REPUBLIC OF SOUTH AFRICA
IN THE HIGH COURT OF SOUTH AFRICA
GAUTENG DIVISION, JOHANNESBURG
Case Number: 5796/2022
(1) REPORTABLE: NO
(2) OF INTEREST TO OTHER JUDGES:
NO
(3) REVISED : NO
DATE: 05 March
SIGNATURE :
ln the matter between:
THE CITY OF JOHANNESBURG METROPOLITAN MUNICIPALITY
and
TSHOLO FELO MANYETSA Applicant
Defendant
Summary: Condonation -Rule 27(3) of the Uniform Rules of the Court. Good cause to
be shown for the degree of lateness. Applicant delayed to file the Plea and acted to the
summons after being served with notice to be barred. Despite the notice, Applicant still
missed and failed to file the Plea and adhere to the prescribed Court Days. Content of the
application to ensure sufficient reasons for the degree of the delay and its relationship
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with the interests of justice. Factors to be holistically considered and not independently of
each other. Applicant attributed the b~sis of the failure to an 'administrative error' and
extended negligence to Defendant that did not constitute a bona fide. Application
dismissed due to lack of urgency and apportionment of the negligence. The costs to be
costs in the main cause.
JUDGMENT
NTLAMA-MAKHANYA AJ
Introduction
Background facts
[1] The Applicant in this matter applied for condonation in terms of Rule 27(3) of the
Uniform Rules of the Court in which it sought indulgence of this Court for the late filing of
the Plea in the main action. This application arose from the delictual action filed by the
Defendant against the Applicant. Both parties were legally represented and the matter
was heard before me on 12 February 2025. I dismissed it in court and herein I provide
reasons for such dismissal.
[2] The Applicant , after having been seNed with the notice of bar from filing its Plea
on 27 May 2022, failed to file its Plea within the prescribed time frames even after the
said notice. This meant that the application was out of time and leave was sought before
this Court to grant condonation of the late filing of the Plea. The Defendant opposed this
application.
[3] It was the Applicant's concession that following the notice of bar on 27 May 2022,
it was supposed to have filed its Plea on 03 June 2022 and instead filed it on 13 June
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2022 which meant six (6) days outside of the prescribed time frames. The Applicant
further submitted that the delay in submitting the Plea is inordinate because as soon as it
realized the failure, it sought consensus from the Defendant to remedy the situation which
was refused by the latter. The Applicant further acknowledged that although he is
constrained by limited resources , this matter is of importance in that it deals with issues
pertaining to service delivery to the residents in his area of jurisdiction .
[4] However, the Defendant vehemently opposed the application and argued that:
[5.1] the Applicant failed to provide a reasonable explanation for the delay;
(5.2] the application is not bona fide and was made with the object of delaying
the Defendant's claim;
(5.3] there has been a reckless or intentional disregard of the Rules of Court;
and
(5.4] Applicant failed to show any prejudice caused to the Defendant could be
compensated for by an appropriate costs order.
[5] This brief is meant as a foundation for the justification and reasonableness of the
delay without any malice on either of the parties in the dispute.
Applicable legal principles
[6] I do not intend to make an exhaustive framework of the principles regulating the
foundations of the principle of condonation. To date, voluminous jurisprudence has also
been developed by the courts in giving meaning and substance to this principle. Its
framework is prescribed in Rule 27(3) of the Uniform Rules of the Court which reads as
follows:
"The court may, on good cause shown, condone any non-compliance with these
Rules."
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[7] For this Court, the principle of 'good cause shown' entails a responsibility on the
part of the Applicant to place any justifiable cause to the delay that served as a bar to the
timeous filing of the Plea. The Applicant had to satisfy justifiable factors relating to:
(i) the cause of the delay;
(ii) the degree of delay;
(iii) what could have contributed to it;
(iv) prospects of success on the merits; and
(v) prejudice to the defendant, (Myburgh JP in National Union of Mine
Workers v Council for Mineral Technology [1998] ZALAC 22 at
para 10).
