THE SUPREME COURT OF APPEAL OF SOUTH AFRICA
JUDGMENT
Reportable
Case no: 854/2023
In the matter between:

EDGAR DAVIDS FIRST APPELLANT

and

THE MINISTER OF DEFENCE AND MILITARY
VETERANS FISRT RESPONDENT

SECRETARY FOR DEFENCE SECOND RESPONDENT

CHIEF OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN
NATIONAL DEFENCE FORCE THIRD RESPONDENT

and

ZILTA MILES SECOND APPELLANT

and

THE MINISTER OF DEFENCE AND MILITARY
VETERANS FIRST RESPONDENT

SECRETARY FOR DEFENCE SECOND RESPONDENT

CHIEF OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN
NATIONAL DEFENCE FORCE THIRD RESPONDENT

SURGEON GENERAL OF THE SOUTH
AFRICAN NATIONAL DEFENCE FORCE FOURTH RESPONDENT

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Neutral citation: Edgar Davids v The Minister of Defence and Military Veterans
and Others and Z ilta Miles v The Minister of Defence and Military Veterans and
Others (854/2023) [2024] ZASCA 171 (12 December 2024)
Coram: MOLEFE and UNTERHALTER JJA and MOLOPA-SETHOSA AJA
Heard: 13 November 2024
Delivered: This judgment was handed down electronically by circulation to the
parties’ representatives by email, publication on the Supreme Court of Appeal
website and released to SAFLII. The date and time for hand -down of the judgment
is deemed to be 11h00 on 12 December 2024.
Summary: Military ombud – Military Ombud Act 4 of 2012 – complaints upheld
– section 6(8) – the recommendation of appropriate relief for implementation – is
the recommendation final and binding or advisory – the power of the Minister of
Defence.

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ORDER


On appeal from: Gauteng Division of the High Court, Pretoria ( Vivian AJ, sitting
as court of first instance):
1 The appeals are dismissed, save only for the relief set out in 2.
2 The order of the high court is set aside, and replaced with the following order:
‘The Minister of Defence is ordered, within 60 days hereof, to decide what
appropriate relief should be implemented in favour of the applicants in case no.
13678/2022 and case no 13808/2022, following the recommendations made to the
Minister in terms of s 6(8) of the Military Ombud Act 4 of 2012.’

JUDGMENT


Unterhalter JA (Molefe JA and Molopa-Sethosa AJA concurring):

Introduction
[1] The appellants, Warrant Officer (WO) Davids and Major Miles, served as
members of the National Defence Force. WO Davids submitted a complaint to the
Military Ombud (the Ombud) on 6 March 2018. The Ombud is an office established
under the Military Ombud Act 4 of 2012 (the Act). WO Davids complained that he
was unfairly denied promotion and was not compensated for the period he had served
in a higher position. Major Miles served as a registered pharmacist in the South
African Military Health Service. On 3 June 2019, she submitted a complaint to the
Ombud. Her complaint was that she had been incorrectly classified as a normal
dispensing pharmacist, rather than a pharmacist supervisor, which carried higher
remuneration. Consequently, she was not remunerated at a higher level.

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[2] On 9 March 2020, t he Ombud upheld WO Davids’ compensation complaint
(WO Davids having received his promotion in November 2018), and recommended
appropriate relief in terms of s 6(8) of the Act, in particular, to compensate WO
Davids for the period he had acted in a higher position, within 30 working days. On
12 March 2021, the Ombud upheld Major Miles’ complaint, and recommended
appropriate relief in terms of s 6(8), and in particular, to implement the occupational
specific dispensation (OSD) in respect of pharmacists, and audit Major Miles’ salary
to institute salary adjustments with effect from 1 April 2010. I shall refer to these
recommendations as the ‘the complaint recommendations’.

[3] In terms of s 6(8) of the Act, if the Ombud upholds the complaint, the Ombud
must recommend the appropriate relief to the Minister responsible for defence (the
Minister). The Minister did not take steps to implement the complaint
recommendations. WO Davids and Major Miles then brought proceedings in the
high court to compel the Minister to implement the Ombud’s complaint
recommendations. The Minister opposed this relief on the basis that the
recommendations of the Ombud are not binding upon the Minister.

