SAFLII Note: Certain personal/private details of parties or witnesses have been redacted from this document
in compliance with the law and SAFLII Policy
THE SUPREME COURT OF APPEAL OF SOUTH AFRICA
JUDGMENT
Not Reportable
Case no: 69/2023
In the matter between:
CUDUCAP (PTY) LTD Appellant
and
PHILIPPUS JOHANNES DE BRUYN Respondent
Neutral citation: Cuducap (Pty) Ltd v De Bruyn (Case no 69/2023) [2024] ZASCA
62 (29 April 2024)
Coram: MOLEMELA P, MBATHA, MEYER AND GOOSEN JJA AND BLOEM
AJA
Heard: 13 March 2024
Delivered: This judgment was handed down electronically by circulation to the
parties’ representatives via email, publication on the Supreme Court of Appeal
website and release to SAFLII. The date and time of hand -down is deemed to be
11h00 am on 29 April 2024.
Summary: Joinder – appeal court taking point of non -joinder mero motu - court
would not deal with matters where a third party who may have a direct and
substantial interest in the litigation was not joined in the suit or where adequate steps
could not be taken to ensure that its judgment w ill not prejudicially affect such party’s
interests, nor would it make findings adverse to any person’s interests, without that
person first being a party to the proceedings before it.
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ORDER
On appeal from: Western Cape Division of the High C ourt (Erasmus J, Saldanha
and Slingers JJ concurring, sitting as court of appeal):
1. The appeal is upheld with costs, including those of two counsel where so
employed.
2. The order of the full court of the Western Cape Division of the High Court granted
on 13 September 2022 is set aside and replaced with the following order:
‘(a) The appeal is upheld with costs, including those of two counsel where so
employed.
(b) The order of the Western Cape Division of the High Court granted on 11
December 2020 is set aside and replaced with the following order:
(i) The matter is remitted to the High Court to consider which third parties who
may have a direct and substantial interest in the litigation should be joined in the
suit.
(ii) The costs of the application are reserved until the final determination of the
application.’
JUDGMENT
Meyer JA ( Molemela P and Mbatha and Goosen JJA and Bloem AJA
concurring):
[1] The appellant, Cuducap (Pty) Ltd (Cuducap), appeals an order of the full court
of the Western Cape Division of the High Cou rt, per Erasmus J with Saldanha and
Slingers JJ concurring, (the full court), setting aside an eviction order granted by the
Western Cape Division of the High Court, per Magona AJ (the high court), against
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the respondent, Mr Philippus Johannes de Bruyn (Mr de Bruyn), from a residential
immovable property situated at 1 […] R[…] Street, Goodwood, Western Cape (the
property), and replacing it with an order that was not claimed. The appeal is with
special leave of this Court.
[2] First, the pertinent background facts, which are largely common cause. During
2012, Mr de Bruyn experienced financial problems and became unable to repay his
monthly mortgage loan repayments owing to Absa Bank Ltd (Absa ), which debt was
secured by a mortgage bond over the property. He was introduced to a certain Ms
Yvette Fourie (Ms Fourie), a representative of a business called Mortgage Recovery.
That business assisted persons in financial distress who owned an immovable
property by introducing them to an investor . The investor would purchase t he
property from such person in distress (the deed of sale), conclude an instalment sale
agreement (instalment sale agreement) in terms of which the person in distress
purchases the property back from the investor. In addition, a fixed term lease
agreement is concluded in terms of which the person in distress rents the property
from the investor (lease agreement) while making payments under the instalment
sale agreement. The investor would apply for mortgage loan finance and a mortgage
bond would be registered against the title deed of the property. The proceeds of the
mortgage loan finance would be utilis ed to pay the debts of the person in distress
and a portion would be paid to the investor (the new owner of the property).
[3] Ms Fourie introduced Mr de Bruyn to such an investor, Cuducap, represented
by its only two directors, Mr Helperus Retzma Joe van Ryneveld and Ms Engela
Wilhelmina van Ryneveld (the Van Rynevelds). They, on behalf of Cuducap , agreed
to invest in the property. On 28 January 2013, a deed of sale was concluded in terms
of which the property was s old to Cuducap for R1,6 million. Ownership of the
of which the property was s old to Cuducap for R1,6 million. Ownership of the
property subsequently passed to Cuducap, who held the property under Title Deed
No. T23763/2013. Cuducap financed its acquisition of the property by means of a
mortgage loan it obtained from Standard Bank Ltd (Standard Bank), which loan was
secured by means of the registration of a mortgage bond over the property . It paid
Absa the outstanding amount of R443 500, which was owing by Mr de Bruyn on his
Absa mortgage loan, and the mortgage bond in favour of Absa was cancelled. It also
paid Mr de Bruyn the cash amount of R215 250.00.
