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[1989] ZASCA 99
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Amcoal Colliers Ltd. v Truter (128/88) [1989] ZASCA 99; [1990] 1 All SA 248 (A) (7 September 1989)
Case No 128/88 whn
AMCOAL COLLIERIES LIMITED
Appellant
and
JOHN EDMUND TRUTER
Respondent
NICHOLAS
A J A
IN THE SUPREME COURT OF SOUTH AFRICA
(APPELLATE DIVISION)
In the matter between:
AMCOAL COLLIERIES LIMITED
Appellant
and
JOHN EDMUND
TRUTER
Respondent
Coram
: JOUBERT, MILNE, EKSTEEN, F H GROSSKOPF J J A
et
NICHOLAS A J A.
Heard
: 17 August 1989
Delivered
: 7 September
1989
JUDGMENT
NICHOLAS
A J A:
/This
2
This appeal concerns the proper interpretation of a clause in a
prospecting and mineral-option contract which was concluded on 10
July 1984. The
parties were JOHN EDMUND TRUTER ("Truter"), who was referred to in the contract
as "die EIENAAR", and ANGLO AMERICAN
PROSPECTING SERVICES (PTY) LIMITED
("AAPS"), which was referred to as "die PROSPEKTEERDER". In terms of the
contract the owner granted
to the prospector the sole right to prospect for coal
on a certain property, together with the right to purchase the coal rights
and
other rights therein. The contract was for an initial period of one year from 3
July 1984, being the date on which it was signed
by Truter, and was renewable
annually for a period of not more than three years, called in the contract "die
PROSPEKTEERTERMYN".
In terms of clause 6 supplementary rights were granted to
enable the prospector to carry out its activities. Clause ll(a)
3
provided:
a) Die PROSPEKTEERDER sal te eniger tyd
gedurende
die PROSPEKTEERTERMYN die alleen-
en uitsluitlike reg hê om al die EIENAAR se regte tot steenkool, waarna
in Klousule 2 hiervan verwys word ten opsigte van
die EIENDOM
tesame met die bykomende regte
waarna in Klousule 6 hiervan verwys word, te koop, teen R700-00 (SEWE HONDERD
RAND) per hektaar.
Clause 11(b) contemplated that the option would be exercised in writing,
which is in any event a statutory reguirement for validity.
In terms of clause
13 the prospector was entitled to cede or assign the contract to any person,
syndicate or company. Clause 15 provided:
4
15. Die partye kies die volgende adresse
vir
bediening van kennisgewings kragtens hierdie kontrak:
Die EIENAAR
-
VANDYKSPUT DIST WITBANK
Die PROSPEKTEERDER - Mainstraat, 44,
Johannesburg.
On 26 September 1984 AAPS ceded its rights under the contract to AMCOAL
COLLIERIES LIMITED ("AMCOAL").
The contract was duly renewed annually, and
terminated by effluxion of time at midnight on 2 July 1987.
On 30 June 1987
Mr H Mammes was instructed by AMCOAL to deliver to Mr J E TRUTER of the farm
Vandyksput in the district of Witbank,
a letter giving notice of the exercise by
AMCOAL of the option to acquire the rights described in the contract. Mammes
arrived at
the farm Vandyksput at approximately 18h00 on 30 June 1987. He was
directed
5
to a house which was in darkness. There was no response to his
knocking on the door. Enquiries of a farm labourer brought the reply
that he did
not know where Truter was, but thought that he was recruiting labour in the
Transkei. Mammes accordingly returned to
Johannesburg.
On the following
morning (1 July 1987), Mammes tried to telephone Truter at the farm but got no
reply. He went back to the farm, and
again finding no one at home he pushed the
letter together with a copy under the front door of the farmhouse at
14h30.
On 3 July 1987 AMCOAL wrote a letter to Truter confirming that it had
exercised the option by delivering a letter by hand at the farmhouse.
Truter's
attorneys replied in a letter dated 14 July 1987, stating that Truter denied
that AMCOAL had lawfully exercised the option
to purchase the coal rights and
that in the circumstances
6
Truter was entitled to deal with such rights as he deemed
fit.
Further correspondence followed. On 18 September 1987 AMCOAL instituted
proceedings against Truter in the Transvaal Provincial Division,
by notice of
motion, claiming a declaratory order, specific performance and costs. Truter
filed answering affidavits opposing the
grant of the relief claimed.
The matter was heard by VAN NIEKERK J who dismissed the application with
costs. Leave having been granted, AMCOAL now appeals to this
court.