[4] The high court (per Vivian AJ) dismissed both applications. The central issue
before the high court was the interpretation of s 6(8) of the Act. Section 6(8) reads
as follows:
‘If the Ombud upholds the complaint, the Ombud must recommend the appropriate relief for
implementation to the Minister.’ (My emphasis.)
The high court held, upon marshalling the well-known principles of statutory
interpretation, that s 6(8) was advisory, and did not oblige the Minister to act in terms
of the recommendation of the Ombud, nor could the Minister be compelled to do so.

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With the leave of this Court, WO Davids and Major Miles appeal the order of the
high court dismissing their applications.

The interpretation of s 6(8)
[5] The principles of statutory interpretation are now so well established as to
require no elaboration: a holistic consideration of the triad of text, context, and
purpose; in a manner that preserves constitutional validity; and, in the face of more
than one constitutionally compatible meaning, to privilege the meaning that best
protects and promotes constitutional rights. WO Davids and Major Miles submit that
the use of the word ‘recommend’ in s 6(8) does not oust from consideration the
meaning that to recommend is to inform or to notify. This construction is bolstered
by the following. First, the powers and functions of the Ombud are to resolve
disputes. That requires finality, and finality is brought about by interpreting the
power of the Ombud in s 6(8) to recommend appropriate relief as having obligatory
force. Second, the Ombud performs an adjudicative function, and this function is
best understood on the basis that the Ombud’s remedial power is not merely to
suggest appropriate relief. Third, the role of the Ombud is to protect and promote the
rights of members of the Defence Force who enjoy the right to fair labour practices
in s 23 of the Constitution. Finally, s 13 of the Act provides that any person aggrieved
by a decision of the Ombud may apply to the high court to review that decision,
within 180 days of the decision. If any person includes the Minister, it is difficult to
understand what purpose such review would serve if the Minister ‘was otherwise
entitled to disregard or ignore the recommendations (of the Ombud) without going
to court’.

[6] The proposition that the interpretation of s 6(8) requires a binary choice
between the power of the Ombud having binding force or being merely precatory

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does not reflect the correct interpretation of the provision. Section 6(8) must be read
with the other relevant provisions of s 6. They provide as follows:
‘6. Powers and functions of Ombud and Deputy Ombud
(1) The Ombud must investigate complaints lodged with the Office in accordance with this
section.
(2) A complaint must be lodged in writing with the Office in the prescribed manner.
(3) On receipt of a complaint the Ombud must register the complaint as may be prescribed.
(4) The Ombud must investigate a complaint fairly and expeditiously without fear, favour or
prejudice.
(5) The Ombud may not investigate a complaint unless the Ombud –
(a) has in writing informed every other interested party to the complaint of the receipt
thereof;
(b) is satisfied that all interested parties have been provided with such particulars that
will enable the parties to respond to the complaint; and
(c) has afforded all interested parties the opportunity to submit a response to the
complaint.
(6) For the purpose of subsection (1), the Ombud –
(a) may summon any person to submit an affidavit or affirmed declaration or to appear
before him or her to give evidence or produce any document that has a bearing on the
matter before him or her;
(b) may resolve any dispute by means of mediation, conciliation or negotiations or in
any other expedient manner; and
(c) must promote the observance of the fundamental rights of the members of the
Defence Force.
(7) After investigating a complaint, the Ombud must –
(a) uphold or dismiss the complaint, or issue an alternative resolution;
(b) recommend an alternative resolution to the Minister; or
(c) refer the complainant to the appropriate public institution for finalisation, if the
matter falls outside his or her jurisdiction.
(8) If the Ombud upholds the complaint, the Ombud must recommend the appropriate relief
for implementation to the Minister.

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(9) The Ombud must immediately after finalisation of the investigation, and in writing, advise
the complainant and any other affected person of the outcome of the investigation. . ..’

[7] The powers and functions of the Ombud set out in s 6 fall into different
categories. There are certain things that the Ombud must do, others she must refrain
from doing, and yet other matters in respect of which she enjoys a power, but the
Ombud decides whether or not to exercise the power. By way of example, in terms
of s 6(1) the Ombud must investigate complaints lodged with the Office of the
Military Ombud; in terms of s 6(5) the Ombud may not investigate a complaint
unless interested parties have been notified in writing and afforded an opportunity
to respond; and in terms of s 6(6)(b) the Ombud may resolve any dispute by means
of mediation, conciliation or negotiations. It is important to understand the nature of
the particular power conferred upon the Ombud in order to determine the
consequences of its exercise.

