26.2 Contrary to what the arbitrator concluded, William’s action
informing Le Fleur of the private maintenance work required was a
deliberate action taken with the intention that Le Fleur would engage with
the owner on such work. Her initiation and facilitation of the unauthorized transaction placed her in direct violation of the company rules which explicitly prohibit employees from engaging in or facilitating external maintenance work outside the established internal process.
26.3 The applicant further submits that it is not necessary for the rule to
be breached in an overtly competitive manner to constitute a conflict of
interest ; her facilitation of the transaction was sufficient regardless of
whether she personally benefited from it.
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26.4 The arbitrator failed to consider that the court s have held that
where an employee's conduct results in a breakdown of trust, dismissal
is justified even if there's no direct financial loss to the employer. 26.5 The arbitrator failed to appreciate that Williams actively facilitated
unauthorised work, acting as an intermediary in the arrangement, thereby undermining the Applicant’s operational policies and acted in conflict with the applicant’s interests. [Not true but the arbitrator reasoned that it
happened once and the impact was marginal]

[27] As mentioned in the introduction, when the matter was argued, the court
was also invited to scrutinise the record, to find support for an argument that
Williams ’s conduct during the arbitration hearing showed that the relationship
was irreparable, an issue which had also not been pleaded.
Evaluation
[28] Regrettably, it seems necessary to reiterate some fundamental points
about the need to set out the case for review properly in the founding papers. Incantations of general grounds of review in founding and supplementary affidavits do not convey the necessary factual basis for a review. A respondent can hardly be expected to respond thereto. It is necessary to set out in sufficient detail the facts on which a particular ground is raised
1. Secondly, a party cannot
use heads of argument to advance grounds or review not raised in the application
2, with the exception of a jurisdictional issue.
[29] Consequently, any grounds advanced in argument which were not
pleaded in the founding papers with sufficient factual particularity have not been
considered.

1 See e.g. Comtech (Pty) Ltd v Molony NO and Others (DA12/05) [2007] ZALAC 40 (21
December 2007) at paragraphs 15 – 18. The principles are conveniently summarized in Mpe v
Polokwane Local Municipality and Others (JR101/2023) [2024] ZALCJHB 426 (7 November
2024) at paragraphs 9 – 15.
2 Commercial Workers Union of SA v Tao Ying Metal Industries & others 2009 (2) SA 204 (CC);
(2008) 29 ILJ 2461 (CC) at paragraph 67. See also Mpe at paragraph 16.
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Finding on remorse
[30] The applicant attacks the arbitrator's conclusion that Williams showed
remorse by pleading guilty. Even though she pleaded guilty at the disciplinary inquiry, Williams insisted she was not guilty of misconduct at the arbitration.
Presumably, this is intended to be an argument that the arbitrator could never
have concluded that she was remorseful. It is true that during the course of the
hearing, Williams appears to have adopted a defence similar to that which Le
Fleur had advanced in his own defence, namely that work performed for a
homeowner during an employee’s free time was not prohibited and did not have
to be reported. However, she did concede in the course of her evidence that she had broken the rule requiring all maintenance or repair work requests to be directed to Mykonos. [31] In so far as the arbitrator relied solely on Williams ’s initial admission of
guilt it is fair to say this approach did i gnore the more defensive stance she
adopted during the arbitration, relying on Le Fleur ’s interpretation of what
constituted the offence. Even so, it cannot be said that she tried to repudiate her
own factual version by deny ing her role in the incident, nor did she dispute she
had pleaded guilty at the hearing. She admitted that the rule did not make an exception for maintenance work done during an employee’s own time. She did not try to defend her actions or dispute the validity of the rule. In any event, the arbitrator’s oversight, if corrected , does not ineluctably lead to a conclusion that
Williams failed to accept she had been wrong, was defiant and likely to do it
again.
Williams supervisory function and the risk of retaining her
[32] Mykonos argues that the arbitrator failed to appreciate that in her position
Williams was well placed to facilitate private work and, having breached her
duty towards it by facilitating such an arrangement, the employer could not be confident it could not recur. The fact she had not transgressed the policy in a six month period since the incident involving FL was no basis for inferring she
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probably would not do it again. Implicitly it argues that retaining her in
employment given her position, entails an unacceptable assumption of risk
Further, Mykonos contends that the arbitrator failed to properly consider the
position of Williams as a supervisor in the business and the potential impact her behaviour could have. [33] In Mykonos’s heads, it expanded on the last -mentioned point, adding that
the arbitrator failed to consider that her conduct amounted to a breach of the
trust which is fundamental to her role as a supervisor responsible for enforcing company policy, and the arbitrator failed to appreciate that trust was a fundamental component of her role, so that her misconduct made the restoration of the relationship untenable. [34] Considering the arbitrator’s own reasoning, it is simply inaccurate to say
that he did not consider Williams’ role as a supervisor who had a responsibility to adhere to Mykonos’s policies. He expressly alluded to it. However , he
discounted the significance of this factor on the basis that it was a once- off
breach and that a final written warning ought to be sufficient to correct this
failure. It might be so that he could not reliably infer she would never reoffend,
merely because there had been no recurrence of the misconduct between April
and October 2019, but on the other hand there was no evidence that during the preceding 10 years of her employment of any misconduct nor, for that matter, during the eighteen odd years she had rendered service to it, as an employee of a sub- contractor. In the circumstances, it cannot be said the arbitrator’s
evaluation of the fairness of her dismissal was an entirely implausible one to
arrive at . Not every serious act of misconduct automatically justifies dismissal
as fair. It is true another arbitrator might have come to a different conclusion and upheld the dismissal, but that does not mean the arbitrator’s approach to the matter was plainly untenable.
The extent of Williams role in facilitat ing the private work performed by Le Fleur
[35] Essentially, Mykonos’s argument is that the arbitrator adopted an
irrationally indulgent view of the Williams ’s involvement in facilitating the private
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work done by Le Fleur . She had approached Le Fleur and when he had done
the work she still accepted the money on his behalf, all of which showed her
extended involvement in the impugned transaction from beginning to end. It
contends she actively sought out Le Fleur to have the work done privately and
received the money on his behalf from the resident. All of this indicated she had time to reflect on what she was doing but still actively pursued the transaction.

