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REPUBLIC OF SOUTH AFRICA
IN THE HIGH COURT OF SOUTH AFRICA
(MPUMALANGA DIVISION, MBOMBELA)

CASE NO: 5356/2023

In the matter between:

GEHARD GUNTHER LUDI 1st Applicant
(ID No.: 3[...])

and

JUSTUS MEYER 1st Respondent
(ID No.: 7[...])

SUSANNA SOPHIA MEYER 2nd Respondent
(ID No.: 8[...])

UNLAWFUL OCCUPIERS OCCUPYING THROUGH
THE FIRST AND SECOND RESPONDENT 3rd Respondent

THE CITY OF MBOMBELA MUNICIPALITY 4th Respondent


REASONS FOR JUDGMENT

MANGENA AJ:

[1] On the 11th February 2025 I gave an order for the eviction of the first and second
respondents together with all persons under their authority occupying the premises
described as D[...] C[...] farm, farm 1[...] T[...] W[...] R[...] Estates, Central sections
Agricultural Holdings, Mbombela (“the property”) . There were other ancillary orders
accompanying the main order relating to the date and time of the eviction as well as
costs. I also dismissed the three points in limine by the respondents.

[2] The respondents have requested for the reasons and same are provided below.
For convenience and coherence, I will commence with the points in limine raised by the
respondents. But first the background.

BACKGROUND

[3] The applicant is Gerhard Gunder Ludi who is indisputably the registered owner of
the property held under a valid title. The property is bonded to Nedbank and its affiliates
as security for various credit facilities concluded between applicant and the bank.

[4] On or about March 2022 the applicant concluded a written lease agreement (“the
agreement”) with the respondents. The lease was for a period of six months and the
rental was fixed at R9000.00 per month. The agreement is headed “A tenancy and
Farming venture Agreement” and provides that the premises shall be occupied by Sania
and her family under the normal conditions as specified by tenancy laws of the Republic
of South Africa. Occupation was said to be on a month to month basis once the lease
period exp ires and either party would be obliged to give three months’ notice of
termination.

[5] On 01 September 2022 the applicant notified the respondents that the lease has
expired and that he is not willing to renew it as he had found a new buyer. He further
stated that the respondents are given a notice period as per the tenancy and farming
venture agreement and are required to vacate the premises on or before 01 December
2022. The respondents never vacated the property despite being served with a written
demand from the applicant’s attorneys.

[6] The applicant instituted court proceedings on 16 November 2023 which were
served on the respondents on 31 January 2024. The respondents appointed attorneys
who placed themselves on record on 13 February 2024 and undertook to file their
client’s answering affidavit by no later than 15 March 202 4 which was only filed in
August 2024 without any condonation.

[7] In the answering affidavit, the respondents raise d three preliminary points which I
intend to deal with as they appear in their affidavit. They are (a) improperly
commissioned affidavit, (b) lack of locus standi, (c) incompetent relief under incorrect
legislation.

IMPROPERLY COMMISSIONED AFFIDAVIT

[8] The a pplicant’s affidavit was commissioned by one Ms Debbie Hendricks who is
an employee at Pieter Swanepoel Attorneys who are the correspondent attorneys for
Fernandes attorneys. The respondents contend that Pieter Swanepoel Attorneys were
the applicant’s attorneys at the time the founding affidavit was commissioned and
therefore it was inappropriate for Ms Hendricks , who was an employee at the law firm ,
to act as the commissioner of oath. For this contention, the respondents found support
in Regulation 7(1) of the Justices of Peace and Commissioners of Oath Act, 16 of 1963.
The regulation provides that a commissioner of oaths shall not administer an oath or
affirmation relating to the matter in which he has an interest. Since Ms Hendricks is an
employee at the Pieter Swanepoel Attorneys , she, so it was submitted, has an interest
in the matter. This cannot be correct. Regulation 7(2) provides that sub -regulation 1
shall not apply to an affidavit or a declaration mentioned in the schedule. Item 2 of the
schedule provides that a declaration taken by a commissioner of oath who is not an
attorney and whose only interest therein arises out of his employment and in the course
of his duty. Ms Hendricks is not an attorney and commissioned the oath in the course of
the performance of her duties. She has no other interest in the matter other than the
one arising out of her duties on an employee .

[9] In Kouwenhoven vs Minister of Police and Others1, the supreme court of
appeal had an occasion to review previous cases on this aspect including the
authorities relied upon by counsel for the respondents. On analysis , the SCA
authoritatively stated the legal position regarding “interest” to mean “pecuniary interest,
or some interest by which the legal rights or liabilities of the commissioner are affected”.
current position is that employees who are not attorneys are not prohibited from acting
as commissioners of oaths in matters where their only interest arises out of their
employment and are doing so in execution of their duties. Based o n the authority of
Kouwenhoven supra , the founding affidavit is properly commissioned.

LOCUS STANDI

[10] The respondents argued that the applicant ceded his rights to the bank when he
registered the mortgage bonds. It was submitted on their behalf that clause 8.1 of the
mortgage agreement expressly stated that the right to institute proceedings against
lessees for evictions from the mortgaged property is ceded to the bank. Once cession
has taken place, the cessionary, so went the submission, is divested of the rights and
they are now vested in the cessionary. In the context of this case, the applicant does not
have locus standi to institute eviction proceedings because he had ceded those rights.

[11] The submission by counsel for the respondents misses one crucial point. The
applicant did not institute proceedings for the recovery of arrear rentals nor is he basing
his application for eviction on the respondent’s failure to pay rental or any other revenue
arising out of the lease agreement. The a pplicant instituted these proceedings on the
basis that the lease period has expired and has given the respondents sufficient notice
period as per the terms of the agreement. Clause 8.1 read together with other
provisions of the mortgage agreement creates cession as security in favour of Nedbank
in respect of the rental revenue. The net effect of this cession is that the applicant is
deprived of the right to recover the ceded debt which in this case will be rental and
revenues arising out of the lease agreement2. The cession of debt in respect of rentals

1 (888/2020) [2021] ZASCA 119 (22 September 2021)
2 Picardi Hotels Ltd v Thekweni Properties (Pty) Ltd, 2009 (1) SA 493 (SCA)
does not divest the applicant of his rights as a registered owner from instituting legal
proceedings against unlawful occupiers3.

[12] The applicant has not ceded his ownership rights in the property but only a right
to claim rentals upon non -payment by the tenants. The argument would have carried
water had the applicant claimed arrear rentals and accompanied it with eviction. The
tenants were never in default in relation to the rental obligations and their basis of
opposition to this application for lack of locus standi is without merit.

ESTA

[13] The last preliminary point raised was that the applicant used a wrong legislation
to obtain the relief he sought. It was submitted that the applicable law is the Extension
of Security of Tenure Act 62 of 1997 (“ESTA ”) and not the Prevention of Illegal
Eviction from and Unlawful Occupation of Land Act 19 of 1998 (“PIE”). It was
argued that this is so because the property is described as a farm , as such, the
respondents are tenants and are employed at the farm. This argument is not supported
by the facts. The tenancy and venture agreement does not bring the respondents within
the definition of occupier in ESTA. The respondents did not occupy the property to work
on it but as residential tenants willing to pay market related rentals for their stay on the
property. The fact that the premises they occupy are on a farm does not make them
occupiers within the meaning of ESTA. ESTA defines an occupier as a person residing
on land which belongs to another person and who has or on 4 February 1997 or
thereafter had consent or another right in law to do so. The a pplicant has further
disputed the assertion by the respondents that the property is a farm. The municipal
account showed that the property is rated as residential and not a farm. There has not
been any evidence submitted by the respondents in support of their contention that the
property is used for agricultural purpose s, and it is not within a proclaimed township. On
the conspectus of the evidence at hand this point in limine fails.


3 Grobler v Oosthuizen, 2009 (5) SA 500 (SCA).
[14] With the preliminary points out of the way, I turn to determine if the respondents
have a valid defence to the application. Such a defence will need to be of such a nature
that it entitles them to remain in occupation of the applicant’s property. In the absence of
a valid defence, the applicant will be entitled to the order subject to the court ensuring
that justice and equity prevails.

[15] In City of Johannesburg v Changing Tides 74 (Pty) Ltd , the court gave the4
following guideline in the adjudication of eviction proceedings:

“[25] Reverting then to the relationship between ss 4(7) and (8), the position can be
summarised as follows. A court hearing an application for eviction at the instance of a
private person or body, owing no obligations to provide housing or achieve the gradual
realisation of the right of access to housing in terms of s 26(1) of the Constitution, is
faced with two separate enquiries. First it must decide whether it is just and equitable to
grant an eviction order having regard to all relevant factors. Under s 4(7) those factors
include the availability of alternative land or accommodation. The weight to be attached
to that factor must be assessed in the light of the property owner’s protected rights under
s 25 of the Constitution, and on the footing that a limitation of those rights in favour of
the occupiers will ordinarily be limited in duration. Once the court decides that there is no
defence to the claim for eviction and that it would be just and equitable to grant an
eviction order it is obliged to grant that order. Before doing so, however, it must consider
what justice and equity demands in relation to the date of implementation of that order
and it must consider what conditions must be attached to that order. In that second
enquiry it must consider the impact of an eviction order on the occupiers and whether
they may be rendered homeless thereby or need emergency assistance to relocate
elsewhere. The order that it grants as a result of these two discrete enquiries is a single
order. Accordingly it cannot be granted until both enquiries have been undertaken and
the conclusion reached that the grant of an eviction order, effective from a specified
date, is just and equitable. Nor can the enquiry be concluded until the court is satisfied
that it is in possession of all the information necessary to make both findings based on
justice and equity.”


4 2012 (6) SA 294 (SCA)
[16] The respondents argued that the application should be dismissed because they
care for children with autism and if evicted, they will be homeless. It was further argued
that the municipality has not provided an alternative accommodation in compliance with
its constitutional obligations.

[17] I gave due regard to these submissions and took them into account in the
determination of what justice and equity required. The respondents had occupied the
property for six months before applicant terminated the lease on notice. They knew at
the time of signing that the agreement was terminable on notice and once terminated
they w ould need to find another place to stay. They have not argued that they cannot
afford an alternative accommodation. All they argued was that the place they currently
occupy is convenient for them as they need to produce organic food for their children. I
was n either persuaded that they will be homeless after the granting of the order, nor did
I think that they need assistance from the municipality. As stated above, they have the
financial means to find alternative accommodation as they are not destitute. PIE and
ESTA are not meant to provide convenience to people who would want to occupy a
property against the wishes of the owner. If that was the position , chaos will ensue and
the right to property as enshrined in the constitutio n would ring hollow. To be clear, the
two pieces of legislation serve an important constitutional purpose of ensuring that the
most vulnerable and destitute amongst us are protected from homelessness as a result
of historical injustices based on land inequity. They are not meant for people like the
respondents who can afford alternative accommodation.

[18] Guided by the approach of the SCA I concluded that the respondents did not
have a valid defence. I then proceeded to enquire what justice and equity required in
relation to the date of the implementation of the order as well as its impact. As stated,
the respondents are not candidates for emergency assistance and should vacate the
premises by no later than 31 May 2025 which period I considered sufficient to enable
them to find alternative accommodation .

[19] The applicant was successful and the normal rule is that costs follow results. The
respondents had a benefit of legal advice from both an attorney and counsel and should
have known that their defences are not rooted in law and are therefore shaky. Despite
this they continued and attracted a cost order against them. The order is not punitive
and in doing so I considered that they may have been advised that they are vindicating
a constitutional right to housing and therefore may eschew the costs. It is not in every
case that litigants will escape costs liability on the basis of vindicating a constitutional
right. I ordered that respondents pay the applicant’s costs on a party and party scale .


MI MANGENA
ACTING JUDGE OF THE HIGH COURT OF SOUTH AFRICA
MPUMALANGA DIVISION, MBOMBELA

Appearances :

Counsel for the Applicant : Adv. van den Berg
Instructed by: Fernandes Attorneys
C/O JJR & Associates Attorneys

Counsel for the Responden t: Greyling Botha Van Rensburg Attorneys
Instructed by: Adv. X Wahl

Date of Judgment: 24 January 2025