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REPUBLIC OF SOUTH AFRICA
IN THE HIGH COURT OF SOUTH AFRICA
GAUTENG DIVISION PRETORIA
CASE NO: 89983/19
(1) REPORTABLE: YES / NO
(2) OF INTEREST TO OTHER JUDGES: YES/NO
(3) REVISED.
SIGNATURE
DATE: 05/08/2024
In the matter between:
BARNARD MOENG MOLOKO PLAINTIFF
and
ROAD ACCIDENT FUND DEFENDANT
This Judgment was handed down electronically and by circulation to the parties’
legal representatives’ by way of email and shall be uploaded on caselines. The date
for hand down is deemed to be on 05 August 2024.
___________________________________________________________________
JUDGMENT
Mali J
[1] The plaintiff claims damages for the injuries he sustained due to the
negligence of the insured driver who caused the accident whilst the plaintiff was
driving a motor bike with registration number C[...] 5[...] [...] . The insured driver was
driving a motor vehicle with registration number B[...] 3[...] [...] . The plaintiff was
travelling towards Jane Furse in the province of Limpopo. Both motors were
travelling towards the same direction. The accident occurred on 29 January 2016 at
about 5 am on R 519 Road in Lebowakgomo.
[2] As a result of the collision the plaintiff sustained serious injuries; namely open
fracture right tibia and fibula; Lumbar spine soft tissue injury; Right wrist Laceration;
and jaw injury. He was admitted in hospital for a period of two weeks.
[3] The defendant denies liability. The court is called upon to determine both
issues of merits and loss of earnings.
[4] The legal principles are set out briefly as follows. The provisions of section
17(1) of the Road Accident Fund Act 56 of 1996 (‘RAF Act’) stipulate s that the
defendant is obliged to compensate a person for loss or damage suffered because of
a bodily injury caused by or arising from the driving of a motor vehicle.
[5] The defendant’s liability is conditional upon the injury having resulted from the
negligence or wrongful act of the driver. An evidentiary onus rests on the plaintiff to
prove such negligence.
[6] Contributory negligence on the part of the plaintiff can reduce such loss or
damage in accordance with the provisions of section 1 of the Apportionment of
Damages Act 34 of 1956 (‘the Apportionment Act’), which states as follows:
“1(a) Where any person suffers damage which is caused partly by his own fault
and partly by the fault of any other person, a claim in respect of that damage shall
not be defeated by reason of the fault of the claimant but the damages recoverable
in respect thereof shall be reduced by the court to such extent as the court may
deem just and equitable having regard to the degree in which the claimant was at
fault in relation to the damage.”
[7] The plaintiff bears the onus of discharging the burden of proof regarding the
allegation that the insured driver was negligent. The plaintiff was the only witness
who testified regarding the merits.
[8] The plaintiff’s evidence is that he was driving at a speed of 80 km per hour on
a 120 km per hour zone. At a distance of about 10 metres, he noticed a stationary
motor vehicle driven by the insured driver dropping off passengers towards the stop
on the right -hand side of the road. When the plaintiff’s motor bike was at about 3
metres from the motor vehicle the motor vehicle suddenly made a U-turn towards the
plaintiff’s direction. The plaintiff tried to overtake it towards the right -hand side and
collided with the motor vehicle on its rear as it had not yet made a complete U-turn. It
was too late to do anything to avoid the accident.
[9] The defendant did not call any witnesses. The defendant’s closing argument
is that the plaintiff contributed to the negligence, by failing to stop when he saw the
insured driver making a U -turn. Therefore, the court must decide on the basis of
80/20 split in favour of the plaintiff.
[10] In Harwood v Road Accident Fund1, it is held as follows:
‘It is trite that in trial proceedings parties must formulate their cases and the issues
on which evidence must be led, in their pleadings. A defendant cannot, at the trial,
rely on a defence, in casu sudden emergency, which is not pleaded. Neither can a
plea of apportionment of damages be considered in the absence of specific
allegations concerning the plaintiff’s negligence.’
[11] The defendant’s argument is made notwithstanding that there is no evidence
supporting same and of significance that the defendant did not plead contributory
negligence. Furthermore, this argument ignores the application of 1(b) of the
Apportionment Act stating as follows:
1 (56226/17) [2019] ZAGPPHC 448 (19 August 2019)
‘’ (b) Damage shall for the purpose of paragraph (a) be regarded as having been
caused by a person’s fault notwithstanding the fact that another person had an
opportunity of avoiding the consequences thereof and negligently failed to do so.”
