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IN THE HIGH COURT OF SOUTH AFRICA
WESTERN CAPE DIVISION, CAPE TOWN
Case Number: 21144/2022
In the matter between:
WILLEM CHRISTOFFEL DE KOCK Plaintiff/Applicant
and
MARCO JOACHEMO OLIVIER Defendant/Respondent
JUDGMENT
JANISCH AJ:
Introduction
1. The Applicant and the Respondent are respectively the plaintiff and the
defendant in an action in which the Applicant (a builder) claims payment of
amounts pertaining to a building contract with the Respondent.
2. The Applicant gave notice under Uniform Rule 28(1) of his intention to amend
his particulars of claim in various respects. The Respondent having objected
to the amendments, the Applicant applies in terms of Rule 28 (4) for leave to
amend.
3. This was not the first notice of amendment. The Applicant had filed a previous
notice to which the Respondent had objected. The Applicant had not
proceeded to apply for leave, and the period to do so had lapsed. Thereafter
the notice to which the present application relates was filed.
4. I am required to determine the following:
4.1. Whether and/or to what extent the Applicant is entitled to amend his
particulars of claim pursuant to the operative Rule 28(1) notice, and the
costs implications thereof; and
4.2. The costs implications of the original Rule 28(1) notice which was not
persisted with.
The History of the Dispute
5. It is common cause that in April 2021, the Applicant entered into an
agreement with the Respondent in relation to the carrying out of what I might
neutrally describe as building works on a property in Jongensfontein, Western
Cape. The nature and ambit of t he agreed building work is central to the
current amendment dispute.
6. It is also common cause that the Applicant conducted building works in the
period between April 2021 and early December 2021 , when disputes arose
and the agreement was cancelled.
7. In June 2022, summons was issued out of this court in the name of “ CJ
Konstruksie” as plaintiff. This was pleaded to be the trading name of a close
corporation called “ Bold ‘n New Investments 47 CC .” The Respondent was
cited as defendant.
8. The particulars of claim alleged the conclusion of a n oral building contract
between the CC and the Respondent in terms of which the CC “ agreed to
construct a house for Defendant at Erf 1 […] Jongensfontein”. The oral
agreement was pleaded to be “ based on ” a two-page quote which was
annexed. This was on the letterhead of CJ Konstruksie and entitled “kwotasie
vir bou van nuwe woonhuis te Strandstraat, erf nommer 1[…], Jongensfontein,
Stilbaai.” It listed various included materials , various excluded items, and a
total quoted sum of R3,387,911.38.
9. The CC averred that certain additional work was agreed upon later; that the
CC commenced the building work; and that the Respondent repudiated the
contract by instructing the CC to cease building. The CC claimed damages for
the repudiation in the sum of R576,022.00 , as well as R15,932.01 in respect
of building materials delivered to the site and not paid for. The damages claim
was supported by a report from a quantity surveyor, Mr N Monk , which
purported to identify the value of work completed but not paid for.
10. The Respondent except ed to the CC’s particulars of claim. In overview, h e
took the point that the building contract was subject to the terms of the
Housing Consumers Protection Measures Act 95 of 1998 (“ the Act”), that the
plaintiff was therefore obliged to allege that it was a registered home builder
as defined by the Act, and that having failed to do so, the particulars of claim
disclosed no cause of action. There was a second ground of exception that
the alleged oral agreement did not comply with section 13 or section 14 of the
Act and therefore that no cause of action was disclosed.
11. The plaintiff (the CC) withdrew the action and tendered costs.
12. A new summons was then issued in the matter now before me. The main
differences are as follows:
12.1. Although the cause of action is based on precisely the same building
project as addressed in the original summons , the plaintiff is the
Applicant in his personal capacity, trading under the name of “ CJ
Konstruksie”.
12.2. There is an averment that the Applicant was, at all relevant times, a
registered home builder as envisaged in the Act.
12.3. The same written quote is pleaded as the basis for the agreement,
which is now described as being partly oral and party in writing (the
quote being the written portion).
12.4. The claims for work completed and not paid for (R576,000.00) and
material delivered to site (R15,932.01) are repeated, but the quantity
surveyor report is not mentioned or annexed.
12.5. There is also a new claim for damages arising from alleged loss of
profit on the building work as a whole (had the contract not been
cancelled) in the amount of R134,121.80.
