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SAFLII Note: Certain personal/private details of parties or witnesses have been redacted from this document
in compliance with the law and SAFLII Policy
IN THE HIGH COURT OF SOUTH AFRICA
(GAUTENG DIVISION, PRETORIA)
Case number: 6699/2022
Date: 25 March 2024
REPORTABLE
OF INTEREST TO OTHER JUDGES
REVISED
DATE: 25/03/2024
In the matter between:
NAIR: NIVESH PRAVIN Plaintiff
and
ROAD ACCIDENT FUND Defendant
JUDGMENT
MINNAAR AJ:
INTRODUCTION:
[1] The plaintiff, an adult male born on 13 August 1979, has instituted action against the
defendant for injuries sustained and damages suffered as a result of a motor vehicle
accident which occurred on 12 May 2021 at Sutherland Street, Newcastle. The
accident occurred between the insured vehicle, a Renault Clio bearing registration
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number N[...] driven by S Ntombela (“the insured driver”) and a motorcycle ridden by
the plaintiff.
[2] At the time of the accident, the plaintiff was 42 years of age and he was employed as
a traffic officer by the Newcastle Municipality since January 2005.
[3] In terms of the amended particulars of claim, the plaintiff pleads that the insured
driver was the sole cause of the injuries sustained by the plaintiff.
[4] It is further the pleaded case of the plaintiff, that as a result of the accident, the
plaintiff sustained the following injuries:
a. Head injury with neuropsychological and neuropsychiatric sequelae.
b. Psychological and psychiatric sequelae as a result of the injuries sustained in the
accident.
c. Fifty percent compression fractures of the 4th and 5th thoracic vertebral bodies.
d. Fractures of traverse processes of the 5th, 6th and 7th cervical vertebrae.
e. Grade 1 spleen injury.
f. Grade 1 right kidney injury.
g. Scarring and disfigurement.
h. A fracture of the left distal radius.
i. A fracture of the proximal phalanx of the right thumb.
j. Left subdural subarachnoid haemorrhages with prolonged loss of consciousness,
induced coma and amnesia for almost a month.
[5] It is further pleaded that as a consequence of the injuries sustained by the plaintiff:
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a. The plaintiff had to undergo medical treatment and will in future have to undergo
medical treatment, requiring accommodation, medical goods and services as well as
assistance and assistive devices.
b. The plaintiff was and/or is and/or will continue to be subjected to pain, suffering,
discomfort disfigurement, inconvenience, emotional impact due to the injuries,
disability and loss of amenities of life.
c. The plaintiff was unable to attend to his income earning activities, resulting in a loss
of income.
d. The plaintiff has suffered a partial alternatively complete destruction of his income
earning capacity.
e. As a result of the bodily injuries, the plaintiff has suffered damages of
R11 263 337.00 made up as follows:
i. Past hospital, medical and other goods and services necessitated (estimate):
R1 200 000.00
ii. Estimated future hospital, medical and other goods and services necessitated
(estimate): R250 000.00
iii. Past loss of earnings (incorporated in the calculation for the future loss of earning)
iv. Estimated future loss of earnings and interference with earning capacity:
R7 813 337.00
v. General damages for pain and suffering, disfigurement, inconvenience and loss of
amenities of life: R2 000 000.00
Total of claim: R11 263 337.00
[6] The liability, nature and severity of the plaintiff’s injuries, the sequelae thereof and
the quantum of his damages are in dispute.
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[7] In terms of the provisions of Rule 28 of the Uniform Rules of Court, the plaintiff
applied that the following be admitted into evidence at the hearing on affidavit in
terms of Rule 38(2):
a. The reports and affidavits by:
i. Dr Barlin (9 November 2022): Orthopaedic Surgeon
ii. Dr Kaplan (14 November 2022): General Practitioner
iii. Dr Berkowitz (11 November 2022): Plastic Surgeon
iv. Dr Fine (18 December 2022): Psychiatrist
v. A Cramer (13 February 2023): Clinical Psychologist
vi. Dr Lewer-Allen (17 April 2023): Neurosurgeon
vii. K Nieuwoudt (3 May 2023): Occupational Therapist
viii. E Rossouw (21 November 2023): Industrial Psychologist
ix. I Kramer (23 November 2023): Actuary.
b). Affidavits and/or witness statements by:
i. The plaintiff.
ii. Olga Isolde Scott (medical aid affidavit).