[8] These factors are not to be viewed independently of each other but holistically
because condonation is not a mere principle of the adjudicative process. It entails a
satisfactory explanation of 'the conspectus of all the facts as to the cause of the delay'
without prejudice to either of the parties in the dispute, (Dlodlo AJA in Department of Home
Affairs v Ndlovu [2014] 9 BLLR 851 LAC at para 7). Condonation has been made unique
today by its infusion within the broader framework of the interests of justice that is
encapsulated in the rule of law as a foundational value of the new dispensation. Bosielo
AJ in Grootboom v National Prosecuting Authority 2014 (1) BCLR 65 (CC) at para 36
reaffirmed that the standard for the granting of condonation must be the interests of
justice. The Judge went on to state that the 'principle of the interests of justice is broad
enough to be reflective and have due regard to all the relevant factors' and not necessarily
limited to those mentioned by Myburgh JP above. The approach in Grootboom was earlier
expressed by the Constitutional Court in Van Wyk v Unitas Hospital 2008 (4) BCLR 442
(CC) at paras 20-22 wherein the Court held:
"the standard for considering an application for condonation is in the interest of
justice. Whether it is in the interests of justice to grant condonation depends on the
facts and circumstances of each case. Factors that are relevant to this enquiry but
are not limited to the nature of the relief sought, the extent and the cause of the
delay, the effect of the delay on the administration of justice and other litigants, the
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reasonableness of the explanation of the delay the importance of the issue to be
raised in the intended appeal and the prospects of success ... An applicant for
condonation must give a full explanation for the delay. In addition, the explanation
must cover the entire period of the delay. And what is more the explanation must
be reasonable."
It is also my affirmation that the interests of justice as reiterated in Grootboom at para 50
and Van Wyk above are of fundamental importance in the new dispensation particularly
in the context of eliminating any conduct that may bedevil the functioning and integrity of
the courts. As similarly expressed by Davis AJ in S[. .. J K[ ... J v M[. .. J N[. . .] CASE NO:
D3532/24 KZN citing with approval James Brown and Hamer v Simmons 1963(4) SA (A)
at 660 E-G that:
"It is a well-established principle in our law that it is in the interests of the
administration of justice to require adherence to well established rules and that
those rules should in the ordinary course be observed. "
[9] am not going to further pre-occupy this Court with a further analysis of this
principle but the failure to adhere to the procedural safeguards in the matter herein has
the potential to put the credibility not only of this Court but the entire judiciary at risk. I
need not state that this Court stands as a guard for the general overview of the
constitutionalised right of access to courts as envisaged in section 34 of Constitution of
the Republic of South Africa, 1996, (Constitution). In essence, the failure to adhere to the
procedural safeguards undermines the very foundations of the right to access the courts
and contributes to the well-known idiom of 'justice delayed is justice denied'. Accessing
courts is the 'coal-face' of dispensing justice without fear or favour. It also serves as a pre
requisite for the enjoyment of other rights without which the limitation on the extensive
analysis of the rights by the courts will minimize the flourishing jurisprudence that will
contribute to the development of the law.
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[1 0] Therefore , the gist of this application was to establish whether a proper case was
made for the relief sought by the Applicant in terms of Rule 27(3) of the Uniform Rules of
the Court.
Analysis
[11] Let me reiterate, the content of this application was to enable the Applicant to
reinstate the defence against the pursuance of the claim by the Defendant in the main
action. This Court also acknowledges the Applicant's concession of having filed the plea
outside the prescribed time frames. It is further acknowledged herein that condonation
may be granted without being persuaded by the Applicant's poor explanation of the delay.
This means that each case is considered on its own merits despite the lessons to be
drawn from other precedent-sett ing jurisprudence that has been developed in the granting
of condonation applications .
[12] Thus, in the context of this case, that persuasion is overshadowed by what I refer
to as the Applicant 's 'dragging of the feet approach ' in submitting the Plea since the filing
of the matter. It is also my view that the Applicant adopted what I considered as a
'reactionary approach ' in addressing this matter after having been served with the 'notice
of bar'. It was common cause that the Defendant served the summons on the Applicant
on 15 February 2022. Following the serving of the summons , the Applicant only reacted
to them when it was further served with the notice to 'be barred' from filing the Plea. It is
now this 'Plea' that is the subject of this application which was also filed outside the time
frame of the Court Rules. The notice of the bar was served on 27 May 2022 with the
Applicant , supposedly , expected to have filed the Plea on 03 June 2022 and instead filed
it on 13 June 2022. Simply put, the Plea was filed six court days later. Literally, the six
day period may be justifiable if good cause shown as prescribed in Rule 27(3). Thus, the
justification of the delay should consider the history of the matter which is traced to the
year 2022 when the claim was filed against the Applicant.