[8] The Ombud must follow a particular sequence of decision -making. After
investigating a complaint, the Ombud has a choice: to uphold the complaint, dismiss
the complaint , or issue an alternative resolution. If the Ombud dismisses the
complaint, such a decision may be reviewed by the high court in terms of s 13, but
short of a successful review, the decision is final and binding. The Ombud may issue
an alternative resolution to the complaint. The Ombud is not required to do so, but
if she does, that decision, subject to the outcome of a s 13 review, if brought, also
constitutes a final and binding resolution. If the Ombud should find that a matter
falls outside her jurisdiction, for example by reason of one of the limitations placed
upon the jurisdiction of the Ombud , set out in s 7, then the Ombud must refer the
complaint to the appropriate public institution for finalisation in terms of s 6(7)(c).

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[9] If the Ombud decides to uphold the complaint, then s 6(8) is of application,
and the Ombud must recommend the appropriate relief to the Minister. The Ombud
is under an obligation to do so. The Ombud must formulate appropriate relief, but it
is for the Ombud to decide what that relief should be. And then the critical question:
in so doing, is the Ombud’s recommendation to the Minister a final and binding
decision or does it simply recommend relief that the Ombud considers appropriate,
but it is for the Minister finally to make the decision?

[10] The high court was correct to observe that to recommend, in its usual
connotation, is to support or endorse a n outcome for the consideration of another
who is charged with taking the final decision. So, for example, the recommendation
of a restauranteur of a dish on the menu is a suggestion, not a command. To
recommend someone for promotion is usually to endorse a decision tha t is to be
taken by another. I observe however that these examples do not depend upon an
intrinsic or invariable meaning that the word recommend may be said to have. Rather
its meaning depends upon the relationship between the parties, and the conventions
that inform this relationship. We understand the recommendation of a restauranteur
in a particular way because , in that setting, it is for the guest to decide. There are
other settings in which a person making a recommendation is simply a polite way of
conveying that what they recommend must be followed. A recommended price, for
example, may in fact be a required price.

[11] An important feature of s 6(6) and (7), as I have sought to illustrate, is that
certain of the decisions of the Ombud are indeed final and binding. That is the case
of a decision of the Ombud to uphold a complaint, dismiss it, or issue an alternative
resolution. However, the scheme of these provisions distinguishes a decision of the
Ombud to dismiss or issue an alternative resolution, and what follows upon a

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decision to uphold a complaint. When the Ombud dismisses a complaint, that is the
resolution of the complaint, it is final and binding. So too, when the Ombud issues
an alternative resolution. When the Ombud upholds a complaint, this decision is also
final, but the relief that follows is given distinctive treatment. Section 6(8) provides
that the Ombud must recommend the appropriate relief for implementation to the
Minister.

[12] I observe the following of s 6(8). First, that the Ombud is obliged to
recommend is not decisive as to whether the recommendation has binding force.
Logically, once the Ombud has upheld a complaint, the issue of appropriate relief
must be considered and determined. How that is to be done and by whom is the issue
that we must dec ide. Second, the provision introduces the Minister. To do what?
Significance attaches to the text of s 6(8). The Ombud must recommend the
appropriate relief for implementation to the Minister, and not by the Minister. The
Minister’s function, on this language, is not simply to implement what the Ombud
has decided upon as appropriate relief. Were that the Minister’s function, the
provision would have referred to ‘appropriate relief for implementation by the
Minister’. The formulation of s 6(8) is that the Ombud recommends appropriate
relief for implementation to the Minister. This connotes that the recommendation of
the Ombud must traverse what is appropriate relief for implementation. But it is a
recommendation made to the Minister so as to permit and require the Minister finally
to decide what relief should be given. That is the ordinary meaning of such a
formulation.

[13] Second, it would have been straightforward for the legislature to have framed
s 6(8) to read: ‘If the Ombud upholds the complaint, the Ombud must determine the
appropriate relief for implementation’ . The legislature did not do so. Rather, it

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introduced the Minister as the recipient of the Ombud’s recommendation. It would
have been an oddity to have done so simply to make the Minister the executive
functionary of the Ombud to implement what the Ombud had determined. If the
Ombud was to make the final and binding determination as to appropriate relief for
implementation, it would have sufficed simply to give the Ombud the power to make
such orders.

[14] Third, s 6(7) accords the Ombud the competence, after investigating a
complaint, to issue an alternative resolution (s 6(7)(a)). The Ombud may,
alternatively, recommend an alternative resolution to the Minister (s 6(7)(b)). These
decisions have the same subject matter, but it is difficult to understand these
provisions to confer the same competence. If the power of the Ombud, in s 6(7)(b),
to recommend is final and binding, it would replicate the power already conferred
on the Ombud in s 6(7)(a). Such redundancy is not an attractive feature of statutory
interpretation. These provisions may be understood in a more coherent way if the
Ombud enjoys the competence to issue an alternative resolution, alternatively to
make a recommendation to the Minister for the Minister’s final decision.

[15] These considerations conduce to the conclusion that the obligation of the
Ombud to recommend in s 6(8) is not a final and binding determination by the
Ombud as to appropriate relief for implementation. WO Davids and Major Miles
placed some emphasis upon s 13, the provision that permits any person aggrieved
by a decision of the Ombud to apply to the high court to review such decision. Their
counsel correctly submitted that our administrative law is generally hostile to the
review of administrative actions th at are not final, and, they submit, that is an
indication that the decision of the Ombud to recommend in s 6(8) is indeed final so
as to fall within the remit of the review contemplated in s 13. Section 13 would also

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permit the Minister who considered the Ombud to have fallen into reviewable error
to have recourse to s 13.

[16] These submissions cannot do the work required of them to sustain the
interpretation advanced on behalf of WO Davids and Major Miles. If a s 13 review
is confined to the final decisions of the Ombud, I have observed that the Act confers
powers upon the Ombud to make such decisions and these decisions can be reviewed
under s 13. If s 6(8) does not confer a power upon the Ombud to make a final and
binding decision as to appropriate relief, the Ombud’s decision would not be
reviewable under s 13, if s 13 is given a restrictive interpretation. But that would not
mean that, when the Minister makes a final decision, the Minister’s decision would
not be subject to judicial review under the Promotion of Administrative Justice Act
3 of 2000 (PAJA). If, however, all decisions of the Ombud, including the exercise
of procedural powers such as those conferred upon the Ombud in s 6(6) (a), are
reviewable in terms of s 13, then so too would the recommendation of the Ombud in
terms of s 6(8), whether such recommendation is final and binding or simply
advisory.

[17] I do not apprehend that to interpret the recommendation of the Ombud as
advisory is inimical to the purpose of the Act. Members of the Defence Force enjoy
the right to fair labour practices in terms of s 23 of the Constitution. Members are
excluded from the protections of the Labour Relations Act 66 of 1995 and the Basic
Conditions of Employment Act 75 of 1997. Their conditions of service are governed
by the Defence Act 42 of 2002 and the Individual Grievance Procedure Regulations.1
The Act was passed as an adjunct to the need to provide additional redress for
complaints concerning conditions of service and other complaints that are not

1 Individual Grievance Procedure Regulations GN 572 in GG 33334 of 30 June 2010.

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excluded under s 7 of the Act , which limits the Ombud ’s jurisdiction . That the
Ombud’s recommendation is not final and binding does not mean that the purposes
of the Act are frustrated or impeded. It simply means that it falls to the Minister to
decide, in light of the recommendation made by the Ombud, upon the appropriate
relief for implementation.

[18] Some anal ogical support for the interpretation of s 6(8) advanced by WO
Davids and Major Miles, it was submitted, is to be found in the Economic Freedom
Fighters v Speaker of the National Assembly and Others ; Democratic Alliance v
Speaker of the National Assembly and Others ( EFF),2 where the Constitutional
Court found that the Public Protector’s powers to take appropriate remedial action
must be suitable and effective, and to be so, such action ‘often has to be binding’. 3
The Public Protector is a constitutional office, and like other chapter 9 institutions,
it was created , as s 181 of the Constitution makes plain, to strengthen constitutional
democracy. The Ombud is an important office established in terms of the Act. But
it does not play the same structural constitutional role as that of the Public Protector,
and hence the conclusions reached in the EFF case have modest analogical linkages
to the resolution of the problem before us.

[19] Much was made in the court below, and in some measure in argument before
us by the respondents, that the Ombud falls outside the chain of military command
recognised in s 202 of the Constitution. The judgment of the high court reasoned that
if the recommendations of the Ombud were binding on the Minister, this would mean
that a person outside the chain of command, the Ombud, can instruct the Minister to
implement appropriate relief. This would require the Minister to issue directions to

2 Economic Freedom Fighters v Speaker of the National Assembly and Others; Democratic Alliance v Speaker of the

National Assembly and Others [2016] ZACC 11; 2016 (5) BCLR 618 (CC); 2016 (3) SA 580 (CC).
3 Ibid para 68.

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those in the military command. While the Minister also falls outside of the chain of
command, the Minister enjoys the authority in terms of s 202(2) of the Constitution,
under the authority of the President, to give directions by way of command of the
defence force. But that authority of Ministerial direction cannot issue from the
Ombud, which would, in effect , by-pass and usurp the constitutional order of
command that has its source in the President. Counsel for WO Davids and Major
Miles counter that the recommendations of the Ombud do not engage the chain of
command because the Ombud is primarily concerned with complaints arising out of
conditions of service. In addition, s 7 of the Act limits the jurisdiction of the Ombud
so as to respect the chain of command and requires the Ombud to refer a complaint
to the appropriate public institution if a complaint falls outside of the Ombud’s
jurisdiction.

[20] I am unpersuaded that this debate takes the question of statutory interpretation
much further. Section 6(8) introduces the Minister as the office to which the Ombud
makes the recommendation. The narrow but important question for us is whether
that recommendation is final and binding. Neither the Ombud nor the Minister form
part of the chain of command. On either interpretation as to whether the
recommendation of the Ombud has binding force, the appropriate relief for
implementation will issue from an office bearer falling outside the chain of
command. The constitutional powers of the Minister to give directions that issue
from the President and their relationship to the duty of the Minister , when a
recommendation is received from the Ombud, raise distinctive, substantive issues
that it would be unwise to venture upon.

[21] I conclude rather on the basis of the interpretation of s 6(8) and its place in the
statutory scheme that I have explored above. T he Ombud’s recommendation as to

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the appropriate relief to be implemented is not a final and binding decision, but rather
a recommendation in the sense that it advises the Minister as to the appropriate relief
that the complainant should be afforded.

Conclusion
[22] The relief sought by WO Davids and Major Miles was predicated upon the
proposition that the recommendation of the Ombud in terms of s 6(8) was binding
upon the Minister. That proposition, I have found, cannot be sustained. However,
the Ombud has upheld the complaints of WO Davids and Major Miles. The Act
requires that there must be appropriate relief, and that relief must be implemented.
That is plain from the clear wording of s 6(8). The Minister has received the
recommendations of the Ombud in respect of the complaint recommendations. The
Minister must give consideration to these recommendation s. But since there is
finality that the complaints of WO Davids and Major Miles have been upheld, the
Minister is now required to decide what appropriate relief must be implemented. The
Minister is not bound to follow the recommendations of the Ombud. The M inister
may decide, on a reasoned basis, that different relief is more appropriate and require
that such relief is implemented. What the Minister may not do is simp ly reject the
recommendations of the Ombud, and do no more. Nor may the Minister simply
ignore the recommendation of the Ombud. These powers and duties of the Minister
follow from the scheme of the Act that I have analysed above.

[23] It was submitted to us that if WO Davids and Major Miles cannot secure the
principal relief that they sought (requiring the Minister to implement the
recommendations of the Ombud), we should nevertheless order the Minister to
decide what appropriate relief should be implemented. This, it appears to me, to be
warranted relief. WO Davids and Major Miles have had their complaints upheld by

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the Ombud. That decision is final. The Minister has a duty now to make a final
decision as to the appropriate relief they should enjoy. That should be done without
undue delay, given the time it has already taken for WO Davids and Major Miles to
obtain satisfaction. I did not understand counsel for the Minister to demur.

[24] The appeal thus falls to be dismissed, save for the relief I propose to grant that
requires the Minister to come to a decision on appropriate relief. The appeals raised
an important issue as to the powers of the Ombud, of no small importance, and of
some broad public significance. As in the high court, there is no warrant to burden
WO Davids and Major Miles with the costs of this appeal.

[25] In the result:
1 The appeals are dismissed, save only for the relief set out in 2.
2 The order of the high court is set aside, and replaced with the following order:
‘The Minister of Defence is ordered, within 60 days hereof, to decide what
appropriate relief should be implemented in favour of the applicants in case no.
13678/2022 and case no 13808/2022, following the recommendations made to the
Minister in terms of s 6(8) of the Military Ombud Act 4 of 2012.’



_____________________________
D N UNTERHALTER
JUDGE OF APPEAL

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Appearances

For the appellant: Adv G J Marcus SC with C J C McConnachie
Instructed by: Griesel van Zanten Inc, Pretoria
Phatshoane Henney Attorneys, Bloemfontein

For the respondent: Adv Y F Saloojee
Instructed by: The State Attorney, Pretoria
The State Attorney, Bloemfontein.