In his
judgment VAN NIEKERK J dealt with a number of points raised on behalf of Truter.
On what he called "the real question" (i.e.
whether the option
7
was duly exercised in terms of the contract) which is the only
issue in the appeal, the learned judge concluded that
as no specific description as
to how service should be effected is contained in the option clause I am of
the opinion that 'bediening' requires more than simply
placing a document under
the door of the respondent.
In his answering affidavit Truter denied that the letter exercising the
option was a notice such as that referred to in clause 15.
He said that he
received the letter (which was Annexure "I" to the founding affidavit) on 5 July
1987. He could not deny that Mammes
delivered Annexure "I" to his farm on 1 July
1987. He was absent from the farm on that day, because he had gone to recruit
labourers
in the Transkei. He returned only on 2 July
8
1987. His wife gave him the letter on Sunday 5 July 1987. Mrs.
Truter confirmed this in her affidavit.
The exercise of an option is governed
by the ordinary principles applicable to the acceptance of an offer. The general
and clearly
established principle of our law of contract is that acceptance of
an offer must be communicated to the offeror. It is however also
well-established that the offeror may require or authorize a particular method
of acceptance, and compliance with such method will
result in the conclusion of
a contract, even though the acceptance is not received by the offeror. (See
Smeiman v Volkersz
1954(4) SA 170 (C) at 176 and cases there cited).
Specifically with regard to the exercise of an option, see
Ficksburg
Transport (Edms) Bpk v Rautenbach en 'n Ander
1988(1) SA 318 (A) at 332
D-F.)
If the general principle applies in the
9
present case, then clearly no contract resulted, because
Annexure "I" did not come to Truter's knowledge until after
the expiry of
"die PROSPEKTEERTERMYN". The question
is accordingly whether in clause 15 Truter authorised delivery
at the
chosen address as a method for the exercise of the
option.
VAN NIEKERK J
regarded the word
bediening
in clause 15 as meaning
service
or
betekening
. In none of the Afrikaans dictionaries I have consulted is
serve
or
beteken
given as a meaning of
bedien
, nor is
bediening
given as a meaning of
betekening
. (See
Die Afrikaanse
Woordeboek
;
HAT
;
Van Schaik se Verklarende Woordeboek
(Kritzinger & Labuschagne) 7e uitgawe;
Tweetalige Woordeboek
(Bosman,
van der Merwe & Hiemstra) 8e uitgawe ). In
Botha N.O. v Botha
1965(3)
SA 128 (E) MUNNIK J described the word
bedien
at 130 E as "'n growwe en
onnodige Anglisisme". In die
Drietaliqe
10
Regswoordeboek
Hiemstra & Gonin do not give
bedien
, but
they say under the English
serve
(2)—on (prosesstukke)
beteken
bestel aan
...
dien
is hier n
onnodige anglisisme
Die
Afrikaanse Woordeboek
does give as one meaning of
dien
8
ang
.,
jur
.) Besorg, afgee, aflewer bv. stukke in h regsgeding
: h
Dagvaarding
,
'n prosesstuk op iem. dien
; vgl BETEKEN.
VAN NIEKERK J said that in leaving the notice under the door Mammes did not
comply with what would be requisite in terms of the rules
of court. That is,
with respect, of no moment. There is no basis forassuming that in using the word
bediening
the parties had a rule of court in contemplation as a
dictionary for
11
interpreting a word not used in the rule.
In my opinion the
word
bediening
was used by the parties for
diening
, and
dien
means (
vide Die Afrikaanse Woordeboek
(
supra
))
besorg
,
afgee
,
aflewer
. It does not necessarily connote
personal service.
It was argued on behalf of Truter that on a proper
interpretation of clause 15 it reguired delivery to "Die EIENAAR" and that the
address indicated no more than the place where "Die EIENAAR" was to be found.
The clause is not capable of bearing that construction.
It states
that "Die
partye kies die volgende addresse " and
then goes on to particularize "die
partye" - viz. "Die EIENAAR" and "Die PROSPEKTEERDER" - and their respective
addresses for service.
In his answering affidavit Truter denied that Annexure "I" was a
"kennisgewing kragtens hierdie kontrak"
12
in terms of clause 15. VAN NIEKERK J appears however, to have
accepted that notice of the exercise of the option was the only "kennisgewing"
that the parties could have envisaged and counsel for Truter did not contend to
the contrary.