[12] Having regard to the above this court cannot decide based on contributory
negligence as it was not pleaded. The plaintiff testified in a satisfactory manner; the
court is satisfied that the accident was solely caused by the negligence of the
insured driver. In the result that the defendant is liable for 100% damages.
QUANTUM
[13] The plaintiff claims the total amount of R 3 481 250.00 under the following
headings.
13.1 Past Medical Expenses R 100 000.00
13.2 Future Medical Expenses Section 17(4)(a) undertaking
13.3 Past loss of Earnings R479 500.00
13.4 Future loss of Earnings R 2 383 685.00
General Damages R 800 000.00
[14] Pertaining to loss of income the plaintiff must adduce evidence of his income
in order to enable the court to assess the loss of past and future earnings. In
addition, the plaintiff must prove the amount of income he will reasonably lose in the
future as a result of the injury. In Mvundle vs RAF2 it is held:
“It is trite that the damages for loss of income can be granted where a person has in
fact suffered or will suffer a true patrimonial loss in that his or her employment
situation has manifestly changed. The plaintiff’s performance can also influence his
2 (63500/2009)[2012]ZAGPPHC(17 April 2012).
or her current job and /or be limited in a number and quality of his or her choices
should he or she decides to find other employment”.
[15] It is common cause that at the time of the accident the plaintiff who was 25
years old was employed as a cash in transit security guard by Fidelity Security
Company for a period of approximately 8 years. The plaintiff ‘s highest standard of
education is grade 11. He further possesses Grade C Security Certificate. He earned
an amount of R5000 per month for the whole period before accident. On post morbid
the plaintiff earns an amount of R6000.00 per month, though he no longer performs
the same duties due to injuries. He testified that he performs lesser duties as he
could no longer carry heavy firearms and was therefore accommodated by the
employer.
EXPERTS EVIDENCE
[16] In quantification of the plaintiff’s claim for loss of earnings , reports of experts
were admitted as evidence. The defendant did not call any witnesses and neither
submitted any expert reports.
[17] The orthopaedic Dr NC Hadebe opines that the plaintiff suffered severe acute
pain for about 5 weeks. He continues to suffer discomfort of standing prolonged
periods. In the result his injuries resulted in a serious long -term impairment or loss of
body function. The plaintiff can be managed with pain medication and surgical
treatment.
[18] Regarding the plaintiff’s occupation and future employability, the orthopaedic
considered opinion is that since the plaintiff has pain in his right leg his choices of
occupation requiring prolonged standing and walking will be limited. His ability to
compete in an open labour market has been affected. In conclusion the orthopaedic
deferred to various experts, whose evidence will be dealt with below.
[19] The occupational therapist, Mr SM Baloyi opines that the functional capacity
evaluation strength testing placed the plaintiff in the light category of work with
increased pain on his right leg and lower back. Right leg has increased pain with
mobilization and when pressure is applied to the leg. He further opines that his
residual functional capacity indicate s that he is suitable for light work. The accident
has a significant impact on his pre -morbid job. He is no longer competitive for
working as a cash in transit security guard and any work involving: (i) lifting and
carrying of medium heavy stuff (ii) elevated work heights where he needs to work
overhead. (iii) job requiring too long and walking (iv) job requiring climbing of ladder
or stairs on a regular basis (v) working outdoors on cold temperatures (vi) driving
long distances (vii) jobs that require sitting in one position for a long period of time.
[20] The plaintiff ‘s working speed productivity, work endurance, physical
endurance and work habits have declined due to his physical pains. In the result the
plaintiff is compromised in meeting the physical demands of his former occupation as
a cash in transit guard as a result of his injury. The plaintiff will always have
problems in fulfilling his duties as an employee because of chronic lower back pain
and right leg. In conclusion the Occupational Therapist concurs with the
Orthopaedics’ findings that the plaintiff’s injuries have resulted in long -impairment or
loss of a body function.
[21] The Industrial psychologist, Ms ME Mokhethi concurs with the O ccupational
Therapist that the accident in question has rendered the plaintiff vulnerable and
unequal competitor in an open labour market; he will not be able to work until his
retirement age at 65. The I ndustrial Psychologist in making a determination on the
post-morbid situation concludes that the plaintiff may continue employment as
Security Officer receiving inflationary/ industry-linked increase until retirement of age
60 and 65 (depending on his employer policy and health status).
