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SAFLII Note: Certai n personal/private details of parties or witnesses have been redacted from this document
in compliance with the law and SAFLII Policy

IN THE HIGH COURT OF SOUTH AFRICA
(GAUTENG DIVISION, PRETORIA)

DELETE WHICHEVER IS NOT APPLICABLE
(1) REPORTABLE: YES/ NO
(2) OF INTEREST TO OTHER JUDGES: YES/ NO
(3) REVISED
DATE: 20 March 2025
SIGNATURE: ……………………

Case No. A118/2023

In the matter between:

L[…], G[…] J[…]
FIRST APPELLANT

L[…], L[…]
SECOND APPELLANT

And

ROAD ACCIDENT FUND
RESPONDENT


Coram: Mbongwe, Millar JJ et Mokoena AJ

Heard on: 12 March 2025
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Delivered: 19 March 2025 - This judgment was handed down electronically by
circulation to the parties' representatives by email, by being
uploaded to the CaseLines system of the GD and by release to
SAFLII. The date and time for hand- down is deemed to be 10 H00 on
19 March 2025.




JUDGMENT


MILLAR J (MBONGWE J et MOKOENA AJ CONCURRING)

[1] This is an appeal1 which is to be decided on a single issue – upon what basis is
loss of earnings and earning capacity together with the contingency deductions, if any,
applicable thereto to be calculated in respect of a minor who has suffered injuries?

[2] The action before the Court a quo proceeded in the absence of the respondent
whose defence to the action had previously been struck out. The respondent had
neither obtained nor filed any report in opposition to those obtained and presented into
evidence on the part of the appellants. The action was accordingly decided unopposed.

[3] The first appellant is the father of the second appellant who was at the time, she
suffered injuries in a motor vehicle collision on 13 October 2018, a school going minor.
[4] The findings of the Court a quo regarding the liability on the part of the
respondent as well as the admission into evidence of the reports of the experts who had
examined the second appellant, were not challenged.

1 Leave to appeal against the decision of the Court a quo of this Division was granted by the Supreme
Court of Appeal on 3 March 2023.
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[5] Similarly, the finding of the Court a quo that the respondent should furnish the
second appellant with an Undertaking in terms of Section 17(4)(a) of the Road Accident
Fund Act2 for her future medical and hospital expenses, pay past medical and hospital
medical expenses in the sum of R67 818.14 and to pay the costs of the action with the
claim for general damages3 to be postponed sine die were also not challenged on
appeal.
[6] The Court a quo accepted into evidence the findings and opinions of various
medical experts whose evidence was placed before the Court on oath in terms of Rule
38(2) of the Uniform Rules of Court. The Court a quo dealt extensively with that
evidence which included that of Dr H Volkersz (Orthopaedic Surgeon), Dr G Maru s
(Neurosurgeon), Ms M Lautenbach (Educational Psychologist), Mr. L Rosen (Industrial
Psychologist) and Ms M Doran (Occupational Therapist). The Court also admitted into
evidence the actuarial calculations of Mr. D Saksenberg (Actuary).
[7] Dr Volkersz and Dr Marus found that the second appellant had sustained,
besides a concussive head injury, extensive spinal injuries which included compression
factures of the T7, T8 and T12 vertebrae, a sprain and strain injury to the whole of the
thoracic spine and a further fracture at the level of T1.
[8] Ms Lautenbach, Ms Doran and Mr. Rosen confirmed that the sequelae of the
injuries sustained by the second appellant, had rendered her unable to engage in the
field of endeavour that she had wished to follow – being a physiotherapist. It was their
evidence that she would not, in consequence of the spinal injuries, be able to engage in
any physically demanding vocation and that given the nature of the physical injuries,
these would in any event likely impact on any field of endeavour chosen by her. This

2 56 of 1996 (as amended).
3 In the initial order granted by the Court a quo, the postponement of the claim for general damages had
been omitted as the respondent had failed to exercise its election to accept the seriousness or not of
the injuries sustained by the second appellant. This omission was brought to the attention of the Court
a quo when the application for leave to appeal was heard and that Court rectified the omission in terms of Rule 42.

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impact had a psychological component, and which included a consequent delay in the
completion of her schooling, exacerbated the consequences of the physical injuries with
the result that she has in their view, suffered a definite future loss of earnings and
earning capacity.

[9] The Court a quo accepted that the evidence that the totality of the injuries , both
physical and psychological, would have an impact on the second appellant’s ability to
earn an income in the future.

[10] The crux of this appeal is the approach adopted by the Court a quo in evaluating
the evidence that was admitted before it in determining the quantum of the second
appellant’s future loss of income, if anything, in consequence of the injuries sustained in
the collision .

