IN THE HIGH COURT OF SOUTH AFRICA
(EASTERN CAPE DIVISION, MAKHANDA)
NOT REPORTABLE
Case no: 40/2023
In the matter between:
THE STATE
and
YAMKELANI FUNAPHI Accused 1
THEMBELANI MAZIBUKO Accused 2
ANDILE LUCKY DYANI Accused 3
__________________________________________________________________
SENTENCE
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Govindjee J
[1] The accused were convicted on charges of murder, robbery with aggravating
circumstances and attempting to defeat the ends of justice, acting in the execution of
a common purpose. Accused no. 1 and no. 3 were also convicted of the crime of
housebreaking with the intent to commit theft.
2
[2] In terms of s 51(1) of the Criminal Law Amendment Act, 1997, 1 read with
Parts I and II of Schedule 2, prescribed sentences apply in respect of two of the
counts. They are 15 years imprisonment in respect of the convictions for robbery
with aggravating circumstances and life imprisonment in respect of the murder
convictions because the murder was committed during a robbery and was also
committed by the accused in the execution or furtherance of a common purpose.
[3] Section 276 of the Criminal Procedure Act, 1977 2 provides for the sentences
which courts can impose. A sentencing court’s discretion must be exercised judicially
and properly, and courts are enjoined to temper the punishment with a measure of
mercy.3 The sentencing court must attempt to achieve a balance in its sentence, and
not approach its task in a spirit of anger, but in one of equity. Hastiness, the striving
after severity and misplaced pity are out of place, as are so -called exemplary
sentences designed to use the crime to set an example for others in society. 4 Still,
more serious cases clearly require severity, with a certain moderation of generosity
where appropriate, for the appropriate balance to be struck. The object of sentencing
is not to satisfy public opinion, but to serve the public interest.5
[4] In the final analysis, the well -known triad of factors to be considered consists
of ‘the crime, the offender and the interests of society ’,6 and these factors must be
applied, in accordance with S v Malgas,7 to consider whether substantial and
compelling circumstances exist to deviate from any prescribed minimum sentence. 8
In S v Matyityi,9 Ponnan JA held that Parliament:
1 Act 105 of 1997.
2 Act 51 of 1977 (‘the CPA’).
3 S v Rabie 1975 (4) SA 855 (A) at 862G–H.
4 See S v Khulu 1975 (2) SA 518 (N) 521–522.
5 S v Mhlakhaza and Another [1997] 2 All SA 185 (A) at 189. Also see S v M (Centre for Child Law as
amicus curiae) 2007 (2) SACR 539 (CC).
6 S v Zinn [1969] 3 All SA 57 (A) at 540G–H.
7 S v Malgas 2001 (1) SACR 469 (SCA).
8 See Radebe v The State [2019] ZAGPPHC 406 para 12.
9 S v Matyityi 2011 (1) SACR 40 (SCA) para 23. Also see S v Malgas above n 7 , in respect of the
prescribed period of imprisonment in the Minimum Sentences Act ordinarily being imposed for the
commission of the listed crimes in the specified circumstances, in the absence of weighty justification,
as quoted in Otto v S [2017] ZASCA 114 at para 21.
3
‘…has ordained minimum sentences for certain specified offences. Courts are obliged to
impose those sentences unless there are truly convincing reasons for departing from them.
Courts are not free to subvert the will of the legislature by resort to vague, ill -defined
concepts…and ill -founded hypotheses that appear to fit the particular sentencing officer’s
personal notion of fairness. Predictable outcomes, not outcomes based on the whim of an
individual judicial officer, [are] foundational to the rule of law which lies at the heart of our
constitutional order’.
Nature of the crime and surrounding circumstances
[5] In convicting the accused I found that the accused broke into the deceased’s
property with the intention to commit theft. The evidence reveals that the deceased
came across the accused and a fight ensued, accused 2 and 3 joining the fray and
assisting accused 1 in assaulting the deceased. They struck him with fists and beat
him in a manner that caused his head to repeatedly strike a table, wooden chairs
and a wall. It is also accepted that one or more of the accused poured hot liquid onto
the deceased, causing severe burns covering approximately 15 percent of his body.