[36] Mykonos’s argument strains to suggest that the arbitrator ought to have
been compelled to conclude that she was actively soliciting work and that the Le
Fleur ’s engagement was part of a seamless process she managed. At best her
involvement in the sequence of events was sporadic and she did nothing to
ensure that the private transaction between Le Fleur and Goodman was
concluded. She conveyed Goodman’s request to Le Fleur . The fact that
Goodman and Le Fleur came to an arrangement was not a result of her
involvement and might even have happened without her having passed on the request to Le Fleur . There was no evidence that she had arranged to insert
herself into the payment of R 150 by ensuring that the money came through
her. On the uncontested evidence, t hat was something arising from the
interactions between Goodman and Le Fleur . Had Williams been in the habit of
making such arrangements, it might be reasonable to expect she would have
exercised more control over how it unfolded. Although i t is possible that it might
have been a process contrived to appear happenstance, in the absence of evidence of any similar transactions, it is quite plausible to conclude it occurred as she related it. It would be tenuous do conclude on that basis that she was
actively engaged in a scheme of soliciting private work from householders
Conclusion
[37] In Head of Department of Education v Mofokeng & Others
3, the LAC
held:
“[32]…Mere errors of fact or law may not be enough to vitiate the award.
Something more is required. To repeat: flaws in the reasoning of the

3 (2015) 36 ILJ 2802 (LAC)
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arbitrator, evidenced in the failure to apply the mind, reliance on
irrelevant considerations or the ignoring of material factors etc must be assessed with the purpose of establishing whether the arbitrator has undertaken the wrong enquiry, undertaken the enquiry in the wrong manner or arrived at an unreasonable result. Lapses in lawfulness, latent or patent irregularities and instances of dialectical unreasonableness should be of such an order (singularly or cumulatively) as to result in a
misconceived enquiry or a decision which no reasonable decision maker
could reach on all the material that was before him or her.”
[38] Even though there are some flaws in the arbitrator’s reasoning, I am not
persuaded that the applicant has demonstrated that , if corrected, no reasonable
arbitrator could have found that the dismissal was substantively unfair and that a final written warning was a more appropriate sanction on the facts before the
arbitrator . Accordingly, the award should be allowed to stand.
Order

1. The review application is dismissed.
2. No order is made as to costs.

R Lagrange
Judge of the Labour Court of South Africa.
Appearances:
For the Applicant: C Bowler from Snyman Attorneys
For the Respondent: No Appearance