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[13) The Applicant's Counsel submitted that the question of condonation should be
similarly approached or this Court draw lessons from the already developed jurisprudence
which laid the framework for affirmative principles wherein amongst others Holmes J in
the case of Melane v Santam Insurance Co. Limited 1962 (4) SA 531 (A); at 532 C -D
held:
"In deciding whether sufficient cause has been shown, the basic principle is that
the Court has a discretion, to be exercised judicially upon a consideration of all the
facts, and in essence it is a matter of fairness to both sides. Among the facts usually
relevant are the degree of lateness, the explanation therefor, the prospects of
success, and the importance of the case. Ordinarily these facts are interrelated :
they are not individually decisive, for that would be a piecemeal approach
incompatible with a true discretion , save of course that if there are no prospects of
success there would be no point in granting condonation. Any attempt to formulate
a rule of thumb would only serve to harden the arteries of what should be a flexible
discretion. What is needed is an objective conspectus of all the facts. Thus, a slight
delay and a good explanation may help to compensate for prospects of success
which are not strong. Or the importance of the issue and strong prospects of
success may tend to compensate for a long delay."
I am of the view that the Applicant 's conduct eroded the merits of this application. The
reactionary conduct only after the notice of the bar and the further failure to adhere to the
procedural safeguards towards the filing of the Plea struck at the core of the substance
of this application.
[14) In casu, during argument and on papers, the Applicant's Counsel traced and
attributed the delay to the 'administrative error' on his part. I find this disturbing that the
obligation of a sphere with a constitutional responsibility could be relegated to an
'administrative error'. This Court acknowledges that humans are 'fallible' but will not
substitute the substance of the legal principle in adhering to the requisites of adjudicative
processes over human fallibility. In this case, the Defendant fell into a potholed road and
the Applicant extended contributory negligence to the Defendant who, according to the
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Applicant, 'failed to keep a proper look out and exhibit the degree of care' to avoid falling
in the circumstances. The extension of negligence on the Defendant is not a justified
defence for the injuries suffered. Such apportionment of negligence is also disturbing
because the primary responsibility rest with the Applicant to ensure the proper
maintenance of the roads. The Applicant did not provide any credible evidence in this
Court how such awareness or familiarity could have been obtained by the Defendant
except the 'blanket contention without substantiation . The extension of negligence touch
on the Applicant's bona fides on this application as it appeared to be indicative of a
yardstick against which to evade responsibility of his own 'human fallibility'.
[15] The Applicant further emphasised the importance of this case as it relates to
service delivery that has to be provided to his residents. Whilst the Applicant
acknowledged the limited resources to deliver services, it also uses the scant resources
to fight legal battles against ordinary citizens. The Applicant therefore, amassed the
limited legal resources to be used at the prejudice of the Defendant. I am not going to
justify the way in which the Applicant spends its allocated resources , thus of importance
in this matter is the 'thorn' in the content of principle of condonation relating to the proper
justification of the delay to the application .
(16] In this case, the Applicant has a constitutionalised status as a sphere of
governance at local level and did not view the urgency of this matter on its inception,
which is February of the year 2022. It has been emphasised that condonation is not a
·mere asking' but entails a satisfactory cause of the delay. Similarly, as expressed by
Waglay DJP in South African Post Office Ltd vs Commission for Conciliation, Mediation
and Arbitration [2012] 1 BLLR 30 LAC at para 16 held that that 'it is also generally
accepted that if an applicant does not provide an acceptable explanation for its delay, the
court need not consider the other factors and refuse condonation' .
[17] Although the application of this rule is not rigid and may be relaxed, I am persuaded
by Waglay DJP above because of the complementarity between the degree of the delay
and the reasons proffered by the Applicant for such a delay. Counsel for the Applicant
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made an intensive argument about the degree of the delay day not to be viewed by this
Court as 'inordinate' but to be considered holistically with other factors. The core content
of the reasons for the delay which could be found acceptable by this Court as Waglay
DJP at para 18 held 'cannot be reduced to an 'arithmetic calculation '. I am encouraged
by Waglay DJP above, that the emphasis on the number of days should not be a key
focus to the exclusion of other factors that are equally a determinant of this application .
The 'administrative error' should not serve as the basis and a justified reason for the
acceptable days whilst the subject of the dispute is of highest magnitude for the
adjudicative process. It is therefore, evident that the intensive argument about the limited
days made by the Applicant needed to be concretised with justifiable reasons that are
foundational to the ultimate justification of the delay and without such, it is not excusable .
[18] The consideration of this application was also focused on the interrelationship that
exists between the prospects of success and the prejudice to be suffered by either of the
parties. Thus, I am not going to make a prima facie view regarding the prospects of
success because it will be a subjective opinion given the nature of the dispute and what
may also be viewed as pre-empting the outcome of this matter in the main application .