[8] The defendant had no objection to the Rule 28 application . In the premises , it is
appropriate, suitable and fair that all the mentioned reports and affidavits are
admitted into evidence as provided for in the provisions of Rule 38(2).1
[9] I pause to state that the Defendant did not file any expert reports.
1 Havenga v Parker 1993 (3) SA 724 (T); Madibeng Local Municipality v PIC 2018 (6) SA 55 (SCA)
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LIABILITY:
[10] The plaintiff was not called to testify as, according to his counsel, he had no
recollection of the accident.
[11] In terms of the plaintiff’s affidavit:
a. On the day in question he was the rider of the motorcycle and he was travelling
along Sutherland Street, Newcastle near the Exclusive Car Wash.
b. He was travelling in the right -hand of two lanes. As he proceeded along, the motor
vehicle bearing registration letters and number N [...], which was travelling in the lane
to his left suddenly executed a U-turn and struck his motorcycle.
c. At the time of the accident the road was tarred and dry, visibility was good, the
plaintiff was sober and he was wearing his helmet.
[12] The plaintiff called Mr S Xaba as a witness. Mr Xaba was an eyewitness to
the accident and he testified that there was nothing the plaintiff could have done to
avoid the collision with the insured driver.
[13] During cross-examination, Mr Xaba maintained this stance. According to his
testimony, the plaintiff was travelling in the right -hand lane and there was a minibus
taxi to his left. The plaintiff couldn't see the insured driver. The insured driver
suddenly made a u -turn from the left -hand side and the plaintiff couldn't apply his
brakes. Mr Xaba estimated that the plaintiff was about 30 metres from the insured
driver when she executed the U -turn. He further testified that the insured driver was
on her phone. He could not provide details as to the speed the plaintiff was
travelling.
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[14] Mr Xaba, as an independent eyewitness, made a good impression as a
witness and there is no reason why his testimony should be rejected.
[15] From the photos presented by the plaintiff, it is evident that the plaintiff
collided with the right rear of the insured vehicle as this vehicle was horizontal across
the street.
[16] The defendant failed to call any witness on the accident and as such there is
no evidence by the defendant before the court on the liability aspect.
[17] On consideration of the plaintiff’s affidavit, the testimony of Mr Xaba and the
photographs presented, I find that the conduct of the insured driver in executing the
U-turn, whilst being on her phone, constituted gross negligence on her part. There
was no space for the plaintiff to manoeuvre any preventative action and as such the
sole cause of the collision was due to the negligence of the insured driver. It follows
that the plaintiff is entitled to 100% of his proven damages.
QUANTUM:
[18] The plaintiff has undergone medico -legal examinations by seven experts on
his behalf, all of whom have filed expert reports concerning the injuries sustained by
the plaintiff and the sequelae thereof. The defendant elected and/or failed to file any
expert reports to contradict those of the plaintiff.
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[19] It is evident from the medico -legal reports and particulars of claim that the
plaintiff sustained a severe head injury with severe traumatic brain injury with
resultant neurocognitive, neuropsychological and neuropsychiatric sequelae. In
addition, the plaintiff suffered comp ression fractures of the fourth and fifth thoracic
vertebral bodies, fractures of the transverse processes of the fifth, sixth and seventh
cervical vertebrae, fracture of the left radius, fracture of the phalanx of the right
thumb and life-threatening internal injuries to his spleen and kidney.
[20] The plaintiff’s counsel, provided the court with heads of argument which
greatly assisted the court on a summary of the sequelae of the plaintiff’s injuries and,
in the paragraphs hereunder, those references are paraphrased.
[21] The plaintiff suffered an immediate loss of consciousness with a Glasgow
coma scale (“GCS”) recorded at the scene of the accident at 3/15. Plaintiff was
transported by ambulance to the Newcastle Medi Clinic where he was intubated and
ventilated. Due to the severity of the Plaintiff’s injuries , it was however necessary to
transfer to the Milpark Hospital where he arrived by helicopter at 04h00 on 13 May
2021. From the Netcare Mi lpark Hospital record s, it is evident tha t on his arrival at
Milpark his GCS still recorded as 3/15.