Truter raised another contention in his answering affidavit. He
said that there was no fewer than five farms named "Vandyksput" in
the
magisterial district of Witbank. All of these farms form part of the land which
constituted the original farm "Vandyksput". Two
of those farms border on the
farm on which Truter lives, which is also known as Vandyksput. All this he knew
when he signed the agreement,
and it was also known to Mr Engela, who negotiated
the contract on behalf of AAPS. Truter said that he would never in these
circumstances
have agreed to the delivery of a notice at Vandyksput without
more. Such a notice would probably not have reached him.
13
There is nothing in this contention. It is plain that the
"Vandyksput" referred to in clause 15 is Truter's farm Vandyksput. The contract
records that it was signed at Vandyksput by Truter in the presence of two
witnesses, one of whom was Engela. Engela said in his affidavit
that on 17
September 1987 he went with Mammes to the entrance of Truter's farm. At the gate
leading off the Delmas - Kendal Road
there is a signpost reading "VANDYKSPUT J.
E. Truter". The residence is plainly visible from the gate. Mammes pointed it
out to Engela
as the house where he had delivered Annexure "I" on 3 July 1984.
It was the same house where Truter had signed the contract on 3
July 1984 in
Engela's presence. Mammes confirmed this evidence so far as it related to him.
Plainly the parties did not contemplate
that delivery would be effected by
leaving the
14
notice on the farm at a place where it was unlikely that
Truter would receive it. But they must have had in mind that it could be
delivered to the house on the farm which Truter occupied.
To summarize.
Annexure "I" was a notice of the kind referred to in clause 15. It was placed
under the front door of the house at the
address chosen in clause 15 of the
contract.
It is a matter of frequent occurence that a
domicilium citandi
et executandi
is chosen in a contract by one or more of the parties to it.
Translated, this expression means a home for the purpose of serving
summons and
levying execution. (If a man chooses
domicilium citandi
the
domicilium
he chooses is taken to be his place of abode: see
Pretoria
Hypotheck Maatschappy v Groenewald
1915 TPD 170.)
It is a well-established
practice (which is recognized
15
by rule 4(1)(a)(iv) of the Uniform Rules of Court) that if a
defendant has chosen a
domicilium citandi
, service of process at such
place will be good, even though it be a vacant piece of ground, or the defendant
is known to be resident
abroad, or has abandoned the property, or cannot be
found (Herbstein & Van Winsen,
The Civil Practice of the Superior Courts
of South Africa
3rd ed., p 210. See
Muller v Mulbarton Gardens (Pty)
Ltd.
1972(1) SA 328 (W) at 331 H-333 A,
Loryan (Pty) Ltd v Solarsh Tea
& Coffee (Pty) Ltd
1984 (3) SA 834
(W) at 847 D-F.) It is generally
accepted in our practice that the choice without more of a
domicilium
citandi
is applicable only to the service of process in legal proceedings.
(
Ficksburg Transport (Edms) Bpk v Rautenbach & h Ander
(
supra
)
333 C-D). Parties to a contract may, however, choose an address for the service
of notices under the contract. The consequences
of such a choice must in
16
principle be the same as the choice of a
domicilium citandi
et executandi
(Cf the
Ficksburg Transport
case
ubi cit
.),
namely that service at the address chosen is good service, whether or not the
addressee is present at the time.
The conclusion is that the delivery of Annexure "I" on 2nd July 1987 was an
effective exercise of the option, and that AMCOAL is entitled
to the relief
which it claimed.
The appeal is upheld with costs. The order of the court
a quo
is set
aside and there is substituted therefor -
"An order is granted
1. Declaring that the option contained in
17
the prospecting and mineral contract concluded on 10 July 1984 between the
respondent and Anglo American Prospecting Services (Pty)
Limited and ceded to
the Applicant, in terms of which the Applicant acquired the right to purchase
the rights to coal as defined
in clause 2 thereof in respect of Portion 5 of the
farm Prinshof 2 I.S. district Witbank, has been duly exercised by the
applicant.
2. Directing that the respondent forthwith do all that is necessary to enable
the rights to coal in respect of Portion 5 of the farm
Prinshof 2 I.S. district
of Witbank (including all base minerals as
18
defined in the Mining Rights Act No 20 of 1967 which are either adjacent to
the coal seams or which occur independently on the said
property within the
boundaries of the coal occurences thereon) to be ceded to the applicant and
registered in its name against payment
of an amount of R150 660,58 being the
purchase price payable in respect of such rights.
3. That the respondent pay the costs."
H C NICHOLAS A J A.
JOUBERT JA
MILNE JA Concur.
EKSTEEN JA
F H GROSSKOPF JA