THE LABOUR COURT OF SOUTH AFRICA
AT JOHANNESBURG
Not Reportable/Of interest to other judges
Case no: JR 637/2023
In the matter between:
SIBANYE GOLD PROTECTION SERVICE
LTD
Applicant
and
COMMISSION OF CONCILIATION,
MEDIATIOIN AND ARBITRATION
First Respondent
COMMISSIONER NEGOVHELA , L (N.O.)
Second Respondent
NUM obo NJANI, N Third Respondent
Heard: 5 March 2025
Delivered: 27 March 2025
Summary: (Application for review – arbitration award – dismissal for
misconduct – Arbitrator’s failure to weigh up conflicting versions – evaluation of
evidence perfunctory – Award set aside)
JUDGMENT
LAGRANGE, J
Introduction
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[1] This is an application to review and set aside an arbitration award in
which the arbitrator found that the applicant, Sibanye Gold Protection Services
(‘SGPS’), had failed to prove that that the third respondent, Ms N Njani (‘Njani’) ,
was guilty of sleeping on duty, for which she had been dismissed. Accordingly,
the arbitrator found she had been unfairly dismissed and reinstated her
retrospectively to the date of her dismissal. The procedural fairness of the
dismissal was not in dispute.
Background
[2] Njani had been charged with “Sleeping on duty in that on the 10th
February 2022, at plus minus 00:31, at Thuthukani Shaft Bank, you were found sleeping inside the guard house with the lights switched off and placed the chair against the door.”
[3] On the night in question, Njani was on duty. The guard house was next
to turnstiles which granted pedestrian access to the shaft area. At the particular
shaft, equipment could enter the mine and there was evidence that illegal
miners sometimes hid in vehicles entering the mine and smuggled supplies underground using that shaft.
[4] Njani denied she was asleep. The security supervisor, Mr D Du Plessis
(‘Du Plessis’) claimed he had found her sleeping on a chair , which was placed
with against the door in the guard house with back of the chair against the door.
He testified he took a photograph of Njani while she was asleep and blurry
versions of a photograph depicting someone seated in a chair were presented
in evidence. His version was that he had to wake her. Her version was that she
was awake and had already seen him entering the security area when he came
through the turnst ile before he got to the guard house. She denied the person in
the photograph was her.
The award
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[5] The arbitrator set out the evidence in summary. He rejected Njani ’s claim
that she had been inconsistently treated by comparison with three other
employees because he accepted S GPS’s explanation for the apparent
inconsistent treatment as a fair and acceptable explanation why those employees had not been dismissed.
[6] Somewhat carelessly, t he arbitrator erroneously included passages
assessing the evidence of witnesses from another award. When he did turn to
the case at hand, he found that:
6.1 the case was a simple one of a security guard sleeping on duty;
6.2 the rule in the workplace was that this was a dismissible offence;
6.3 the rationale was obvious, namely the need to protect, personnel equipment, assets the mine and prevent illegal miners accessing it ,
and
6.4 the security guards operated in a risky environment, and it was important for them to be alert all the time.
[7] He summarised the critical evidence of the witnesses to what transpired
thus:
“71. The version of the respondent was that Du Plessis started visiting
various security points under his supervision. When he arrived, he went to the guard house at the Bank .The lights were off and decided not to
use the door, but went to the window. He found the applicant sitting on a chair and her head tilted back in a sleeping position. He used a torch to flash on the applicant's face and he saw she was indeed asleep. He raised the torch higher, took a picture applicant using his cell phone.
72. It was the version of the applicant that she was placed at the Bank on
night shift on 9 February 2022. The area was busy at the early part on the shift and ended being much quieter. The last thing she did was to assist with an equipment at the turnstile at about 00:15 and then which check the gates before coming into the guard house. She switched off the lights, put the chair against the door and sat on it. The purpose of
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sitting against the door was to ensure that the door is not blown since it
did not lock and it kept being blown by wind from underground. She sat
on the chair and later heard Du Plessis going through the turnstile since
it makes a loud noise when one clocks in and when it is turned. She was surprised when she saw him go to the window instead of coming through the door. Du Plessis never took her picture but now she remembers him
complaining that she was sleeping.
73. The applicant denied that she was sleeping and that Du Plessis ever
took her photo. T he person on R 3 was not her. The applicant had
testified that she assisted a colleague through a turnstile at about 00:15 and immediately thereafter went to check the gate first before going to the guardhouse. Du Plessis in his own evidence, arrived at the Bank at
about 00:30. This means in less than 15 minutes the applicant check ed
the gate, went to the guard house, sat down on the chair and fell asleep to an extent that Du Plessis flashed a torch on her face and could not
wake up. Du Plessis had to make a coughing sound for the applicant to
wake up. 74. The second issue I have is that the applicant testified emotionally about the risk she was exposed to at the Bank and being alone. She
testified that it was unsafe for her and therefore could not have slept, that was why she kept the light switched off so that she was able to see
outside other than be seen. She testified that she could not have slept
since she felt unsafe with a door that did not close properly or lock.