In addition, superficial linear wounds on top of the deceased’s head were caused by
a sharp object, seemingly in an attempt to stab the deceased.
[6] At some stage the accused stopped their attack. They tied up the deceased
and proceeded with the robbery. When examined by a doctor soon thereafter, and
despite his serious injuries, which caused confusion and disorientation, the
deceased was partially able to conduct a normal conversation. Sadly, he succumbed
to his injuries approximately a month later. This was part of the evidence that
resulted in the murder conviction based on dolus eventualis.
The accused’s circumstances and interests
[7] Accused no. 1 is 24 years of age. He dropped out of school in grade ten, is
unmarried with one young child, who stays with his mother. He performed special
jobs for the deceased on occasion, earning limited income for this work.
4
[8] Accused no. 2 is 40 years of age. He also dropped out of school in grade ten.
He is unmarried and his son, aged 14, lives with the child’s mother. He performed
construction work earning R1800 per month prior to his arrest.
[9] Accused no. 3 is 29 years of age. He completed schooling and was employed
as a general worker, earning approximately R1500 per month, prior to his arrest. He
too is unmarried with a daughter, aged eight, who lives with his parents in Cape
Town.
[10] The accused have been in custody for the past ten months . All conveyed,
through their counsel, that they were remorseful and apologised for their conduct. All
may be treated as first offenders for purposes of sentencing. Mr Geldenhuys
submitted that this, coupled with their pleas of guilty and general co-operation since
their arrest, demonstrated the possibility of rehabilitation and eventual reintegration
into society. He impressed that this was a housebreaking that went wrong, as
opposed to a premeditated murder, and that the convictions had been based upon
dolus eventualis . A further factor to consider was that it was probable that the
accused were, at least to some extent, under the influence of liquor and / or drugs at
the time, thereby lowering their inhibitions.
The interests of society
[11] The deceased’s son, Mr Davidson, testified about the devastating impact of
his passing on the family, staff and broader community. The deceased was a fit and
healthy man and his murder had deprived his wife and family of his companionship.
Mr Davidson explained his close relationship with his father, and it is evident that his
presence will be sorely missed.
[12] The deceased had served as a mentor for emerging farmers. This group were
now stripped of the benefit of his knowledge and would suffer financially as a result.
He also supported neighbouring farmers by paying to use their spare land for
grazing, and by repairing their tractors. Those landowners would now lose that
income and support. In addition, his employees were now redundant, and, in most
cases, their services had already been terminated.
5
[13] Finally, Mr Davidson testified about the brutal reality of farm -related murders
and robberies in the Eastern Cape, with particular emphasis on the prevalence of
these crimes in Elliot, Maclear and Ugie. The court takes judicial notice of the extent
of the problem and the complexities surrounding its pervasiveness in South Africa. A
recent qualitative postgraduate study in forensic science provides insight. Gathering
data through an extensive literature review of published reports, news articles,
books, journals, government records and through collaboration with other
researchers working in the area, the researcher concludes that farm attacks in South
Africa present a unique crime problem unlike any other crime problem in the world.
According to this study, in 2019 there were a total of 552 farm attacks and 57 related
murders in the country, often well -planned and accompanied by extreme violence
and torture. The study is not the first to propose that farm crimes should be
addressed as a ‘priority crime problem’ by the executive arm of government, as
opposed to being treated as part of a broader malaise.10
[14] In recognition of the prevalence and seriousness of the offences of robbery
with aggravating circumstances and murder, the legislature has included hefty,
prescribed sentences in the Criminal Law Amendment Act. This is ‘aimed at ensuring
a severe standardised and consistent response from the courts to the commission of
such crimes, unless there were, and could be seen to be, truly convincing reasons
for a different response’.