13. The Respondent filed an exception to the particulars of claim. Contending that
the written quote refers to the building of a “ woonhuis,” he averred first that
the agreement as alleged does not comply with the formalities required in
section 13 of the Act and is invalid or unenforceable. A second ground of
exception was that there is no averment that the Applicant complied with the
enrolment requirement of section 14 (1) of the Act before commencing
construction, with the result that he is not entitled to any consideration by
virtue of section 13(7)(b) of the Act.
14. In response to th e notice of exception , the Applicant filed his first R ule 28(1)
notice. Various amendment s were proposed , all of which aimed to distance
the building project from the Act. These included:
14.1. averments that the provisions of the Act do not apply to the contract or
the construction work, because a dwelling unit was already in existence
when the contract was concluded and th at “alterations and
renovations” did not constitute the construction of the dwelling unit as
contemplated in the definition of “home” in section 1 of the Act;
14.2. the deletion of re ferences to the contract being for “the construction of
a dwelling ” and the insertion of references to “alterations and
renovations to an already existing dwelling; and
14.3. the inclusion of averments that the claims for materials and damages
were not for “consideration” for purposes of the Act , and that the claim
for building work done was not for construction of a home, since there
was a dwelling already in existence.
15. The Respondent filed an objection to the proposed amendments . He raised
10 grounds of objection in all. I shall not tabulate them all here. Central
themes were that the proposed amendment of the nature of the contract was
inconsistent with the written quote, and there was no claim of rectification; that
the proposed amendment was mala fide and in fraudem legis ; that he still
failed to plead compliance with the enrolment requirements of section 14 (1);
and that the amounts claimed constituted “consideration” which could not be
claimed under the Act.
16. The Applicant did not bring an application for leave to amend as envisaged in
Rule 28(4). Instead, after the 10-day period in Rule 28(4) expired, he filed a
fresh Rule 28 notice.
17. The amendments which are proposed under this notice, and which are now
the subject of th e application before me, were largely the same as what was
contained in the prior notice. The main differences were as follows:
17.1. It was now proposed to plead for the rectification of the alleged written
portion of the agreement to reflect “ veranderinge en restorasie” instead
of “bou van nuwe woonhuis”;
17.2. A specific averment was proposed to be added that because the
provisions of the Act do not apply to the contract, it was not necessary
to enrol the project under sections 14(1) and 14(2) of the Act;
17.3. It was prop osed to plead two new substantive paragraphs in the
alternative and on the assumption that the Court were to find that
sections 13 and 14 of the Act need to be complied with . The first is that
the Respondent is estopped from relying on non -compliance by vi rtue
of a representation that he did not require such compliance, on which
the Applicant relied in not enrolling the project . The second is that the
Respondent waived his right to rely on section 13(7) , d espite having
knowledge of his rights in this regard.
18. Predictably, the Respondent filed a notice of objection to the new Rule 28
notice. This time, there were 11 grounds of objection. I will refer to them
where necessary below. Central to them was however an averment, in
relation to the revised descri ption of the agreed work, that “ no admissible
evidence exists which could possibly prove the allegations which the
[Applicant] seeks to introduce regarding the nature of the agreement, or the
work performed.”
19. This time, the Applicant persisted with his ame ndments by bringing an
application in terms of Rule 28(4) , thereby seeking leave to amend his
particulars of claim in respect of all of the proposed amendments.
Legal principles: Amendment of Pleadings
20. The general principle in relation to amendments to pleadings was stated as
follows in Affordable Medicines Trust v Minister of Health 2006 (3) SA 247
(CC) in paragraph [9]:
“The principles governing the granting or refusal of an amendment have
been set out in a number of cases. There is a useful collection of these
cases and the governing principles in Commercial Union Assurance Co Ltd
v Waymark NO. [1995 (2) SA 73 (Tk) at 76D - 76I]. The practical rule that
emerges from these cases is that amendments will always be allowed
unless the amendment is mala fide (made in bad faith) or unless the
amendment will cause an injustice to the other side which cannot be cured
by an appropriate order for costs, or 'unless the parties cannot be put back
for the purposes of justice in the same position as they were when the
pleading which it is sought to amend was filed'. … The que stion in each
case, therefore, is, what do the interests of justice demand?”
21. With reference to the above authority, it has bee n stated that t he court’s
power to allow material amendments is limited only by considerations of
prejudice or injustice to the opponent ( Media 24 (Pty) Ltd v Nhleko [2023]
ZASCA 77 in paragraph [16].
22. In the passage from Commercial Union v Waymark endorsed in Affordable
Medicines Trust (supra), the following further guidance is provided in relation
to when an amendment will be permitted:
“In Rosenberg v Bitcom 1935 WLD 115 at 117 Greenberg J, as he then was,
stated:
‘Although it has been stated that the granting of the amendment is an
indulgence to the party asking for it, it seems to me that at any rate the
modern tendency of the Courts lies in favour of an amendment
whenever such an amendment facilitates the proper v entilation of the
dispute between the parties.'
(My emphasis.) In Zarug v Parvathie NO 1962 (3) SA 872 (D) at 876C
Henochsberg J held:
'An amendment cannot however be had for the mere asking. Some
explanation must be offered as to why the amendment is required and
if the application for amendment is not timeously made, some
reasonably satisfactory account must be given for the delay.'
Caney J stated in Trans -Drakensberg Bank Ltd (under Judicia l Management)
v Combined Engineering (Pty) Ltd and Another 1967 (3) SA 632 (D) at 641A:
'Having already made his case in his pleading, if he wishes to change
or add to this, he must explain the reason and show prima facie that he
has something deserving of consideration, a triable issue; he cannot be
allowed to harass his opponent by an amendment which has no
foundation. He cannot place on the record an issue for which he has no
supporting evidence, where evidence is required, or, save perhaps in
exceptional circumstances, introduce an amendment which would
make the pleading excipiable.' ”
23. Further support for these requirements is found in the full bench judgment of
this Court in Vinpro NPC v President of the Republic of South Africa
[2021] ZAWCHC 261 in paragraph [25]:
“On this score, it is trite law: that a court is vested with a discretion as to
whether to grant or refuse an amendment: that an amendment cannot be
granted for the mere asking thereof: that some explanation must be offered
therefor: that this explanation must be in the founding affidavit filed in
support of the amendment application: that if the amendment is not sought
timeously, some reason must be given for the del ay: that that party
seeking the amendment must show prima facie that the amendment has
something deserving of consideration: that the party seeking the
amendment must not be mala fide: that the amendment must not be the
cause an injustice to the other s ide which cannot be compensated by
costs: that the amendment should not be refused simply to punish the
applicant for neglect and that mere loss of time is no reason, in itself, for
refusing the application.”
24. One of the circumstances where the other party would necessarily be
prejudiced is where an amendment would render a pleading excipiable. Such
an amendment ought not to be allowed, save in exceptional cases, where the
balance of convenience or some other reason might render another course
desirable. See e.g. Cross v Ferreira 1950 (3) SA 443 (C) at 450 E-G.
The Main Application
25. As stated, the Respondent raised 11 grounds of objection to the various
amendments. Some of them overlap and one of them is not persisted with.
26. It however seems to me that the central issue in this application is that which
flows from the fourth to sixth grounds of objection. For reasons which will
become apparent, it is convenient first to address these objections and the
proposed amendments to which they pertain.
The Fourth to Sixth Grounds of Objection: The Nature of the Contract
27. The fourth ground of objection is to the proposed amendment to the
description of the contract from “the construction of a dwelling ” to “alterations
and renovations to an already existing dwelling .” The fifth ground objects to
the associated rectification of the written quote to reflect a similar description
of the project . The sixth ground objects to the proposed averment that the
“alterations and renovations ” did not constitute the construction of a dwelling
unit for purposes of the Act.
28. Both the fourth and fifth objections make the express averment that “ no
admissible evidence exists which could possibly prove the allegations which
the plaintiff seeks to introduce re garding the nature of the agreement, or the
work performed ”. In other words, it is expressly stated that the Applicant
cannot put up evidence that would support the contention that what was
agreed upon and what occurred, was not the construction of a new d welling
but the alteration or renovation of an existing dwelling.
29. Accordingly, the Respondent objects to an attempt to change the already
pleaded cause of action by pleading facts (and legal conclusions based on
those facts) which would, on the face of it, place the building project outside
the ambit of the Act.
30. The Act, which is consumer protection legislation, regulates “home builders”
by requiring them to be registered with the National Home Builders
Registration Council (“ the Council”). The “ business of a home builder ” is
defined to mean, inter alia, “to construct or to undertake to construct a home
or to cause a home to be constructed for any person ”. A “home”, in turn, is
defined to the extent relevant as “any dwelling unit constructed or to be
constructed by a homebuilder … for residential purposes or partially for
residential purposes …”
31. A person who undertakes the construction of a home is not entitled to any
consideration in respect thereof unless they are a registered home builder
(section 10(1)(b)). Moreover, in terms of section 13(7)(b), a home builder may
not receive “any other consideration” unless the requirements of sections
14(1) or 14(2) have been complied with. These pertain to the enrolment of the
project with the Council.
32. It follows from this that where one is dealing with claim for consideration
arising from an agreement for the “ construction” of a “home” as defined,
unless one can demonstrate both registration as a home builder and the
enrolment of the project, such a claim cannot succeed (cf. Hubbard v Cool
Ideas 1186 CC 2013 (5) SA 112 (SCA) in paragraph [14]).
33. As stated, the Applicant seeks to plead facts which differentiate the subject of
the agreement from the “construction” of a “home.” The thesis is that the mere
alteration or renovation of an existing dwelling falls outside that ambit.
34. Counsel for the parties could not refer me to any authority address ing the
limits of the Act with reference to entirely new buildings, on the one hand, and
renovations of existing buildings on the other. I am prepared to accept for
present purposes, but without deciding the point, that not every item of work
done by a bui lder or artisan or tradesperson in relation to a dwelling unit will
necessary constitute the construction of a home for purposes of the Act .
Examples given in argument as to what would probably fall outside the Act
involved the ad hoc replacement of window s or painting works. On the other
hand, clearly where a person constructs an entirely new home from the
foundations up, that would fall squarely within the ambit of the construction of
a home. Between these extremes may be a range of factual circumstances
which could fall on one or the other side of the dividing line. The extent of any
pre-existing structure, and the n ature of the work to be done in relation to it
(e.g. structural as opposed to cosmetic) will be instructive and each case will
turn on its own facts . Given the consumer protection flavour of the Act,
however, I would venture to suggest that a court will no t be quick to accept
that a project involving significant building work, including laying foundations
and installing structural elements, may be freed from the strictures of the Act
merely because elements of an existing dwelling are retained.
35. It is however not necessary for me to say anything more about this . Assuming
that the point is in principle arguable, t he key question is whether the
Applicant should in the present case be given leave to plead the facts on the
basis of which he would make that argument.
36. The first point to make in this regard is that the proposed amendment is
material. The nature of the contract that is proposed to be pleaded (changing
from the express construction of a new dwelling to mere “ alterations and
renovations” of an existing dwelling) is fundamentally different from what is
currently on the pleadings.
37. Apart from the fact that the written quote itself (drawn up by the Applicant)
refers to “ bou van nuwe woonhuis ”, I am entitled to have regard t o the
quantity surveyor’s report annexed to the original particulars of claim , which
referred in the cover page to a “new dwelling ”. And of course the current
particulars of claim refer unashamedly to the agreement being for the
construction of a dwelling – which reflects the language of the Act – with no
reference to an existing dwelling.
38. It is also significant that in the objection, the Respondent aver red that there
was no evidence that could justify the contention that what was agreed
involved a renovation of an existing dwelling.
39. Against these factors, it was in my view incumbent upon the Applicant, in his
application, to provide some proper basis for being permitted to make this
substantial change in approach. To borrow from the above authorities, he had
to offer an “ explanation … as to why the amendment is required ” (Zarug v
Parthavie (supra)); having already made his case in his pleading, if he wished
to change or add to this , he had to “ explain the reason and show prima facie
that he has something deserving of consideration, a triable issue; he cannot
be allowed to harass his opponent by an amendment which has no
foundation. He cannot place on t he record an issue for which he has no
supporting evidence, where evidence is required ” (Trans-Drakensberg Bank
Limited (supra)); and he had to provide his explanation “ in the founding
affidavit filed in support of the amendment application (Vinpro NPC v
President of the Republic of South Africa (supra)).
40. Tested against these standards, the Applicant’s case put up in his founding
papers in support of the core amendments is woefully inadequate. The high -
water mark of factual averments explaining what gave rise to the change, and
on what it is proposed to be based, is a paragraph which reads as follows:
“The question whether the alterations and renovations constituted the
construction of a dwelling or not is a question of fact and not one
capable of r esolution on the basis of notices, as the Respondent
wishes the court to do.”
“The same argument applies to the allegation that the NHBRC does
not require alterations and renovations of this nature to be registered.”
41. In his founding papers, the Applicant h as therefore failed to explain on what
factual basis he now contends that the work contracted for amounted only to
“renovations and alterations ” to an “ existing dwelling .” One would have
thought that, particularly in the face of an averment that there is no evidence
to support this proposed pleading, he would put up some facts to demonstrate
that he has a triable case in this regard , or merely that he has “ something
worthy of consideration ”. For e xample, he could have described the site of
which he took possession, explained what the existing dwelling looked like,
and given some sense of how it was altered and renovated. Nothing of the
type was done. He has also not explained why he originally plea ded a
different positive case of construction of a dwelling. His statement in a
replying affidavit that “there was, in fact, an existing dwelling on Erf 1 […],
Jongensfontein, at the t ime when I contracted with the Respondent,” apart
from coming too late, is also too bland to give any comfort that one is really
dealing with a renovation , since the Court is left in the dark as to what part (if
any) that existing dwelling played in the construction that followed.
42. Moreover, in the founding papers, no factual basis is provided for the pleaded
rectification. A rectification involves proving a mutual error by both parties to a
written agreement (Weinerlein v Goch Building s Ltd 1925 AD 282 at 294) .
To establish some basis for this new claim, it is therefore necessary to provide
a factual basis for a finding that both the Applicant and the Respondent were
subject to the same error and that both intended the quote to read as is now
averred. The application does not deal with this aspect at all.
43. This is not to say that to be entitled to amend, the Applicant had to prove his
case in the application. But to establish that the amendment was in good faith
and raised an issue worthy of consideration, he had t o do more than he did.
He seems to have laboured under the misapprehension that an amendment is
there for the asking. As the abovementioned authorities show, that is not the
case.
44. It is true that t he Respondent also did not put up facts in his answering
affidavit that refuted the proposed new formulation of the contract and project.
However, given the absence of any real case to meet in the founding papers, I
cannot criticise him for this.
45. In the circumstances, the Applicant has not in my view overcome the burden
of demonstrating that he has a triable case , as a matter of fact, in the terms
proposed. That is not to say that he would never be able to do so. I have no
basis to conclude that the necessary facts to establish such a pleading are not
present. But on what was placed before me, I cannot draw such a conclusion.
46. It was suggested in oral argument by counsel for the Applicant that refusing
an amendment of this type is pointless because the Applicant could withdraw
the action and start again, without having to meet the requirements for
amending his pleadings. That is of course his right, as long as prescription
does not preclude such a claim. He could a lso, if time permitted, launch a
fresh and better -motivated application. But the mere fact that the Applicant
may otherwise be able to produce a set of pleadings based on a type of
contract that does not fall within the scope of the Act cannot warrant allowing
an amendment for which the requirements have not been met.
47. It follows that I am not prepared to grant the Applicant leave to make the
amendments in paragraphs 2, 3, 4 , 5 and 6 of the Rule 28(1) notice . The
same applies to the proposed new paragraph 23 forming part of paragraph 7
of the Rule 28(1) notice.
Impact of the findings on the other proposed amendments
48. As I understand the Applicant’s approach, as debated in oral argument, the
core amendments dealt with above are crucial for the ong oing pursuit of his
claims. Essentially, counsel conceded that the claim had to be located outside
the Act since if the Act does apply, it cannot be demonstrated that the building
project was enrolled , and that would mean that any claim for “consideration”
would not be competent.
49. The practical result of the conclusion I have reached on the fourth to sixth
grounds of appeal is therefore probably that if the Applicant is minded to
continue with his clai m, he will either bring a fresh application for all the
amendments, or start from scratch with a new summons.
50. Be that as it may, the remaining proposed amendments are before me. I
therefore propose to address them briefly, on the assumption that the
Applicant would still wish to pursue them without the core amendments being
made, i.e. on the basis of a contract for the construction of a new dwelling –
which presupposes that the Act applies.
Paragraph 1 of the Rule 28(1) notice
51. The first amendment involves replacing the averment that the Applicant was
registered as a home builder with one that avers that the Act does not apply to
the contract, but in any event that he was so registered for the whole period of
the contract, altern atively until September 2021 whereafter t he Council made
his further registration “ impossible” despite his efforts to obtain a registration
certificate.
52. On the face of it, in the absence of the core amendments, the averment that
the Act does not apply to the pleaded contract for the construction of a
dwelling is unsustainable. I would therefore not be inclined to grant leave to
make that averment.
53. On the assumption that the Act is applicable, I see no reason why the
Applicant should not be permitted to pl ead the alternatives regarding the
period of his registration. The Respondent’s sole objection to this is that this
amounts to a pleading of mutually inconsistent versions which prejudice the
Respondent in pleading thereto.
54. There is no prejudice in having to plead to such alternative averments , if
necessary with denials that will compel the Applicant to prove his registration
status in evidence . I note further that the two versions are not entirely
inconsistent with one another, at least in relation to the period up to
September 2021.
Paragraph 7 of the Rule 28(1) notice
55. The seventh ground of objection addresses the proposed inclusion of
paragraphs 21 to 23.
56. I have already concluded that leave should not be granted to include
paragraph 23, that being premised on the averment of a renovation rather
than the construction of a dwelling.
57. As regards paragraphs 21 and 22, however, the Applicant may well persist
with these contentions which are, effectively, that even if the Act applies to the
contract, the amounts there claimed do not constitute “ consideration” as
envisaged in the Act.
58. As regards the merits of such claims, without making any finding in this
regard, I can see that there may be an argument for why a claim for payment
for goods merely delivered to site is not consideration for building work. And
while I have significant doubt as to whether a damages claim based on
projected loss of profit can fall outside the notion of “consideration,” because a
profit share would be drawn from contract payments made , I have not been
provided with detailed argument on the point and do not wish to pre-judge it in
this context.
59. I would therefore be inclined to grant leave to include paragraphs 21 and 22.
Paragraph 8 of the Rule 28(1) notice: estoppel and waiver
60. The Applicant seeks leave to introduce a new paragraph 24 in which he would
plead, pre-emptively, an estoppel which proceeds from the premise that the
Act is held to apply to the building contract. The contention is in essence that
the Respondent represented that he did not require compliance with the Act in
the form of enrolment of the project , so as to avoid hav ing to pay the
registration fee, and that the Applicant relied on this to his detriment by not
enrolling the project.
61. In support of pleading in particulars of claim what would usually be found in a
replication ( on the basis that estoppel typically opera tes as a shield rather
than a sword), the Applicant relied upon the approach of Wall is AJ in Makate
v Vodacom Limited 2016 (4) SA 121 (CC), in which, albeit in a minority
judgment, he held that there could be no criticism of pre-emptively pleading
that estoppel applies where one knows that a defen ce of, in that case, lack of
authority would be pleaded (see paragraphs [121] and [122]).
62. That might well be so as a point of pleading . However, on the present facts, I
have considerable doubt as to whether the averments which are sought to be
pleaded would competently establish an estoppel. This is so because it has
consistently been held that one cannot, through an estoppel, render lawful
conduct that is otherwise unlawful under a statute in the public interest.
63. The principle was expressed as follows in City of Tshwane Metropolitan
Municipality v RPM Bricks (Pty) Limited 2008 (3) SA 1 (SCA) in paragraph
[16]:
“It is settled law that a state of affairs prohibited by law in the public
interest cannot be perpetuated by reliance upon the doctrine of estoppel
(Trust Bank van Afrika Bpk v Eksteen 1964 (3) SA 402 (A) at 411H -
412B), for to do so would be to compel the defendant to do something that
the statute does not allow it to do. In effect therefore it would be
compelled to commit an illegality ( Hoisain v Town Clerk, Wynberg 1916
AD 236).”
64. Section 13(7)(b) of the Act prohibits a home builder from receiving
consideration where the requirements of section 14(1) have not been met. As
stated, this is consumer pr otection legislation and it clearly operates in the
public interest. It appears to me that there are strong arguments to the effect
that an estoppel cannot permit the Applicant to receive payment of an amount
to which he is not entitled by operation of statute.
65. It is however unnecessary for me to make a final decision in this regard,
because, similarly to the case with the core amendments, the Applicant has
not sought to make out any case in his founding papers regarding the factual
averments proposed to be pleaded under estoppel. I am therefore unable to
conclude that he has a triable factual case to raise in this regard. As with the
other refused amendments, this does not mean that he will be unable to plead
or sustain such a defence i n due course, but on the papers before me, I am
not satisfied that he has met the standard required for obtaining leave to
amend.
66. The Applicant also seeks leave to introduce a new paragraph 25 in which he
would plead, again pre-emptively, that the Respondent waived his right to rely
on section 13(7) of the Act . The waiver is pleaded to have been expressed
through conduct on the basis that despite having knowledge of sections 13
and 14 of the Act, the Respondent did not insist on compliance, did not
prevent the commencement of construction, and accepted and took
possession of the construction work.
67. I harbour similar doubts about the legal viability of reliance on a waiver in
these circumstances as I do about the proposed estoppel . It has been held
that waiver cannot properly operate to renounce a right contrary to law , or to
effect something expressly forbidden by statute (see Ritch and Bhyat v
Union Government (Minister of Justice) 1912 AD 719 at 734 -735). The
effect of the waiver as pleaded would be to permit the Applicant to receive
consideration in respect of the carrying out of unenrolled construction work
where the Act specifically forbids this.
68. Once again, however, I need not decide this point finally, given the paucity of
the factual case put up in the founding affidavit as to why the waiver argument
raises something worthy of consideration. Once again I do not say that the
Applicant may not be able successfully to pl ead and rely on this point , but not
on the papers before me.
Costs of the Main Application
69. In the ordinary course, an applicant for an amendment seeks an indulgence
and will be required to pay the costs, including those of reasonable opposition
(see Grindrod (Pty) Ltd v Delport 1997 (1) SA 342 (W) at 347C-E).
70. In the present case, although I would grant leave to make some of the
proposed amendments, t he application has largely been unsuccessful. I see
no reason why the ordinary approach as to costs should not follow.
71. It was suggested by the Respondent that the costs should be paid on a
punitive scale. I am not prepared to make such an order. While I have held
that the Applicant has not done enough to establish his entitlement to all the
amendments prayed for, I cannot in my discretion conclude that his behaviour
has been such as to warrant a costs order on a higher scale.
72. Since the present pr oceedings commenced before the introduction of the
scale of tariffs in Uniform Rule 69(7) read with Rule 67A(3), it is not necessary
to fix a scale for counsel’s fees. If I had had to do that, however, I would have
had no reason to award such costs on anything more than scale A, since this
is not a matter of particular complexity.
Costs of the Aborted Rule 28(1) Notice
73. Finally, as stated, I am requested to make an order as to the costs of the
original Rule 28 (1) notice which was not persisted with , and which was
allowed to lapse.
74. Given the fact that the Respondent’s objection succeeded (since no
application flowe d from it), I am of the view that the Respondent should
likewise, on ordinary principles, have its costs in relation to its notice of
objection.
75. Here, too, I see no reason to award costs on a punitive or enhanced scale.
There was no request to include the costs of counsel.
Order
76. In the premises, I make the following order:
76.1. The Applicant is granted leave to make the amendments prayed for in
the following paragraphs of its Rule 28(1) notice:
76.1.1. Paragraph 1 (save for the words “Although the provisions of the
Housing Consumers Protection Measures Act, No 95 of 1998
(hereinafter ‘the Act’) do not apply to the contract pleaded
below”); and
76.1.2. Paragraph 7 (proposed new paragraphs 21 and 22).
76.2. Save as aforesaid, the application is dismissed with costs on a scale as
between party and party, including the costs of counsel.
76.3. The Applicant is also ordered to pay the Respondent’s costs of drawing
the notice of objection dated 4 May 2023 on a scale as between party
and party.
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M W JANISCH
Acting Judge of the High Court
Western Cape Division
APPEARANCES:
For the Applicant: D J Coetsee
(Instructed by Malan Lourens
Viljoen Inc)
For the Second and Third Respondents: F A Ferreira
(Instructed by Christi Olivier
Attorney)
Date of hearing: 29 October 2024
Date of judgment: 6 November 2024 (electronically)