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[4] On 1 June 2013, an instalment sale agreement was concluded between
Cuducap and Mr de Bruyn, in terms of which the property was resold to Mr de Bruyn
for the total amount of R1 528 500.77, payable over five years as foll ows: (a) an
initial instalment of R750 147.22 payable on or before 1 June 2013. This initial
instalment was calculated as the balance of the purchase price due by Cuducap to
Mr de Bruyn, whereafter it was divided by 59 months to determine the ‘rental’ of
R12 714,36 payable by Mr de Bruyn to Cuducap; (b) 59 monthly instalments of
R2 500 also payable as ‘rental’ by Mr de Bruyn to Cuducap from 1 June 2013,
totaling an amount of R147 000; and (c) a final payment of R630 853.55 payable by
Mr de Bruyn to Cuducap on 1 April 2018. On 1 June 2013, a lease agreement was
also concluded between Cuducap and Mr de Bruyn. In terms thereof: (a) Cuducap
leased the property to Mr de Bruyn for a period of 59 months from 1 June 2013 to 1
April 2018; and (b) Mr de Bruyn was obliged to pay monthly rental in the amount of
R12 714.36 plus an additional monthly rental in the amount of R2 500.
[5] Mr de Bruyn made the monthly payments of R2 500 (on average) for the
period 1 June 2013 to 1 July 2016. He thereafter failed to pay to Cuducap any further
amount, and also not the final amount of R630 853.55 due on 1 April 2018. Cuducap,
in turn, failed to duly repay to Standard Bank its monthly mortgage loan instalments .
Standard Bank obtained default judgment against Cuducap and the Van Rynevelds
qua sureties, and became entitled to sell the property in execution. On 6 August
2018, Cuducap caused a letter of demand to be sent to Mr de Bruyn wherein he was
afforded a period of 30 days within which to remedy his breaches. He failed to do so.
Cuducap provided him with a cancellation notice on 6 September 2018, and
demanded that he vacate the property. Cuducap wished to sell the property by
demanded that he vacate the property. Cuducap wished to sell the property by
private treaty before Standard Bank had caused it to be sold in execution by public
auction at a lesser forced sale price. Mr de Bruyn refused to vacate the property.
[6] On 29 October 2018, Cuducap initiated proceedings in the high court, claiming
the eviction of Mr de Bruyn ‘and all other unlawful occupiers who occupy the
property’ from the property , in terms of the Prevention of Illegal Eviction from and
Unlawful Occupation of Land Act 19 of 1998 (PIE Act) (the eviction application) . Mr
de Bruyn opposed the eviction application, essentially on the grounds that the three
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agreements are interrelated and constitute a transaction that is contra bonos mores
and, therefore, unlawful and invalid. He maintained that the property should be re -
transferred to him. He argued that similar schemes were declared ‘fraudulent
schemes’ or to be contrary to public policy.1 Cuducap, on the other hand, argued that
there are material distinctions between the cases relied upon by Mr de Bruyn and the
facts of the eviction application in casu, ‘rendering these authorities to have no real
application’.
[7] The high court held that the instalment sale agreement and the lease
agreement were ‘contrary to public policy’, ‘void ab initio ’, and therefore
‘unenforceable’. It held that the deed of sale ‘was an independent agreement’, valid,
and that Mr de Bruyn was an unlawful occupier who occupied the property without
the consent of Cuducap. It, therefore, granted the following order on 11 December
2020:
‘1. The application succeeds.
2. The First Respondent [Mr de Bruyn], and all other unlawful occupiers who occupy the
property, situated at 1 […] R[…] Street Goodwood, Western Cape (hereinafter “the
property”) and who purport to hold title thereto by virtue of the First Respondent’s
unlawful occupation, be evicted from the property from 31 January 2021.
3. In the event of the First Respondent, and all those unlawful occupiers holding title under
him, failing and/or refusing to vacate the property on the date so ordered, the Sheriff or
his lawfully appointed Deputy is hereby authorized to enter upon the property and evict
the First Respondent, along with all those unlawful occupiers holding title under him from
01 February 2021;
4. The First Respondent is to pay the costs of this application.’ (The eviction order.)
[8] Unsatisfied with th e eviction order, Mr de Bruyn, with leave of the high court,
appealed to the full court. It held that all three agreements, on a proper interpretation,
appealed to the full court. It held that all three agreements, on a proper interpretation,
‘must be dealt with as ‘one compactum’. It held that ‘[i]f the one falls, the whole deck
of cards collapse’. The transaction, according to the full court, ‘was a scam’. It,
therefore held that ‘the appeal succeeds insofar as the court a quo did not declare
1 Absa v Moore [2015] ZASCA 171; 2016 (3) SA 97 (SCA); Absa Bank Ltd v Moore and Another
[2016] ZACC 34; 2017 (2) BCLR 131(CC); 2017 (1) SA 255 (CC); Morley v Lambrechts (A526/2013)
ZAWCHC 124 (21 August 2014).
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the sale agreement unlawful as well’. On 13 September 2022, it made the following
order:
‘1. The appeal succeeds insofar as it relates to the two issues.
2. The court a quo’s order, insofar as it relates to the main sale agreement, is hereby set
aside and substituted with the following order:
a. It is declared that the transaction constituted by the deeds of sale executed by the
appellant [Mr de Bruyn] and the respondent [Cuducap] on either 1 June 2013 or
another date prior to that, is contrary to public policy and the agreement and its
component parts is thus void ab initio.
b. It is declared that the deed of transfer (T23763/13) in terms of which title of Erf 1 […].