[15] Mr Nohiya, counsel for the State , argued that there were no substantial and
compelling circumstances present and that a sentence of life imprisonment should
follow given the seriousness of the offences . I have also noted that s 30(4) of the
Older Persons Act, 2006 ,11 provides that if a court, after having convicted a person
of any crime or offence, finds that the convicted person has abused an older person
in the commission of such crime or offence, such finding must be regarded as an
aggravating circumstance for sentencing purposes.
10 J Strydom Farm attacks in South Africa: An international comparison of farm crimes (2022) (Master
of Science in Forensic Science thesis) (University of Central Oklahoma) at 6 – 7.
11 Act 13 of 2006. ‘Abuse’ includes physical abuse, which is defined to mean any act or threat of
physical violence towards an older person, defined to include men over the age of 65.
6
Analysis
[16] Sentencing courts are obliged to consider the ‘sentencing triad’ to arrive at a
just outcome.12 Punishment must be proportional to the criminal and the crime and
be fair to society. As indicated, it should not be imposed out of a spirit of anger or
retribution and should also, where circumstances permit, be blended with a measure
of mercy.13
[17] While all considerations should be carefully weighed, prescribed minimum
sentences are not to be departed from lightly and for flimsy reasons.14 Several cases
have provided non-binding guidance to courts as to when it would be appropriate to
make a finding confirming that the ‘composite yardstick’ (substantial and compelling
circumstances) has been met.15 It must also be appreciated that life imprisonment is
the heaviest sentence that a person can legally be obliged to serve.16 The court must
consider the traditional mitigating and aggravating factors cumulatively and as part of
determining whether the minimum prescribed sentence is so disproportionate to the
sentence that would be appropriate, to the extent that an injustice would be done by
imposing that sentence.17
[18] If, after considering all the factors, the court has not merely a sense of unease
but a conviction that injustice will be done if the prescribed sentence is imposed or,
put differently, that the prescribed sentence would be disproportionate to the crime,
the criminal and the legitimate needs of society, there will be substantial and
compelling circumstances requiring the court to impose a lesser sentence than the
prescribed minimum.18 As Rogers J put it in S v GK:19
12 S v Zinn above n 6 at 540G –H. On the functions to be served by sentence, see S v Matyaleni
[2021] ZAECGHC para 13. In this context, these factors must be applied to consider whether
substantial and compelling circumstances exist to deviate from a prescribed minimum sentence: S v
Malgas above n 7 para 18.
13 S v Rabie above n 3 at 862G–H.
14 S v PB 2011 (1) SACR 448 (SCA) para 21; S v Matyityi above n 9 para 23.
15 See, for example, D v S [2016] ZASCA 123 para 11.
16 Rammoko v Director of Public Prosecutions 2003 (1) SACR 200 (SCA).
17 See Dyantyi v S [2010] ZAECGHC 120; 2011 (1) SACR 540 (ECG) para 14.
18 S v GK 2013 (2) SACR 505 (WCC) para 9.
19 Ibid para 14.
7
‘I thus must not approach the present appeal with a mind that a life sentence is a priori a just
punishment … Instead, I must examine all the circumstances of the case and then ask
myself whether I am not merely uneasy at the imposition of a life sentence, but have a
conviction that such a sentence would be unjust, ie disproportionate to the crime, the
offence, and the legitimate needs of the community. Inevitably that entails forming a view as
to what a just sentence would be in all the circumstances of the case … If the just sentence,
approached in this manner , falls materially below the prescribed sentence, there will be
substantial and compelling circumstances to depart from the prescribed sentence . As was
held in Malgas, substantial and compelling circumstances are not confined to circumstances
where the prescribed sentence would, in relation to the sentence the court would have
imposed, be ‘disturbingly’ inappropriate or ‘induce a sense of shock’. In other words, a
discrepancy falling short of the latter test … may justify a finding that substantial and
compelling circumstances exist to depart from the sentence prescribed by the Act.’