[11] Apposite to the present matter, the approach to be adopted is as follows:

“Disabled children do not have any earnings which may serve as a basis for
establishing loss of earning capacity. In these circumstances the probable
expected average earnings of the injured child has to be determined and is used
to establish a child’s earnings for the purpose of the assessment of loss of
earning capacity. This is a difficult and highly speculative process but the degree
of difficulty is somewhat tempered by the principle that the basis is the average
probable income expected by the reasonable person.”4

[12] The report of Ms Lautenbach dealt pertinently with the second appellant’s future
educational prospects and compared her pre-injury prospects with those post injury. In
this regard, it was found that had she not been injured, she would as a matter of
probability been able to pursue her intended career of being a physiotherapist. Now that
she has suffered injuries, she will no longer be able to achieve the same level of

4 Damages, HB Klopper, LexisNexis 2017 at page 118. See the authorities referred to in the footnotes
therein.
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education, one which would enable her to have pursued a career as a physiotherapist.
This is an NQF8 qualification according to Ms Lautenbach.

[13] Her educational prospects were reduced in consequence of her injuries to an
NQF7 level. The evidence of both Ms Doran and Mr. Rosen is that the sequelae of the
physical injuries alone would have disqualified her from pursuing a career as a
physiotherapist but that in any event, her future career prospects have also been further
hampered in consequence of the combination of both the physical injuries and the
reduced educational outcome.
[14] In formulating their opinions, the experts specifically took account of the prior
medical history of the second appellant, prior educational achievement as well as the
academic achievements of both her parents and sibling.
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[15] It will well accepted that:

“In order to arrive at a probable average expected earnings, the Court may
consider the child’s scholastic abilities and the parents’ and close family’s
qualifications (academic or otherwise). Wage statistics may also be consulted to
determine expected earnings in the absence of other information. Where there is
no available evidence to make a realistic determination or where a large measure
of uncertainty prevails, the Court may use its discretion to fix a lump sum as
compensation.”6 [My underlining].
[16] The former is the approach that was adopted by the experts and the appellants in
the presentation of this case. The evidence before the Court a quo is clear an
unequivocal insofar as the second appellant having suffered a loss is concerned. This
loss is the difference between an NQF8 and NQF7 level of education together with the
increased contingencies arising out of the sequelae of the spinal injuries suffered.

5 Southern Insurance Association v Bailey 1984 (1) SA 98 (A) at 115G.
6 Ibid pages 118- 119.
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Having a basis upon which to calculate the loss suffered by the second appellant, the
latter approach of a lump sum is not appropriate in the circumstances.

[17] Even though the second appellant was a school going minor who had no work
history the Court a quo found that “There are no guarantees that she would have been a
physiotherapist and a successful one” and that “The actuarial calculations are not based
on evidence such as in a situation where there is a pay slip or evidence that there was
income.”

[18] It is trite that the standard of proof required in a civil action is on a “balance of
probabilities” and that a guarantee or absolute certainty goes beyond what is required of
a party to succeed in an action. Furthermore, cognizant of the fact that the action was
one for damages suffered by a minor child, who had no work history and for that reason
was unable to provide any documentary evidence of employment, the Court a quo
misdirected itself in the approach to the assessment of the evidence and the award of
damages.

[19] Once the evidence of the experts was accepted by the Court a quo, it was bound
to decide the case on that evidence having regard to the probabilities. It was not open to
the Court a quo, to adopt the approach that it did. If the Court a quo had any misgivings
about any of the evidence that had been placed before it, it was incumbent upon it have
raised this with the appellants’ counsel and to have afforded the appellants an
opportunity to have addressed those misgivings.7

[20] A calculation was prepared by Mr. Saksenberg setting out the earnings that
would have been earned by the second appellant as a physiotherapist over the course
of her working career. The total of this calculation, before the deduction of any
contingencies is R13 628 937.00. A calculation was also prepared in respect of what it
is expected the second appellant will now achieve and that calculation, before the
deduction of contingencies is R8 714 710.00.