75. The third issue I have is that Du Plessis sought to corroborate his
version with a photo on page R3 . The applicant denied it was her on the
picture. The picture according to it is not clear enough to show that this was the applicant or not. Du Plessis appeared to have taken only one
picture, no sequence of pictures was taken to show the applicant waking up or standing up etc. The current photo does not assist at all. This make it difficult for any third party looking at the picture to be able to identify if the person on the photo was the applicant or not.
76. It is therefore my finding, on the balance of probability, the
respondent had failed to prove that the applicant was guilty of the
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sleeping on duty charge that was levelled against her . The party which
had been burdened with the onus of proof has failed to discharge it.
77. I therefore do not find the applicant guilty of the allegation of
misconduct. ”
(spelling corrected – emphasis added)
The review
[8] SGPS’s grounds of review essentially concern whether the arbitrator’s
decision that it had failed to prove Njani guilty of sleeping on duty was one that
no reasonable arbitrator could reach on the evidence before him. The main
complaint is that the arbitrator did not in fact analyse the evidence at all but simply repeated portions of evidence and then pronounced his finding. In
particular, he failed to weigh up the credibility, reliability and probabilities of the two conflicting versions presented by Du Plessis and Njani.
[9] SGPS also alleges , in evaluating the evidence, the arbitrator improperly
considered issues which were not part of Njani’s defence to the charge and had not been put to its witnesses under cross -examination. To a great extent this
criticism will be dealt with in the course of dealing with the main ground.
Evaluation
[10] Reading the evidence mentioned by the arbitrator in support of his
finding, which appears in paragraphs 71 to 75 of the award, it is apparent that the arbitrator singles out a handful of pieces of evidence as the basis for
reaching a decision on the probabilities. While some of the factual narrative is
common cause, the respective versions of the parties differ on the fundamental question of whether Njani was asleep when Du Plessis visited the guardroom.
On this issue, the versions are mutually exclusive. [11] The leading case on the evaluation of evidence in instances of
irreconcilable versions is Stellenbosch Farmers’ Winery Group Ltd & another v
Martell et Cie & others 2003 (1) SA 11 (SCA)
, in which the court held at para 5:
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‘On the central issue, as to what the parties actually decided, there are
two irreconcilable versions. So, too, on a number of peripheral areas of dispute which may have a bearing on the probabilities . The technique
generally employed by courts in resolving factual disputes of this nature may conveniently be summarised as follows. To come to a conclusion on the disputed issues a court must make findings on (a) the credibility of
the various factual witnesses; (b) their reliability;
and (c) the probabilities . As to (a), the court’s finding on the credibility of
a particular witness will depend on its impression about the veracity of the witness. That in turn will depend on a variety of subsidiary factors, not necessarily in order of importance, such as (i) the witness’ candour and demeanour in the witness -box, (ii) his bias, latent and blatant, (iii)
internal contradictions in his evidence , (iv) external contradictions with
what was pleaded or put on his behalf, or with established fact or with his own extracurial statements or actions, (v) the probability or improbability
of particular aspects of his version, (vi) the calibre and cogency of his performance compared to that of other witnesses testifying about the
same incident or events. As to (b), a witness’ reliability will depend, apart
from the factors mentioned under (a)(ii), (iv) and (v) above, on (i) the
opportunities he had to experience or observe the event in question and (ii) the quality, integrity and independence of his recall thereof. As to (c),
this necessitates an analysis and evaluation of the probability or
improbability of each party’s version on each of the disputed issues. In the light of its assessment of (a), (b) and (c) the court will then, as a final
step, determine whether the party burdened with the onus of proof has succeeded in discharging it. The hard case, which will doubtless be the rare one, occurs when a court’s credibility findings compel it in one
direction and its evaluation of the general probabilities in another. The
more convincing the former, the less convincing will be the latter. But when all factors are equipoised probabilities prevail.’
[12] While it is trite that an arbitrator need not provide detailed reasons for an
award, in this case the arbitrator’s evaluation of the evidence wa s unnecessarily
cursory and terse. The skimpy elucidation of an arbitrator’s reasoning is not
7
acceptable and has been deprecated by this court before1. Although he
provided a rough summary of each party’s version, and scant analysis, one can
discern that he treated two issues as decisive. Firstly, that Njani could not have
fallen asleep in less than fifteen minutes and secondly, Du Plessis could not
prove that the figure in the photograph was Njani. From this it follows that the
arbitrator found it unnecessary to consider Du Plessis ’s own eyewitness
testimony , in the absence of independent c orroborating evidence his version .
He also favoured Njani’s version based on the plausibility of her evidence that
she could not have fallen asleep so quickly. As a result, he made no attempt to
weight up Du Plessis ’s oral testimony against Njani’s account at all. Clearly , it is
a material flaw in the arbitrator’s logic to discount all of Du Plessis ’s testimony
because he found it was not corroborated by a clear photograph, whereas he accepted Njani ’s evidence without corroboration.
[13] Even so, that is not the end of the enquiry. As the LAC mentioned in
Head of Department of Education v Mofokeng & others
2 :
The court must nonetheless still consider whether apart from the flawed reasons of or any irregularity by the arbitrator, the result could be reasonably
reached in the light of the issues and the evidence. ”
[14] Apart from the evidence of the contentious photograph, the arbitrator had
the following pertinent evidence of the events before him.
[15] Njani claimed she had let a forklift truck out of the gate around 00:15.
She was told by the artisan on duty that there was no more work for her to do
and she could go and relax.
[16] She went to the guardroom and sat in chair, the back of which she
placed against the door, because the door did not lock and wind from the shaft
made the door bang. It was common cause that she had switched the
1 See e.g., Sasol Mining (Pty) Ltd v Ngqeleni NO & others (2011) 32 ILJ 723 (LC) at paragraph
7.
2 (2015) 36 ILJ 2802 (LAC) at paragraph 31, and re -affirmed and emphasised in Makuleni v
Standard Bank of South Africa Ltd and Others (2023) 44 ILJ 1005 (LAC) at paragraph 3.
8
guardroom lights off. Although she did not explain why she did this in her
testimony at the arbitration, in the written statement she submitted to the
company before the disciplinary enquiry, she said she did so because it was
easier to observe the area outside if the lights were off. Njani testified that she
then sat down and that was the right time to relax for her spiritual calling and
consume her snuff .
[17] When she pleaded guilty at the disciplinary enquiry she mentioned that
she had a medical condition which Du Plessis was aware of. It appears from the
evidence, that she agreed to alter the reference to a ‘medical condition’ to a
‘spiritual calling’ after the chairperson queried the reference to a medical
condition. When she was questioned in the enquiry about whether she could
still be alert wh ile engaging in her spiritual calling she responded that she was
even more focussed when her ancestors were communicating with her. At the arbitration hearing, when questioned about the alteration in her plea, she said
she did not want to reveal her medical condition which related to what she was suffering as a result of a traumatic sexual assault on her child. Accordingly , she
decided simply to “ opt for the condition that is known” , namely her spiritual
calling .
[18] Du Plessis testified that he was driving around visiting the various guard
posts that night. When he came to the Bank shaft, he noticed that the lights in
the guard- house were off, so he clocked in through the turnstiles and walked
around the guard house to the open window. He saw Njani sitting in the chair up
against the door. She was covered with her jacket and her head was resting in the corner of the door and the wall. He claims he shone his torch in her face, but she did not move. He then pointed his flashlight at the ceiling and took a photo of her with his cell phone. He made a coughing sound which woke her up.
He asked what she was doing, and she said she was sorry for sleeping,
whereupon he said he would charge her for sleeping on duty. He made an entry about the incident in the Bank area occurrence book. Under cross -examination,
Du Plessis said he would not have taken the photo if Njani ’s eyes were not
closed. He was unaware of any condition that Njani was suffering from. This
occurred around 00:31.
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[19] In her written statement for the disciplinary enquiry , Njani said she saw
Du Plessis clocking in at the turnstile and she saw him coming straight to the
window holding his cell phone in his hand. He was not holding anything else. Immediately she saw him standing at the open window she went out to him. She denied he took any photo of her. She claimed she told him everything was in order and then he accused her of sleeping which she denied.
[20] On this evidence what is common cause is that Njani had been seated in
a chair propped up against the entrance door in the unlit guardhouse. Where the versions diverge radically is whether she had fallen asleep in that position when Du Plessis arrived at the guardhouse and appeared at the window.
[21] The arbitrator decided to disregard the relevance of the blurred
photograph because he was satisfied it could not be established that the person in the photo was Njani. Having decided this, he did not consider any other implications of the photograph.
[22] During the arbitration a clearer coloured photograph of the black and
white version was produced. The image was still blurred. What it does show is
the upper torso and head of a seated person who is wearing a mask over the lower part of their face. The person’s head is lying at an angle of about 45 to 60
degrees measured from a horizontal position, and is lying partly on a brick
surface and partly on two other surfaces. The person’s eyes are not visible. A
large black object covers the person’s upper body and partially obscures part of the person’s lower face. Du Plessis had testified that Njani had covered herself
with her jacket. The overall impression is of a figure in a position of comfortable
repose resting their head against some brickwork and other surfaces.