On the other hand, the emphasis is more on this Court having observed the glaring
prejudice against the Defendant which is evidenced by the lack of urgency to this matter
before the Applicant woke up from 'slumber'. The Applicant 's Counsel submitted that the
Defendant was unlikely to suffer prejudice if condonation is granted because the costs
have been granted for the delay in the main action. I am not satisfied that the costs
granted in another application will be used to cushion the prejudice to be suffered in
another one. The prejudice is considered in the context of this application only and not on
the importation of the 'curing costs' in an application that considered a different point of
law. As evidenced in this case, the prejudice is of substantial interests in that there are
clear 'unequal legal powers' between the parties. The Applicant has shown his 'legal
muscles' and amassed human and financial resources to litigate this matter against the
Defendant. Hence his approach for the indirect intrusion of costs in a matter that dealt
with a different subject of the law.
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[19] It is also my view that the Applicant was not genuine in this application because
his prayers sought an order of costs against the person who opposes this matter, which
is the Defendant. At the risk of repletion, the Applicant had shown the flexing of his legal
muscles in furthering the perpetuation of the delay in bringing the matter into finality. The
'prayer' for costs appeared to have the potential to 'silence' the Defendant to accept the
status quo of having limited abilities in opposing this application. The Defendant should
not be made to pay the costs for no simple reason other than opposing the condonation
application . The prayer for costs questions the Applicant 's bona fides in the resolve of this
matter. In considering the interests of justice as they dictate otherwise because they
equally put the Defendant at the 'pedestal' to oppose any claim or application that may
hinder the quality of the protection against her. The Defendant opposed what she believed
was deserving of her argument against an application that is likely to delay the finality of
her matter. The opposition was also meant to contribute to the upholding of the integrity
of the procedural regulations of the adjudicative processes. It is my further view that the
prayer for costs was designed as a measure that pulled the legal muscle underneath the
'radar' with a potential to scare the Defendant not to oppose this matter to avoid said
costs.
[20] It has been emphasised that condonation is not a 'mere formality' but carries the
gist of the interests of justice which are of direct link not only to the protection of rights but
their fulfilment as envisaged in section 7(2) of the Constitution . This Court acknowledges
that the Applicant has equal responsibility to defend what may be, allegedly unjustifiable
claims against him. Thus, in the context of this case, such responsibility could not be used
to propel the disregard of the procedural safeguards relating to the adjudicative role of
this Court.
[21] Having considered the reasons proffered by the Applicant , the 'administrative error'
which was the basis of this application due to an oversight on his part, was a poor and
unconvincing justification that relegated the content of his obligation to a 'mere
administrative oversight '. Further, reducing the foundations of Rule 27(3) of the Uniform
Rules of the Court to a 'poor brother' was not judicially persuasive in the exercise of the
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discretion to grant the condonation. The degree of lateness might not be excessive but
the foundation of such a delay should have been based on sound and justifiable
reasons before this Court. The Applicant ought to have appreciated that the degree
of lateness is linked to sound and justifiable reasons and not to insist on an
application by amongst others apportioning the blame on the Defendant which
misplaced the substance of a bona fide defence before this Court.
[22) It is my view that the Applicant minotirised the substance of the dispute to an
'administrative error' and the apportionment of negligence to the Defendant.
Considering the argument presented in totality, it is my considered opinion that the
Applicant failed to satisfy the requirements of condonation by the lack of urgency and
response to the quest to file the Plea timeously. The cause of the delay was 'self-inflicted '
and could not serve as a justification to condone the application. It is my conviction and
remain unconvinced that the Applicant has sufficiently explained the cause of the delay
except for cushioning it under an 'administrative error' which allegedly delayed the filing
of the Plea.
[23) In the circumstances , the following order is made:
[23.1) The application for condonation is refused.
[23.2] The costs of this application are the costs in the L:--+--..:....:.._
N NTLAMA-MAKHANYA
ACTING JUDGE OF THE HIGH COURT
JOHANNESBURG
Delivery: This judgment is issued by the Judge whose name appears herein and is
submitted electronically to the parties /legal representatives by email. It is a/so uploaded
on CaseLines, and its date of delivery is deemed 05 March 2025.
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Date of Hearing:
Date Delivered :
Appearances:
Counsel for Applicant
Instructing Attorneys :
Defendant:
Instructing Attorneys : 12 February 2025
05 March 2025
Advocate S Dlali
K Matji and Partners
Advocate HW Theron
HWTheron INC.
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