7 Deixon Europe Ltd v Universal Storage Systems (Pty) Ltd 2003 (1) SA 31 (SCA) at para [15].
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[21] “Even where it has not been proven on a preponderance of probabilities that an
event, consequence or circumstance may occur or arise and any of these is in the view
of the Court a possibility, the Court may under appropriate circumstances make
allowance for the occurrence of any of these by making a suitable contingency
allocation to allow a certain percentage of the projected future loss in accordance with
the probability that it may occur.”8
And
“Contingency deductions are applied to the final amount awarded as damages.
Essentially, contingencies neutralise any unfair advantage that may rise out of the fact that some assumptions made may not fully materialise. Contingencies do not always
have a negative bearing and a contingency amount may thus also be added to the final award. In the application of contingencies the Court will not prejudice a plaintiff by
applying contingencies unfavourable to the wronged party.”
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[22] When the matter was argued in the Court a quo and this Court , the appellants
argued that the appropriate contingency deductions, having regard to the evidence, was
a 20% contingency deduction from the pre-injury calculation and a 30% deduction from
the post-injury calculation.
10 The calculated loss once these contingencies were applied
to the two scenarios, is the difference between the two and amounts to R4 802 852.00
[23] It was argued, correctly in my view, that while the ordinary contingency deduction
for the hazards of life is 15%, an increased deduction of 20% from the pre-injury
calculation was more appropriate. The factor which militate s in favour of this, and which
was considered by the experts are that the second appellant’s school marks for science
(although a pass) were not as good as her other marks.

8 Ibid page 104.
9 Ibid pages 107- 108.
10 Pre-injury - R13 628 937.00 minus 20% deduction of R2 725 787.00 = R10 903 149.00. Post-injury -
R8 714 710.00 minus 30% = R2 614 413.00 = R6 100 297.00. The difference between them is
R4 802 852.00.
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[24] Since she was in grade 10 at the time of her injury and was forced subsequently
and in consequence of her injuries, to change subjects, it is simply not possible on
consideration of the science mark alone, given that her other marks were excellent, to
exclude her from achieving an NQF8 qualification and pursuing a career as a
physiotherapist hence the higher contingency.
[25] Similarly, on the post injury scenario the contingency to be deducted was
something higher given that the effects of the spinal injuries on whatever endeavour she
pursues must be accounted for. On consideration of the matter, it seems to me that a
20% preinjury and 30% post injury contingency applied to the two different earning
scenarios is entirely appropriate.
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[26] On the evidence before the Court, the second appellant suffered a loss. Despite
this and in the absence of any evidence to the contrary, the Court a quo was “not
convinced that there is a loss of earning capacity” and that the second appellant “will
still be able to work and earn an income except she might not be able to compete with
her peers.” These findings are contradictory. The contradiction is not only in respect of
the evidence but in respect of the findings themselves. It is for this reason that the
findings by the Court a quo do not withstand scrutiny.
[27] Despite the contradictory findings, the Court a quo, then went on to find “I will
however lean in favour of the claimant and give a 10% contingent differential in an
amount of R548 429.99.” This amount bears no relation to what was argued in the Court
a quo or what was subsequently awarded.
[28] This was the award of a lump sum for which there was no basis, in
circumstances where the Court a quo had found that there was no loss. There is
however evidence upon which a more realistic and accurate assessment on the
evidence before the Court could and should have been made as set out above.

11 Southern Insurance Association v Bailey at 113F -114E.
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[29] The approach adopted by the Court a quo in the assessment of the damages of
the second appellant was for the reasons discussed flawed and it is for this reason that
the appeal must succeed.
[30] The costs will follow the result.
[31] In the circumstances, I propose the following order –

[28.1] The appeal succeeds with costs, which costs include the costs of counsel
on scale B.

[28.2] Paragraph 2 of the order of the Court a quo dated 15 June 2022 as
amended on 31 August 2022, is set aside and replaced with the following:
“2 The Defendant shall pay to the Plaintiffs a capital amount of
R4 870 670.14 (four million eight hundred and seventy thousand six hundred and
seventy thousand and fourteen cents) made up as follows:
2.1 R4 802 852.00 in respect of loss of earnings.
2.2 R67 818.14 in respect of Past Hospital and Medical Expenses. ”
[28.3] Save as aforesaid, the order dated 15 June 2022, as amended on 31
August 2022, remains extant.

A MILLAR
JUDGE OF THE HIGH COURT
GAUTENG DIVISION, PRETORIA

I AGREE AND IT IS SO ORDERED
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M MBONGWE
JUDGE OF THE HIGH COURT
GAUTENG DIVISION, PRETORIA

I AGREE,

M MOKOENA
ACTING JUDGE OF THE HIGH COURT
GAUTENG DIVISION, PRETORIA

HEARD ON: 12 MARCH 2025
JUDGMENT DELIVERED ON: 19 MARCH 2025
COUNSEL FOR THE APP ELLANTS : ADV. E SERFONTEIN
INSTRUCTED BY: DE BROGLIO ATTORNEYS INC.
REFERENCE: MS. D DELPORT
NO APPEARANCE FOR THE RESPONDENT