[19] Aversion to imprisoning an offender, even for a first offence, is not, on its own,
a factor intended to qualify as a ‘substantial and compelling’ circumstance warranting
deviation from the prescribed minimum sentence. 20 Farm robberies and murders are
a scourge, an aggravating feature being the perpetration of violence in the sanctity of
a person’s home, and the violation of a litany of constitutional rights , including life,
human dignity, bodily integrity and privacy.
[20] Balanced against these features of the offence are the personal
circumstances of the accused and other aspects of the nature of the offence, which I
have carefully considered. In particular, the accused are treated as first offenders for
purposes of sentencing in this matter. They cooperated with the authorities and
tendered a guilty plea , although no expression of remorse was forthcoming .21 As
noted in S v Mendile ,22 this is indicative of an acceptance of some responsibility for
the accuseds’ actions.
20 The Director of Public Prosecutions, Grahamstown v T M 2020 JDR 0652 (SCA) (‘TM’) para 11.
21 It has been held that while it may be argued that every human being is capable of change and
transformation if offered opportunity and resources, the prospect of rehabilitation pales in the absence
of an expression of contrition and commitment to ‘the path of rectitude’: Dyantyi v S above n 17 para
26.
22 S v Mendile 2016 JDR 2010 (ECG) para 11.
8
[21] That the intention behind the murder was dolus eventualis is immaterial to the
applicability of s 51(1) of the Criminal Law Amendment Act, 1997 , so that the
prescribed minimum sentence of life imprisonment is to be imposed unless there are
substantial and compelling circumstances in terms of s 51(3) of that Act. 23 There is,
however, appellate authority for dolus eventualis to be mitigating, because of
reduced moral blameworthiness, in appropriate circumstances. 24 In the present
circumstances, bearing in mind the accepted features of the assault, including the
extent and nature of the injuries sustained by the deceased, this is a neutral factor.
Considering the lack of evidence on the point, the impact of drugs and alcohol is also
largely neutral.25
[22] Mr Nohiya referred me to the judgment of this court in S v Petse ,26 arguing
that the facts were analogous and that this court should follow the decision of
Plasket J to impose life imprisonment. The judgment indeed constitutes a useful
application of the proper approach to sentencing when faced with a broadly similar
factual matrix, and I am grateful for the reference. It is, however, important to
emphasise the distinguishing features of that case which, in my view, resulted in the
ultimate sanction being imposed. Briefly, the accused had broken into the
deceased’s home with the intention of robbing him. He was assaulted on the head
with a hammer and at least one other blunt object. Photographs showed ‘in shocking
and graphic detail the severity of the assault’, including 16 incised wounds and
broken front teeth, as well as compressed wounds on the skull corresponding with
four depressed fractures, inflicted with the hammer. The court concluded that the
accused ‘participated actively in a vicious, sustained and severe assault on the
deceased with a hammer and one other object at least’. In aggravation, the
housebreaking and robbery were planned the previous night. On the day in question,
the accused set off having prepared themselves, one of the accused armed with the
hammer, a dangerous weapon, another wearing a balaclava. The house was kept
under observation and a plan made to ambush and assault the deceased to force
23 Director of Public Prosecutions, Mpumalanga Division v Mofokeng 2023 (1) SACR 670 (ML) para
12.
24 S v Rapitsi 1987 (4) SA 351 (A) at 358F. Cf S v B 1994 (2) SACR 237 (E) at 251 e–g; S v
Oosthuizen 1991 (2) SACR 298 (A) at 302c–d.
25 S v Prins 1990 (1) SACR 426 (A) at 430g–h.
26 S v Petse 2018 JDR 1948 (ECG).
9
him to reveal the whereabouts of the keys to a safe. The assault which followed was
brutal and sustained. It was also carried out with a weapon brought for the purpose.
The learned judge concluded as follows:
‘Given the barbarity of the murder of the deceased in particular, and the planned and brazen
robbery that they committed, the prescribed sentences are, I believe, proportional and
appropriate.’