Goodwood, City of Cape Town was conveyed from appellant, Philippus Johannes De
Bruyn (ID Number 60 […]) to respondent, Cuducap (Pty) Ltd (Registration no
2012/198147/07), shall be cancelled by the Registrar, The Registrar of Deeds, Cape
Town is directed to give effect to this declaration in the manner and with the effect
contemplated in terms of s 6 of the Deeds of Registries Act, 47 of 1937. (The right of
the Registrar of Deeds to require confirmation of this Order in the sense contemplated
by s 97(2) of the said Act, if he considers it meet, is reserved).
c. It is declared that the mortgage bond in favour of Standard Bank in terms of which a
mortgage bond was registered over Erf 1[…], Goodwood, Cape Town shall be
cancelled and the Registrar of Deeds, Cape Town is directed to give effect to this
declaration in the manner and with the effect contemplated in terms of s 6 of the Deeds
of Registries Act, 47 of 1937. (The right of the Registrar of Deeds to require
confirmation of this Order in the sense contemplated by s 97(2) of the said Act, if he
considers it meet, is reserved).
3. The respondent is to pay the costs of this application and the appeal.’
[9] It was not competent for the full court to make that order. It granted relief that
[9] It was not competent for the full court to make that order. It granted relief that
was not sought by Mr de Bruyn. Furthermore, the full court made findings adverse to
Standard Bank’s interests, without it being a party to the proceedings before the full
court and the high court. The law on joinder is well settled. A court would not deal
with matters where a third party who may have a direct and substantial interest in the
litigation was not joined in the suit or where adequate steps could not be taken to
ensure that its judgment will not prejudicially affect the party’s interests, nor would it
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make findings adverse to any person’s interests, without that person first being a
party to the proceedings before it.2
[10] Mr de Bruyn alleged that the three agreements are interrelated, constitute a
transaction that is contra bonos mores, unlawful, invalid, and that the property should
be re -transferred to him. Given the high court’s stance that the instalment sale
agreement was ‘contrary to public policy’, ‘void ab initio ’, and therefore
unenforceable, the high court should not have adjudicated the application without
first ordering the joinder of Standard Ba nk and any third party who may have a direct
and substantial interest in the litigation. This is because the instalment sale
agreement was the underlying causa for the mortgage bond that was registered in
favour of Standard Bank. I am not suggesting that a mortgagee should be joined in
every application for the eviction of an unlawful occupier under the PIE Act. However,
given the specific facts of this matter, there can be no doubt that Standard Bank as
the mor tgagee, has a direct and substantial interest which may be prejudicially
affected by the judgment of the court. Courts have consistently refrained from dealing
with issues in which a third party may have a direct and substantial interest without
having that party joined in the suit, or if the circumstances of a case permit, taking
other adequate steps to ensure that its judgment does not prejudicial affect that
party’s interest. 3 Given the circumstances of this case, the appropriate order is to
remit the matter to the court of first instance so that it can take appropriate steps to
safeguard the interests of parties who may have a direct and substantial inter est in
the litigation.
[11] In the result the following order is made:
1. The appeal is upheld with costs, including those of two counsel where so
employed.
2. The order of the Full Court of the Western Cape Division of the High Court
employed.
2. The order of the Full Court of the Western Cape Division of the High Court
granted on 13 September 2022 is set aside and replaced with the following order:
2 Matjihabeng Local Municipality v Eskom Holdings Limited and Others; Mkhonto and Others v
Compensation Solutions (Pty) Ltd [2017] ZACC 35; 2017 (11) BCLR 1408 (CC); 2018 (1) SA 1 (CC)
para 92; Amalgamated Engineering Union v Minister of Labour 1949 (3) SA 637 (A) at 559, also cited
in Transvaal Agricultural Union v Minister of Agricultural and Land Affairs and Others [2005] ZASCA
12; 2005 (4) SA 212 (SCA) para 64; Watson NO v Ngonyama and Another [2021] ZASCA 74; [2021] 3
All SA 412 (SCA); 2021 (5) SA 559 (SCA) para 51.
3 Amalgamated Engineering Union v Minister of Labour 1949 (3) SA 637 (A) at 559.
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‘(a) The appeal is upheld with costs, including those of two counsel where so
employed.
(b) The order of the Western Cape Division of the High Court granted on 11
December 2020 is set aside and replaced with the following order:
(i) The matter is remitted to the High Court to consider which third parties who may
have a direct and substantial interest in the litigation should be joined in the suit.
(ii) The costs of the application are reserved until the final determination of the
application.’
________________________
P A MEYER
JUDGE OF APPEAL
Appearances
For appellant: A Kantor SC with L L Zazeraj
Instructed by: VWH Attorneys c/o Van Zyl Attorneys, Cape Town
Symington & De Kok, Bloemfontein
For respondent: J T Benadé
Instructed by: Jacques van Niekerk Attorneys, Somerset West
JL Jordaan, Bloemfontein