[23] The arbitrator did not consider any other implication s of his conclusion
that the person in the photograph probably was not Njani. One unavoidable
implication of h is finding was that Du Plessis did not take any photograph of
Njani and therefor fraudulently presented a photograph of someone else to
support his eyewitness account. I n this regard, i t is significant that when Du
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Plessis was cross- examined about the photograph, the identity of the figure in
the picture was not even raised as an issue. It was never put to him that it was
not a photograph of Njani . Rather, the questions posed to Du Plessis concerned
whether the picture showed the person’s eyes were closed. Du Plessis ’s
answer to the difficulty of seeing if the person’s eyes were open or not was that ,
if they had been open, they would have been illuminated by the reflection of the
flash of the cell phone camera and the torch.
[24] Another implication of the arbitrator’s finding is that Du Plessis must have
contrived to produce a photograph which carefully replicated the position of the chair on which Njani said she was seated. The black and white photographs of
the chair against the door show that the position of chair in relation to the door frame and door correspond closely with the alignment of those surfaces and the
figure in the chair. Quite apart from the fact that the arbitrator determined the relevance of the photograph solely on the basis of the identity of the figure in
the photograph even though Du Plessis was never questioned about this, the
arbitrator’s finding necessarily entails Du Plessis having embarked on a
meticulous photographic staging of the event, including the use of a third party
to pose in the picture. It was never suggested that Du Plessis bore any grudge
against Njani , which might have supported a version that he was prepared to
take such elaborate steps to engineer her dismissal. The inherent improbabilities of this scenario were not considered by the arbitrator.
[25] If we focus on the attack on Du Plessis ’s evidence under cross -
examination, what factors did the arbitrator have to weigh up to make a finding
whether Njani ’s eyes were closed? Njani herself said she was intending to
‘relax ’ when she sat down. She had claimed that Du Plessis was aware that she
had a condition which was ascribed to her spiritual calling, as if to suggest she was suffering from impairment which might excuse her actions. He denied ever being advised of the same. It is important to note that it must be mentioned that
much of her defence was based on the fact that other persons who had been found guilty of sleeping on duty, were not dismissed, and in those cases the employees were either on some medication or had worked excessive hours, which had impaired their ability to remain awake. Njani denied Du Plessis took a
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photograph of her but did say he had a cell phone in his hand when she first
saw him . Du Plessis said he would not have taken a photograph in the first
place if Njani had been awake. The photo, though blurry, does not show even a
glimmer of light on the reclining figure’s face that might hint at an eye reflection
of a camera flash or light , which tends to support his version. If Njani was
asleep, she would have been unaware of Du Plessis taking a photo. O nce it is
accepted as more plausible that a photo was taken, showing her in the
recumbent position, Njani ’s version that she was awake is hard to reconcile with
her saying nothing to DP at the time the photo was taken.
[26] What emerges from the above, is that there are serious difficulties Njani
had in putting up a plausible version that she was awake when Du Plessis
found her at the guardhouse. Her own evidence that she was sitting in the chair
and relaxing is consistent with the image captured in the photograph. Her
version that it was not her in the photograph is inherently implausible for the reasons discussed and Du Plessis was not seriously challenged on that issue.
Her bald denial that a photograph was taken of her is irreconcilable with the
evidence which strongly supports the opposite conclusion, namely that it was taken of her at a time when she was asleep and she would not have been
aware of it . No plausible alternative explanation was offered why her eyes
would not have been visible, when she was photographed in the glare of a flash photograph and a torch. It also makes no sense that Du Plessis would have
gone to the trouble of taking the photograph if Njani was sitting in the chair looking at him.
[27] Had the arbitrator weighed up the inherent probabilities of each version
and then evaluated them against each other, I am satisfied he would not have reached the conclusion that Njani was not guilty of sleeping on duty and no
reasonable arbitrator could have done so on the evidence.
[28] It was not seriously disputed that sleeping on duty was taken extremely
seriously in the circumstances prevailing in the mine, which was grappling with the problem of illegal miners gaining access to the mine and obtaining supplies through shaft entrances, such as the one that Njani was situated on the night of
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the incident. In the circumstances, it cannot be said that the employer’s decision
to dismiss Njani was an unfair one.
[29] In light of the above, the following order is made.
Order
1. The award of the Second Respondent under case number GAJB
18969- 22 issued on 7 March 2023 is reviewed and set aside.
2. The finding and relief awarded in paragraphs 85 to 87 of the
award, is set aside and replaced with a finding that the dismissal of Ms N
Njani was substantively fair.
3. No order is made as to costs.
R Lagrange
Judge of the Labour Court of South Africa.
Appearances
For the Applicant Adv. P Moll instructed by Solomon Holmes Attorneys Inc.
For the First Respondent MC Malematja from Mashabela Attorneys