[22] It is further opined that the plaintiff will not reach the pre -accident postulated
position of a Custodian, indicating his financial loss due to the accident. According to
the National Bargaining Council for Road Freights Logistics Industry a Custodian is
defined as an employee who drives a motor vehicle and is engaged in the guarding
and handling of cash, valuables, securities and negotiable documents in transit and
who may be required to carry firearms, in addition the employee will be required to
replenish Automated Teller Machines.
[23] From the evidence above it is apparent that the plaintiff’s working capacity is
compromised. The diminished physical capacity has been proven to have negative
impact on the plaintiff’s future earnings. In the result the plaintiff has succeeded in
proving that he will suffer a true patrimonial loss in that his employment situation has
patently changed.
[24] In determining future losses, it is expected that the Court make use of
contingency deductions to provide for any future circumstances which may occur but
cannot be predicted with precision. The actuarial calculations are not binding to this
Court as the court has a wide discretion to award what it considers to be fair and
reasonable compensation.
[25] “Contingencies have been described as the normal consequences and
circumstances of life, which beset every human being, and which directly affect the
amount that a plaintiff would have earned.”3 In his book The Quantum Yearbook ,
Koch states that when assessing damages for loss of earnings or support it is usual
for a deduction to be made for general contingencies for which no explicit allowance
has been made in the actuarial calculation … The deduction is in the prerogative of
the Court. General contingencies cover a wide range of considerations which may
vary from case to case and may include: taxation, early death, loss of employment,
promotion prospect, divorce etc.
[26] Koch refers to the following as some of the guidelines as regards
contingencies:
• “Normal contingencies” as deductions of 5% for past loss and 15% for future
loss.
• Sliding scale: 1/2 % per year to retirement age, i.e. 25% for a child, 20% for a
youth and 10% in the middle age and relies on Goodall v President
Insurance.4
3 AA Mutual Insurance v Van Jaarsveld 1974(4) SA 729 (A).
4 1978 (1) SA 389.
• Differential contingencies are commonly applied, that is to say one
percentage applied to earnings but for the accident, and a different
percentage to earnings having regard to the accident.
[27] When a Court is called upon to exercise an arbitrary discretion that is largely
based on speculated facts it must do so with necessary circumspection. In the
absence of contrary evidence, the court can assume that a reasonable person in the
position of the plaintiff would have succeeded to minimize the adverse hazards of life
rather than to accept them. Both favourable and adverse contingencies have to be
taken into account in determining an appropriate contingency deduction. Bearing in
mind that conti ngencies are not always adverse, the court should in exercising its
discretion lean in favour of the plaintiff as he would not have been placed in the
position where his income would have to be the subject of speculation if the accident
had not occurred.
[28] The actuarial calculations as they stand are based on a scenario that the
plaintiff’s earnings would have progressed fairly. The calculations are based on the
information provided by the plaintiff’s attorney and the Industrial Psychologist’s report
dated 14 June 2021 and the figures are calculated on 01 March 2023. The
calculations are based on what the plaintiff would have earned as a Custodian based
on the basic salary of R4013 -00 per week and employer pension contribution of
7.5% and an annual bonus equal to one month’s basic salary. The actuary allowed
for earnings until retirement age of 62.5.
[29] The Actuary has applied 5% and 15% on past and future earnings when
uninjured and at 25% on future earnings when injured. Having considered all of the
above 10 % contingency had the accident not occurred and 30% contingency for
future loss of earnings is applicable.
[30] The use of the plaintiff’s actuarial calculations has been accepted to be the
viable approach. Having regard to the above it is concluded that deductions of 10%
contingency but for the accident presents a fair value and 30% having regard to the
accident will fairly compensate the plaintiff for the loss suffered as a result of the
accident.
ORDER
1. The defendant is ordered to pay the plaintiff the amount of R1 677 040 .00
(One Million Six Hundred and Seventy -Seven Thousand and Forty Rand) , for
loss of earnings.
2. The defendant shall furnish the plaintiff with an undertaking in terms of
Section 17 (4) (a) of RAF Act.
3. General damages are postponed sine die.
4. The defendant is ordered to pay the plaintiff’s costs on party and party scale B
including the costs of the reports of the experts.
N.P. MALI
JUDGE OF THE HIGH COURT
APPEARANCES:
For the Plaintiff: ADV L MAPHELELA
maphelela@advocatemaphelela.co.za
For the Defendant: MR L.A LEBAKENG
lebogangl@raf.co.za