[22] CT brain scans demonstrated a subarachnoid haemorrhage and a sub -falx
haematoma with multiple haemorrhagic contusions of the brain as well as cerebral
oedema. On 21 May 2021, the plaintiff underwent operative procedures to the
fracture of the left radius with open reduction and internal fixation and the fracture of
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the right thumb was stabilised with Kirchner wires. The plaintiff sustained a Grade 1
splenic injury as well as a Grade 1 right kidney injury.
[23] On 9 June 2021, and after spending almost a full month in hospital, the
plaintiff was discharged from Mi lpark Hospital. His GCS recording being 14/15. The
plaintiff was transferred to the Netcare Rehabilitation Centre for further rehabilitative
treatment and he had to remain on bedrest for an extended period after his
discharge.
[24] Concerning the head injury, the neurosurgeon, Dr Lewer -Allen concludes that
the plaintiff suffered a severe head injury with severe traumatic brain injury
comprising both diffuse and multiple focal components as well as risk of secondary
brain injury from hypoxic factors resulting in changes in neurocognitive and
behavioural function.
[25] The plaintiff has undergone neuropsychological assessment by Ms Cramer, a
clinical and neuropsychologist. According to her report, the neuropsychological
testing reveals multiple difficulties, inter alia, with memory, attention, psychomotor
speed, reduced clerical efficiency, and executive functioning which are in keeping
with the expected outcome following a severe head and brain injury. Ms Cremer
further found that, from a neuropsychological perspective, the plaintiff is considered
occupationally vulnerable.
[26] Dr Fine, the psychiatrist, concludes that the plaintiff sustained a traumatic
head injury with significant organic brain damage resulting in ongoing difficulties with
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memory, mood and behaviour and significant alteration in mental status. Cognition
and highest integrative function (MSCHIF). The plaintiff also suffers from post-
traumatic stress disorder and accident -related depression and, having sustained
such brain trauma, the functional effect can be considered permanent and
irreversible leaving the plaintiff vulnerable to the development of an array of
organically based psychiatric disorders over his lifetime.
[27] Despite the traumatic head injury, it is imperative to note that Dr Fine found
that it does not appear that the plaintiff requires protection on psychiatric and/or
neuropsychiatric grounds for any large sum awarded.
[28] Dr Barlin, the orthopaedic surgeon, diagnoses a 50% compression fracture of
the fourth and fifth thoracic vertebral bodies, fracture of transverse processes of the
fifth, sixth and seventh cervical vertebrae, fracture of the left distal radius and
fracture of the proximal phalanx of the right thumb. According to Dr Barlin, the
plaintiff continues suffering ongoing back pain, wrist pain, neck pain and difficulty
with his right thumb.
LOSS OF INCOME:
[29] The plaintiff has completed matric in 1997. Therefater he completed and
obtained numerous traffic-related courses and diplomas. In the opinion of Ms Cramer
(neuropsychologist), the plaintiff was of average to high average intellectual potential
before the accident. The court notes that it is recorded that the plaintiff obtained his
Traffic Officer Diploma cum laude in 2004.
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[30] At the time of the accident, the plaintiff was employed by the Newcastle
Municipality as a traffic officer. He had been employed since January 2005 earning a
gross average monthly salary of R68 379.00.
[31] After the accident, the plaintiff was off work for approximately 3 months
whereafter he returned to his pre -accident employment in an accommodated
capacity with fieldwork consisting of overseeing scholar patrols/school pedestrian
crossings.
[32] Ms Cramer, the neuropsychologist, states that in her opinion, in consequence
of the injuries sustained in the accident, the plaintiff has been rendered
occupationally vulnerable due to difficulties with attention, concentration, memory,
reduced efficiency and emotional distress aggravated by pain and discomfort and
other physical limitations. She observed that the plaintiff has a sympathetic and
supportive work environment but would struggle to obtain and maintain alternative
employment should he lose his current position for any reason.
[33] Dr Fine , psychiatrist, concludes that the plaintiff has been rendered a
vulnerable individual and unequal competitor being unable to compete in the open
labour market due to the life-changing events of the accident.
[34] Dr Barlin, an orthopaedic surgeon, concludes that the plaintiff will not be able
to undertake any work of a physical nature and will only be capable of performing
administrative duties for the rest of his working life.
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[35] It is the conclusive opinion of the occupational therapist, Me Nieuwoudt that
due to the neurocognitive as well as neuropsychological difficulties, the plaintiff is
extremely vulnerable while working as a traffic officer in the field and that it is justified
that he has been assigned to administrative duties. The testing conducted confirmed
that the plaintiff does not present with adequate cognitive requirements for his pre -
accident occupation. According to her, the plaintiff remains functionally
unemployable for work as a traffic officer even while executing administrative duties
and the plaintiff remains employed as a result of a sympathetic employer/supervisor.
[36] Dr Rossouw, the industrial psychologist, conducted a comprehensive psycho -
legal evaluation of employability. The purpose hereof was to evaluate the effects of
the injuries sustained by the plaintiff and their sequelae on his employment and
employability. In completing the said report, Dr Rossouw had full access to all of the
medico-legal reports as well as collateral information from the plaintiff’s employers.
In the opinion of Dr Rossouw:
a. Had it not been for the injuries sustained in the accident, the plaintiff would have
secured promotion to the position of superintendent by February 2024 and thereafter
he would have had a 50% chance of being promoted to chief traffic officer by July
2029. This would have been his employment ceiling with inflationary increases
thereafter until the retirement age of 60 years. I pause to state that Dr Rossouw
makes mention of a retirement age of 60 years old whilst in the plaintiff’s
employment contract it is stated to be 65 years.
b. In consequence of the injuries sustained in the accident, the plaintiff requires a
structured, simple and understanding work environment where accommodations and
assisted devices are afforded. At present, and fortunate so, the plaintiff has the
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support and understanding of his colleagues and superiors who assist and
accommodate the plaintiff with his difficulties as far as possible.
c. The plaintiff will remain highly vulnerable in his employment for the remainder of his
working life and it is highly improbable that he will be able to compete for or sustain
alternative employment on the open labour market. Should the plaintiff remain in his
current employment, he will receive inflationary increases until retirement age.
[37] The actuary, Ivan Kramer, undertook actuarial reports and calculations based
on the opinion of the industrial psychologist concerning the plaintiff’s earning
capacity. In his report, Mr Kramer applied a retirement age of 65 years.
[38] In preparing the report, Mr Kramer applied a 50% chance of the plaintiff
remaining in the position of superintendent and a 50% chance of being promoted to
chief traffic officer but for the accident. Mr Kramer assesses the plaintiff’s earnings,
having regard to the accident, based upon his current position and earnings.
[39] Mr Kramer, in addition, applies a 12.5% contingency deduction to the
plaintiff’s earnings but for the accident and a 22.5% contingency deduction having
regard to the plaintiff’s injuries (10% differential).
[40] Counsel for the defendant argued that the plaintiff has been a traffic officer for
16 years without any promotion but that now, had it not been for the accident, the
plaintiff would have been promoted to superintendent and eventually to chief traffic
officer. According to the defendant’s counsel, the prospects of the plaintiff eventually
being promoted to chief traffic officer are too optimistic and as such the postulations
are unrealistic. It was argued that the postulation as contained in Basis A of Mr
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Kramer’s report (being promoted to superintendent) should be awarded and not
Basis B of the report (being promoted to chief traffic officer). It was further argued
that the post -morbid contingencies should be left as they are in the actuarial report
as a deviation from this would otherwise result in overreach.
[41] Defendant’s counsel conceded that should the plaintiff lose his current
employment he will not be able to source alternative employment.
[42] The plaintiff’s counsel submitted that based on the reports and opinions of the
various experts concerning the plaintiff’s future employment prospects, a
substantially higher contingency deduction should be applied to the plaintiff’s
earnings having regard to the accident.
[43] In considering the damages herein, I rely on the well-known and much-quoted
dictum by Nicholas JA in Southern Insurance Association v Bailey N.O. 1984 (1) SA
98 (AD) at 113G – 114A.
'Any enquiry into damages for loss of earning capacity is of its nature speculative,
because it involves a prediction as to the future, without the benefit of crystal balls,
soothsayers, augurs or oracles. All that the Court can do is to make an estimate,
which is often a very rough estimate, of the present value of the loss.
It has open to it two possible approaches.
One is for the Judge to make a round estimate of an amount which seems to him to
be fair and reasonable. That is entirely a matter of guesswork, a blind plunge into the
unknown.
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The other is to try to make an assessment, by way of mathematical calculations, on
the basis of assumptions resting on the evidence. The validity of this approach
depends of course upon the soundness of the assumptions, and these may vary
from the strongly probable to the speculative.
It is manifest that either approach involves guesswork to a greater or lesser extent.
But the Court cannot for this reason adopt a non possumus attitude and make no
award.'
[44] The seriousness of the injuries sustained by the plaintiff’s injuries and the
effect on the plaintiff’s employability and career prospects are not in dispute. The
medico-legal reports of all the plaintiff’s experts are also clear on these aspects.
[45] I agree with the approach adopted by the plaintiff’s counsel that the more
realistic scenario would be to apply a 50% deduction to the plaintiff’s earnings having
regard to the accident and utilise the mean average of the plaintiff’s earnings but for
the accident, the plaintiff’s net loss of income would total an amount of
R6 991 418.00. I deem this an appropriate reward for the plaintiff’s net loss of
income.
GENERAL DAMAGES:
[46] On the day of trial, the defendant’s counsel confirmed that the defendant
conceded that the plaintiff suffered serious injuries. In this regard, it is the case of the
plaintiff that the RAF4 serious injury assessment reports have been completed by
Drs Barlin, Kaplan and Berkowitz, who qualified the Plaintiff in terms of paragraphs
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5.1 and 5.2 of the narrative test. In addition, Dr Kaplan assesses the plaintiff’s whole
person impairment at 36%.
[47] The principles relevant to the assessment of general damages are well-known
and appear from cases such as Sandler v Wholesale Coal Suppliers Ltd 1941 AD
194, Protea Assurance CO Ltd v Lamb 1971 (1) SA 530 (A), AA Onderlinge
Assuransie Assosiasie Bpk v Solomons 1980 (3) SA 134 (A) and Southern
Insurance Association v Bailey N.O. 1984 (1) SA 98 (AD).
[48] In considering the amount to be awarded for general damages it is acceptable
to have regard to awards issued in broadly comparative cases and the decrease in
the value of monies since the previous cases were decided.
[49] The plaintiff’s counsel referred the court to the following two comparable
cases concerning head injuries:
a. Torres v Road Accident Fund 2007 (6) QOD: A4-1 GSJ:
R600 000.00 awarded (current day value: R1 538 000.00.
b. Ndokweni v Road Accident Fund 2013 (7) A4 QOD: 9 ECP:
R800 000.00 awarded (current day value: R1 403 000.00.
[50] It is well established that an assessment of an appropriate award of general
damages (sometimes also referred to as non -pecuniary damages) is a discretionary
matter and has as its objective to fairly and adequately compensate an injured party
(see Protea Assurance Co Ltd v Lamb 1971 (1) SA 530 (A) at 534H -535A and Road
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Accident Fund v Marunga ZASCA (144/2002) [2003] ZASCA 19; 2003 (5) SA 164
(SCA) para 23).
[51] There are no questions as to the seriousness of the injuries sustained by the
plaintiff herein and the dire sequelae of same. The plaintiff is severely, and
negatively impacted by this incident and will never be able to escape any of the
consequences thereof on his day -to-day existence or professional career. Following
the accident , the plaintiff spent almost a full calendar month in the hospital and
thereafter he had to attend rehabilitative treatment. After his discharge, he remained
on bedrest for an extended period. On his recovery, he was also unable to
commence with the full capacity of his pre -accident employment and , to his benefit,
and at least for the time being, is being accommodated by a sympathetic supervisor
and colleagues.
[52] In the amended particulars of claim an amount of R2 000 000.00 is claimed
for general damages. In the plaintiff’s heads of argument an amount of
R1 200 000.00 was mentioned. During argument, the plaintiff’s counsel submitted
that an amount of R1 500 000.00 would be reasonable.
[53] Defendant’s counsel submitted that an amount of R1 200 000.00 would be
reasonable and that the proposed R1 500 000.00 came as a surprise.
[54] On consideration of all the evidence provided this court is of the view that an
amount of R1 500 000.00 would be reasonable and as such that general damages in
the amount of R1 500 000.00 is awarded to the plaintiff for general damages.
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PAST MEDICAL AND HOSPITALISATION COSTS:
[55] In his amended particulars of claim the plaintiff claimed an estimated
R1 200 000.00 for past medical and hospitilisation costs.
[56] The plaintiff submitted a Rule 35(9) notice in terms of which the total of the
past medical and hospital expenses are the amount of R926 059.82.
[57] There was no objection raised by the defendant to this notice and no
evidence, nor submissions, was adduced to challenge same.
[58] The plaintiff is therefore entitled to his claim for past medical and hospital
expenses in the amount of R926 059.82.
FUTURE MEDICAL EXPENSES:
[59] In terms of section 17(4)(a) of the Road Accident Fund Act 56 of 1996 to
reimburse 100% of the Plaintiff for the costs of any future accommodation of the
plaintiff in a hospital or nursing home, or treatment or rendering of service to him or
supplying goods to him arising out of injuries sustained by plaintiff in a motor vehicle
accident on which the cause of action is based, after such costs have been incurred
and upon proof thereof.
COSTS:
[60] There is no reason why costs should not follow the outcome hereof and as
such the defendant is liable for the plaintiff’s costs.
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ORDER:
The following order is made:
[1] The Defendant is liable for 100% of the Plaintiff’s proven damages.
[2] The Defendant shall pay to the Plaintiff a capital amount of
R9 417 477.82 (Nine Million, Four Hundred and Seventeen Thousand, Four Hundred
and Seventy-Seven Rand and Eighty-Two Cents Only) of which:
a. R6 991 418.00 is in respect of Loss of Earnings
b. R1 500 000.00 is in respect of General Damages
c. R926 059.82 is in respect of Past Hospital and Medical Expenses, t ogether with
interest a tempore mora calculated in accordance with the Prescribed Rate of
interest Act 55 of 1975, read with section 17(3)(a) of the Road Accident Fund Act 56
of 1996.
[3] Payment will be made directly to the trust account of the Plaintiff’s attorneys within a
180 (hundred and eighty) days from the granting of this order: Provided that interest
shall start running on the capital amount within 14 (fourteen) days of the granting of
this order:
Holder D[…] B[…] A[…] I[…]
Account Number 1[…]
Bank & Branch N[…] – N[…] G[…]
Code 1[…]
Ref N[…]
[4] The Defendant is ordered in terms of section 17(4)(a) of the Road Accident Fund Act
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56 of 1996 to reimburse 100% of the Plaintiff for the costs of any future
accommodation of the plaintiff in a hospital or nursing home, or treatment or
rendering of service to him or supplying goods to him arising out of injuries sustained
by plaintiff in a motor vehicle accident on which the cause of action is based, after
such costs have been incurred and upon proof thereof.
[5] The Defendant is to pay the Plaintiff’s agreed or taxed High Court costs as between
party and party, subject to the discretion of the taxing master.
[6] The Plaintiff shall, in the event that the costs are not agreed:
a. serve the Notice of Taxation on the Defendant’s; and
b. allow the Defendant fourteen (14) days to make payment of the taxed costs.
[7] It is noted that t here is a contingency fee agreement in existence between the
Plaintiff and her Attorneys.
Minnaar AJ
Case number: 6699/2022
Heard on: 15 March 2024
For the Plaintiff: Adv I Zidel SC
Instructed by: De Broglio Attorneys Inc.
For the Defendant: Adv M Segota
Instructed by: State Attorney
Date of Judgment: 25 March 2024