[23] The court is alive to the dangers associated with seeking to compare one
case with another to arrive at a just sentence. The purpose of detailing the disturbing
features of Petse is certainly not to provide an illustration of a more grotesque set of
circumstances to downplay the present offences or their impact. Rather, and having
been referred to the case specifically, it is to highlight the singular dimensions of
those facts to demonstrate the distinguishing features of the present circumstances,
as part of the necessary enquiry.
[24] In the final analysis, the fact that the accused are first offenders must be
emphasised. The court has found the intention behind the housebreaking to be theft
and there was no evidence of any plan to hurt or kill the deceased. The injuries
inflicted upon the deceased have been described and considered, along with the
available evidence as to the state in which the accused left the deceased when they
stopped their assault. Although there has been no true demonstration of remorse,
the plea of guilty and cooperation with the authorities cannot be ignored , providing
an additional basis supportive of some prospect of eventual rehabilitation. As part of
the enquiry, the irreplaceable loss caused by the conduct of the accused has been
factored, along with the negative impact on the deceased’s family , employees, and
community. Assessed cumulatively, the various considerations are such as to
convince me that imposition of sentence s of life imprisonment would be
disproportionate to the crime, the criminal s and the interests of society and be
unjust.27 I therefore conclude that substantial and compelling circumstances are
present to justify a de parture from the prescribed minimum sentence and note the
reasons for this conclusion on the record.
27 See, in general, S v Sekonyela 2020 JDR 1614 (ECM).
10
[25] Given the facts of the matter, it is, however, clear that a lengthy period of
imprisonment is warranted , as accepted by both counsel who appeared in the
matter. I need not reiterate the various dimensions of the offence, which has been
perpetrated on an older person in what should have been a safe space, and its multi-
layered impact , to justify this . These realities far outweigh the various mitigating
factors when considering an appropriate period of direct imprisonment. I have
considered the sentencing triad, including the months already spent in custody , and
the legislative provisions already described in concluding that a period of
imprisonment of 23 years is warranted for the crime of murder in respect of each of
the accused. Various other sentences are imposed in respect of the other offences
committed, to run concurrently with this sentence so that the cumulative impact
remains proportionate.
Order
[26] The following sentences are imposed:
1. Accused no. 1 is sentenced to:
a) 23 years imprisonment for murder (count 3);
b) 15 years imprisonment for robbery with aggravating
circumstances (count 2);
c) 4 years imprisonment for attempting to defeat the ends of justice
(count 4);
d) 4 years imprisonment for housebreaking with intent to commit
theft (count 1).
The sentences in respect of counts 1, 2 and 4 are to run concurrently
with the sentence imposed in respect of count 3.
2. Accused no. 2 is sentenced to:
a) 23 years imprisonment for murder (count 3);
b) 15 years imprisonment for robbery with aggravating
circumstances (count 2);
11
c) 4 years imprisonment for attempting to defeat the ends of justice
(count 4);
The sentences in respect of counts 2 and 4 are to run concurrently
with the sentence imposed in respect of count 3.
3. Accused no. 3 is sentenced to:
a) 23 years imprisonment for murder (count 3);
b) 15 years imprisonment for robbery with aggravating
circumstances (count 2);
c) 4 years imprisonment for attempting to defeat the ends of justice
(count 4);
d) 4 years imprisonment for housebreaking with intent to commit
theft (count 1).
The sentences in respect of counts 1, 2 and 4 are to run concurrently
with the sentence imposed in respect of count 3.
4. In terms of section 103(1) of the Firearms Control Act 60 of 2000, the
accused are all unfit to possess a firearm , the Registrar of Firearms to
be notified accordingly.
_________________________
A. GOVINDJEE
JUDGE OF THE HIGH COURT
Heard : 28 February 202 4
Delivered : 29 February 2024
12
Appearances:
For the State: Adv A Nohiya
Director of Public Prosecutions
Makhanda
046 602 3000
For the Accused: Adv D Geldenhuys
Legal Aid South Africa
Makhanda
046 622 9350
: